外踝上动脉腓浅神经血管蒂皮瓣修复小腿足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨外踝上动脉腓浅神经血管蒂皮瓣修复小腿、足踝部软组织缺损的方法.方法1999年5月～2003年10月,18例小腿足踝部软组织缺损采用带外踝上动脉腓浅神经血管蒂皮瓣顺行或逆行修复.皮瓣面积6cm×5cm～21cm×10cm.结果术后18例皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,经2个月～3年随访,皮瓣外形满意,踝关节功能良好.结论外踝上动脉腓浅神经血管蒂皮瓣手术设计、操作简单.该方法扩大了小腿皮瓣面积,皮瓣血供可靠,提供了对于小腿足踝部皮肤软组织缺损修复的一种方法.     

小腿远端不同穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用

目的 探讨应用小腿远端不同穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段和足踝部软组织缺损的适应证和临床效果.方法 对24例小腿下段和足踝部软组织缺损的患者,优选5种不同的小腿远端穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复,其中腓动脉外踝后上穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣7例,外踝后穿支筋膜蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣2例,腓动脉高位穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣2例,腓动脉外踝前上穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣8例,胫后动脉内踝上穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣5例.皮瓣切取面积为5 cm ×4 cm ～ 14 cm× 12 cm.结果 除了1例腓动脉外踝前上穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣发生远端部分坏死之外,其余皮瓣术后均顺利成活,切口均一期愈合.15例患者获得1～36个月的随访,皮瓣色泽、质地及厚薄较为满意,供、受区外形与功能恢复也较为满意.结论 根据小腿下段和足踝部软组织缺损的具体情况,并结合小腿远端不同穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣的特点,选择最适宜的皮瓣加以修复,多能以供区最小的代价获得最佳的受区效果.     

小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2012年5月-2015年1月,采用小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损12例。足踝部软组织缺损面积3.5 cm×5.0 cm～7.0 cm×15.0 cm,均伴有不同程度的肌腱或骨骼外露。带胫后动脉穿支的小腿内侧筋膜蒂皮瓣7例,带腓动脉外踝后上穿支的筋膜蒂皮瓣4例,带胫后动脉穿支的小腿内侧筋膜蒂皮瓣及带腓动脉外踝后上穿支的筋膜蒂皮瓣1例。结果术后12例皮瓣均成活,其中2例皮瓣皮缘远端少许坏死,经换药后愈合;12例获随访,随访时间3～18个月,平均8.9个月;皮瓣血运良好,无臃肿,外形满意,供区愈合良好;患肢功能良好。结论小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损操作简单,疗效可靠,是修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损理想的治疗方法之一。     

逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的评价逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对25例足踝部软组织缺损的患者采用逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复。其中,以腓动脉终末穿支的升支为蒂19例,以其降支为蒂6例。软组织缺损大小10cm×9cm～4cm×3cm,皮瓣面积11cm×9.5cm～6cm×5cm。结果 23例皮瓣完全存活,另2例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后植皮修复。皮瓣术后轻度肿胀,无瘀血。术后随访6～18个月,皮瓣质地优良,蒂部无臃肿。结论以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠、质地优良,是修复足、踝软组织缺损的良好选择。     

逆行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的观察腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣逆行转移修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损的效果。方法设计带筋膜蒂的腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣,逆行修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损5例。同时,观察皮瓣的可切取范围、血液供应及静脉回流情况,营养血管在外踝与腓动脉穿通支的位置,以及血管蒂隧道的处理方案。结果足跟软组织缺损2例,外踝缺损1例,小腿内下端1例,跟腱外露1例,皮瓣最大面积16cm×12cm,全部成活。结论腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣血液循环丰富,成活率高,手术简单,是修复足踝部及小腿软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

不同平面的腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的应用

目的 探讨外踝尖后上4～7 cm和9～ 11 cm两种不同平面的腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损的效果. 方法 2005年7月至2010年12月,对15例下肢软组织缺损的患者,根据缺损部位应用两种不同平面的腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复,外踝尖后上4.0～7.0 cm处腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足、踝部软组织缺损8例,切取皮瓣面积:4.5 cm×3.0 cm ～ 25.0 cm×10.0 cm,穿支血管蒂长:1.1 ～2.8 cm,血管外径:0.9～1.4 cm;外踝尖后上9.0～11.0 cm处腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段软组织缺损7例,切取皮瓣面积:3.8 cm×3.0 cm～ 15.0 cm ×9.5 cm,穿支血管蒂长:1.3 ～3.2 cm,血管外径:1.0 ～ 1.6 mm. 结果 15例皮瓣术后均未发生血管危象及切口感染,皮瓣均顺利成活,切口均一期愈合.13例患者获得6～ 24个月的随访,皮瓣及蒂部色泽、质地良好,厚薄适中,无烫伤及溃疡发生,皮瓣外形及功能恢复满意. 结论 外踝尖后上4.0 ～7.0 cm和9.0 ～11.0 cm两种不同平面腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣是修复小腿下段、足踝部软组织缺损的理想选择.     

腓动脉终末穿支降支蒂逆行腓浅神经营养岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道改进腓浅神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的手术方法和临床应用效果. 方法 利用腓动脉终末穿支的降支在外踝与源自胫前动脉的外踝前动脉及踝周血管网的逆向吻合,将转轴点下移,设计切取逆行腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转位修复足踝部软组织缺损创面. 结果 临床应用23例,皮瓣面积最大12 cm x 13 cm,最小5 cm×4 cm,逆行穿支血管蒂长5～10 cm.皮瓣完全成活21例,大部分成活2例.随访6～21个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意.结论 以腓动脉终末穿支降支为血管蒂的腓浅神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,转位更灵活方便,是修复足踝部软组织缺损的较好方法.     

腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的临床疗效。方法采用腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面18例。其中,足后跟软组织缺损伴骨感染4例,跟腱部缺损3例,内踝部缺损3例,外踝缺损伴死腔8例,皮肤缺损范围9 cm×4 cm～16 cm×9cm。皮瓣切取面积10 cm×6 cm～18 cm×10 cm,携带的深层腓肠肌肉面积4cm×3 cm～9cm ×6cm。供区直接拉拢缝合7例,游离植皮11例。 结果 术后18例肌皮瓣完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。随访5～14个月,无并发症,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,行走正常,术后皮瓣感觉恢复欠佳。 结论 腓动脉穿支远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣,血供可靠,转移方便,是修复足踝部软组织缺损及骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复足踝部大面积软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法采用腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣治疗16例足踝部大面积软组织缺损患者,缺损范围17 cm×7 cm^20 cm×13 cm。切取皮瓣面积为18 cm×8 cm^21 cm×14 cm。结果术后14例皮瓣完全成活;2例皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经清创换药后愈合。患者均获得随访,时间3~12个月。皮瓣色泽、质地、血运良好,无破溃。结论腓动脉穿支腓肠神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣不破坏小腿主干血管,同时切取皮瓣面积更大,供血可靠,是修复足踝软组织缺损的较好方法。     

腓动脉穿支供养的远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的：总结腓动脉穿支供养的远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法：自2004年2月至2007年12月对27例各种原因造成的小腿远端及足踝部软组织缺损采用腓动脉穿支供养的远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复。其中男21例,女6例;年龄7个月-64岁,平均31．5岁。缺损部位：外踝部7例,内踝部5例,足背部8例,足跟及足底7例。皮肤软组织缺损面积2．5cm×3．5cm-10cm×24cm,切取皮瓣面积3cm×4cm～12cm×26．5cm。结果：7例术后3—7d皮瓣轻度肿胀,7d后肿胀逐渐消退,所有皮瓣全部成活。术后随访3-12个月,平均5个月,皮瓣不臃肿,外形良好,供区功能无障碍。结论：应用腓动脉穿支供养的远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,具有血供丰富,血管解剖恒定,皮瓣近端可达胭窝区,逆转距离长,修复范围大,操作简单,皮瓣较薄的优点,是修复小腿远段及足踝部软组织缺损的较好方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.