汉坦病毒Vero细胞灭活疫苗候选毒种筛选

目的将肾综合征出血热疫苗后备筛选毒株适应于Vero细胞，并对其抗原性和免疫原性进行研究。方法将新分离的4株汉坦病毒接种敏感动物，在乳沙鼠脑内连续传代。比较脑内病毒抗原的含量以及乳鼠的发病情况；在Vero细胞中传代，比较培养液中的病毒滴度和抗原滴度以及细胞的病变情况；利用筛选出的毒株研制Veto细胞灭活疫苗。研究疫苗的免疫原性。结果4株病毒经乳沙鼠脑内传代，鼠脑悬液的病毒滴度和抗原滴度分别达7．00～7．75LgCCID50／ml和1：3201：1280；4株毒株经Vero细胞连续传5代，培养液病毒滴度和抗原滴度分别达6．50～7．50LgCID50／ml和1：160～1：768；疫苗免疫家兔2针后，其中出血热病毒株Z34与ZJ5株疫苗免疫血清对同型毒株的中和效价达到1：10。结论ZJ4与ZJ5两毒株已适应于Vero细胞，且具有病毒滴度高和免疫原性良好的特性，适合用作Vero细胞肾综合征出血热疫苗理想的候选毒株。     

汉坦病毒感染Vero细胞病毒滴度和抗原滴度的动态观察

目的　观察汉坦病毒 (HV)在Vero细胞上的适应能力和毒株在该细胞中的增殖规律。方法　将HV感染Vero细胞 ,每隔 3d收取细胞培养液 ,直到细胞衰老 ,并观察细胞的病变情况。采用间接免疫荧光法 (IFAT)和反向被动血凝试验 (RPHA) ,观察细胞培养液的病毒滴度和抗原滴度的动态变化。结果　HV不致Vero细胞产生病变 ,病毒感染细胞第 8～ 11天时细胞培养液的病毒滴度和抗原滴度最高 ,以后逐渐降低 ,但直到细胞感染病毒 3 2d时其培养液的病毒滴度和抗原滴度仍稳定在 5 .0 0LgTCID50 /ml和 1∶2 0以上。结论　两株病毒已适应于Vero细胞 ,且具有病毒滴度高、毒力强和抗原性良好的特性 ,是Vero细胞肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗良好的后备筛选毒株。     

肾综合征出血热疫苗后备毒株的分离和生物学特性研究

目的从肾综合征出血热(HFRS)疫区阳性鼠肺中分离汉坦病毒(HV),并对分离到的病毒进行型别鉴定和生物学特性研究,为HFRS疫苗后备毒种库的建立打下基础。方法疫区阳性鼠肺研磨液接种长爪沙鼠分离病毒,并将分离到的HV经乳沙鼠脑内连续传代,采用直接免疫荧光法和酶联免疫吸附试验,检查毒株的型别,研究传代后毒株的繁殖特性、病毒滴度和抗原滴度。结果从疫区32份阳性鼠肺中分离到9株HV,经单克隆直接荧光血清检查6株为汉滩病毒株,3株为汉城病毒株,经乳沙鼠脑内连续传代,其中4株毒株的病毒滴度和抗原滴度较高,汉滩和汉城毒株的病毒和抗原滴度最高分别达106.50、106.00和1∶5120、1∶5120。结论4株毒株的病毒滴度和抗原滴度均较高,可作为HFRS疫苗后备毒种的筛选毒株。     

肾综合征出血热Vero传代细胞疫苗的研究

目的研究肾综合征出血热(HFRS)Vero传代细胞疫苗。方法将HFRS双价沙鼠肾细胞灭活疫苗的生产疫苗株Z10(Ⅰ型)、Z37(Ⅱ型)适应到Vero细胞上进行连续传代，并用不同代次的Vero细胞适应株制备Vero传代细胞疫苗。结果Z10、Z37，株感染Vero细胞后第1代即可达到较高病毒滴度，并且在Vero细胞中持续传代适应，病毒滴度分别维持在6．25～6．75和6．50～7．00logTCID50／ml之间，较为稳定。用不同代次的Vero细胞适应株制备而成的HFRS Vero细胞灭活疫苗抗原效价和疫苗的病毒滴度有较大提高，反向间接血凝效价从Z10 Cp1 Vero细胞疫苗的阴性上升到Z10 Cp10 Vero细胞疫苗的1：64，从Z37 Cp1 Vero细胞疫苗的1：2上升到Z37 Cp10 Vero细胞疫苗的1：64；疫苗病毒滴度(logTCID50／ml)从Z10 Cp1 Vero细胞疫苗的4．25上升到Z10 Cp10 Vero细胞疫苗的6．50，从Z37 Cp1 Vero细胞疫苗的6．25上升到Z37 Cp10 Vero细胞疫苗的7．50。疫苗在抗原量和病毒滴度上基本符合中国生物制品的要求。结论HFRS Vero传代细胞疫苗的生产，疫苗株在Vero细胞中的连续传代适应起关键性作用。     

柯萨奇病毒YY157株在不同细胞系中的增殖特性

目的 了解柯萨奇病毒A16型(Cox A16)YY157株在多种细胞系中培养的增殖特性,为疫苗研制提供参考.方法 把YY157株接种于非洲猴肾细胞(Vero)、人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞MRC-5或KMB17进行适应性传代培养,观察细胞病变情况,检测病毒感染性滴度,绘制增殖曲线.结果 Cox A16 YY157株在3种细胞中培养均产生细胞病变,在Vero细胞中病变早,增殖快,滴度达8.5 lgCCID50/mL;在MRC-5细胞中,此毒株增殖速度比在Vero细胞中慢,滴度达7.5 lgCCID50/mL;在KMB17细胞中,此毒株增殖最慢,滴度只有7.0 1gCCID50/mL.结论 Cox A16型YY157株均可感染Vero、MRC-5和KMB17细胞并增殖,但敏感性和增殖速度有差异.     

出血热病毒引导Vero-E6细胞产生CPE的观察

肾综合征出血热 (HFRS)分为 4个血清型 ,目前国内已证实存在Hantaan型 (HTN)、Seoul(SE0 )两个血清型。根据单克隆抗体的抗原分析认为 ,出血热病毒有复杂的抗原决定簇 ,毒株间存在明显的抗原差异。选择肾综合征出血热疫区IFAT阳性褐家鼠肺组织、HFRS病人外周静脉血及尿液 ,接种小白鼠乳鼠脑 ,分离出 11株HFRS病毒。应用Vero -E6细胞建立细胞融合试验 ,HFRS病毒特异性地使感染细胞产生典型规律病变 (CPE)。1　材料与方法1 1　病毒株 :标准毒株R2 2 ;11株自山东省疫区分离的病毒株 :R74、R84、R87、R2 83 、R160 马、R2 5、R3…     

狂犬病aG毒株适应3aG-V生产株的特性研究

目的研究狂犬病固定毒Vero细胞适应株3aG-V生产株的生物学特性。方法观察毒株形态、培养条件、致病性、免疫原性、毒力试验及其在中枢神经系统是否形成尼氏小体。结果狂犬病aG固定毒3aG-V株具有抗原性好,培养产毒量高,保持有aG固定株弱毒性、传代稳定、无变异的特性。结论狂犬病aG固定毒3aG-V株可作为替代地鼠肾细胞狂犬病疫苗aG毒株,用于Vero细胞培养病毒生产出毒液毒力高、灭活后效力高、安全性好的纯化Vero细胞狂犬病疫苗的生产用疫苗株。     

HFRS病毒Z37株在绿猴肾传代细胞的病变作用和传代适应

[目的]研究肾综合征出血热（HFRS）病毒39疫苗株在绿猴肾传代细胞（vero,vero-E6)上的病变和传代适应增殖情况,为应用vero细胞研制出血热疫苗提供科学依据。[方法]将肾综合征出血热疫苗株Z37适应在绿猴肾传代细胞（vero,vero-E6)上,对细胞进行细胞病变（CPE）的动态观察,并于不同的时间取样,测定病毒滴度,比较静置培养、转瓶培养滴度的差异情况。[结果]Z37株不使vero-E6细胞产生病变,用HEPES诱导,3d可见明显病变现象。Z37株不使vero细胞产生病变,用HEPES诱导病变现象未获成功,Z37株在vero细胞中可高滴度繁殖,滴度达到10^7/ml,转瓶培养病毒滴度略高于静置培养。[结论]应用vero细胞研制HFRS疫苗是可行的。     

淄博市6株流行性出血热病毒地方株抗原与毒力分析

选择流行性出血热疫区IFAT试验阳性褐家鼠肺组织,流行性出血热病人外周静脉血及尿液(IFAT试验阳性),接种Vero—E_6细胞,分离出6株EHF病毒株.应用McAb对这6株EHF毒株进行了抗原分析及毒力研究.报告如下.1 材料与方法     

3株肾综合征出血热病毒的分离和鉴定

目的了解浙江省肾综合征出血热（HFRS）流行特点及汉坦病毒（HV）型别，为防治提供科学依据。方法鼠肺HV抗原检测采用直接免疫荧光法（DFA），病毒分离采用阳性鼠肺研磨液接种幼龄长爪沙鼠，再经vero-E6细胞传代，用单克隆抗体DFA定毒株及分型。结果从捕自浙江省龙泉地区的8份阳性鼠肺中分离到3株HV，经DFA鉴定均为汉滩型（Ⅰ型）病毒，3株病毒在Vero-E6细胞中的感染滴度为10^4.75～10^5.25CCID50／ml。结论从鼠类肺组织中分离到3株汉滩型HV，毒株均能在Vero-E6细胞中较好增殖，有可能成为HFRS疫苗后备毒株。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.