颅骨牵引配合手法复位治疗颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁

目的探讨并评估在颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁时的疗法。方法对21例创伤性颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁先行早期持续闭合颅骨牵引复位,复位成功后维持颅骨牵引,择期行颈前路或颈前后路联合手术。9例于复位成功后,再次行MRI检查。结果21例均闭合复位成功且无神经功能恶化。术后MRI示:6例椎间盘突出中,有2例自动回纳,4例不变;3例椎间盘损坏中,有2例不变,另1例变为椎间盘突出。结论对颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁,行早期持续闭合颅骨牵引复位是一种有效的治疗方法,值得推广。     

颈椎小关节突脱位闭合复位前后椎间盘和脊髓的损伤变化

目的　观察颈椎小关节突脱位闭合复位前后椎间盘和脊髓的损伤变化。方法　 16例颈椎小关节突脱位患者 ,7例单侧小关节突脱位 ,9例双侧小关节突脱位 ,在X线透视下行颅骨牵引闭合复位 ,并于复位前后进行神经功能和颈椎MRI检查 ,比较椎间盘脱出和脊髓实质损伤的变化。结果　 16例均闭合复位成功 ,复位前 5例有明显椎间盘脱出 ,4例有椎间盘撕裂 ,7例无明显椎间盘损伤。复位成功后 ,4例椎间盘脱出仍存在 ,大小无变化 ;1例原脱出椎间盘明显缩小 ,无新椎间盘脱出发生。14例复位前后脊髓信号无变化 ,2例复位后出现MRIT2 加权高信号增强。 16例复位后无一例出现神经功能恶化。结论　颅骨牵引闭合复位不会诱发或加重椎间盘脱出 ,进而造成继发性脊髓功能损伤     

颈椎小关节突脱位闭合复位前后椎间盘和脊髓的损伤变化

目的：观察颈椎小关节突脱位闭合复位前后椎间盘和脊髓的损伤变化。方法：16例颈椎小关节突脱位患者，7例单侧小关节突脱位，9例双侧小关节突脱位，在X线透视下行颅骨牵引闭合复位，并于复位前后进行神经功能和颈椎MRI检查，比较椎间盘脱出和脊髓实质损伤的变化。结果：16例均闭合复位成功，复位前5例有明显椎间盘脱出，4例有椎间盘撕裂，7例无明显椎间盘损伤。复位成功后，4例椎间盘脱出仍存在，大小无变化；1例原脱出椎间盘明显缩小，无新椎间盘脱出发生。14例复位前后脊髓信号无变化，2例复位后出现MRI T2加权高信号增强。16例复位后无一例出现神经功能恶化。结论：颅骨牵引闭合复位不会诱发或加重椎间盘脱出，进而造成继发性脊髓功能损伤。     

C臂X线机监视下大重量牵引治疗颈椎骨折脱位并关节突交锁23例

目的 提高大重量牵引治疗颈椎骨折脱位并关节突交锁的复位效果,降低并发症与风险.方法 23例颈椎骨折脱位并关节突交锁患者在清醒情况下采用C臂X线机监视下大重量颅骨牵引进行复位,观察复位情况与并发症.结果 22例复位成功,1例(为不全瘫)复位失败改为手术切开复位内固定.复位后椎管内有压迫或不稳者7例采用手术治疗,余均采用牵引治疗.所有患者牵引过程中未发生严重并发症.随访24～30个月,神经功能平均恢复(1.06±0.73)级.结论 C臂X线机监视下大重量颅骨牵引治疗颈椎骨折脱位并关节突交锁的复位成功率高,风险小,并发症少.     

床旁快速牵引复位在治疗颈椎脱位关节突交锁中的作用

目的探讨床旁快速牵引复位在治疗颈椎关节突脱位交锁中的作用,以期找到快速牵引的适用情况。方法回顾性分析1992年6月～2004年3月颈椎外伤致关节突脱位交锁术前行颅骨牵引快速复位的33例患者的临床资料。双侧关节突脱位交锁21例,单侧关节突交锁12例。常见脱位节段:C4,4 8例、C5,6 15例和C6,7 10例。所有患者均采用床旁颅骨牵引快速复位法,牵引复位成功者均采用颈椎前路间盘切除植骨融合;复位失败者行颈后路切开复位内固定术。结果双侧颈椎关节突脱位交锁者牵引复位成功率为85.7%,单侧颈椎关节突脱位交锁患者牵引复位成功率为16.6%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。23例患者获平均21.6个月(13～36个月)随访。随访病例中植骨融合者均获骨性愈合,颈椎序列良好。结论床旁颅骨快速牵引复位法适用于双侧颈椎关节突脱位交锁患者;双侧关节突脱位交锁患者可先行颅骨快速牵引复位,复位后行颈前路间盘切除植骨融合术;单侧颈椎关节突脱位交锁患者宜行后路切开复位。     

对早期持续牵引复位在下颈椎骨折脱位治疗中作用的再认识

下颈椎的骨折脱位常伴有单侧或双侧的关节突交锁．由于可能同时伴有脱位节段的椎间盘突出和损坏．在解锁并复位下颈椎时因脊髓受压常会出现神经功能的加重和恶化。有作者认为，在此情况下应采用前路切开减压、复位及融合固定，不推荐使用闭合牵引复位或后路切开复位固定，但不同的治疗中心有不同的治疗理念和措施。1998年4月至2005年7月．本院骨科对17例神经功能正常或部分神经功能损伤的创伤性颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁的患者．先行早期持续闭合颅骨牵引复位，择期行颈前路或颈前后路联合内固定融合术，获得了满意的疗效。     

屈曲位渐进性加重牵引结合手法复位治疗下颈椎脱位伴关节突交锁

目的 探讨急性下颈椎脱位伴关节突交锁的颅骨牵引复位的方法.方法 对48例急性下颈椎脱位伴关节突交锁(双侧37例、单侧11例)行颅骨牵引、颈椎屈曲位渐进性增加重量持续牵引,在C型臂X线机下适时辅以手法复位.结果 复位成功43例,5例未成功复位.复位后脊髓损伤情况得到不同程度恢复,无加重表现.结论 急性颈椎脱位合并关节突交锁患者,采取屈曲位渐进性增加屈曲角度及牵引重量并适时辅以手法复位,疗效满意.     

大重量颅骨牵引复位下颈椎小关节突脱位的机理

目的 探讨大重量颅骨牵引复位下颈椎小关节突脱位的可行性及临床效果。方法 本组64例，男48例，女16例，年龄18-52岁，平均31岁，单侧小关节突脱位19例，双侧小关节突脱位45例。采用Gardner颅骨牵引在X线透视监视下行闭龄18-52岁。平均31岁，单侧小关节突脱位19例，双侧小关节突脱位45例，采用Gardner颅骨牵引在X线透视监视下行闭合复位，牵引重量从4.5kg始，每间隔15-30min增加2.5-4.5kg，至每位成功为止。结果 64例中，60例复位成功，4例不成功，成功率为93%，复位牵引重量为18-40.5kg。平均27.5kg。不全瘫患者均有不同程度恢复，7例神经功能正常者复位后均无损伤，无一例出现神经功能恶化，4例不成功者中，1例系呼吸困难。1例系关节突骨折，1例系陈旧性脱位，1例因不能耐受大重量颅骨牵引而终止复位，结论 大重量颅骨牵引复位可显著提高复位成功率，且不会加重脊髓损伤。     

手法复位在治疗下颈椎脱位伴双侧小关节突交锁中的应用

目的评估手法复位在治疗下颈椎脱位伴双侧小关节突交锁中的有效性及安全性。方法 12例创伤引起下颈椎脱位伴双侧关节突交锁患者,先在C臂X线机监视下闭合手法复位,复位成功后维持颅骨牵引,7-12 d再行颈前路减压植骨内固定手术。结果 12例均手法闭合复位成功,术中未出现生命体征的变化及损伤症状加重。1例Frankel A级患者前路手术后因肺部感染,呼吸衰竭,家属放弃治疗,其余11例获随访5-18个月。末次随访时神经功能恢复Frankel评分：A级7例恢复至B级3例、D级1例,3例未恢复;B级2例恢复D级1例、E1例;C级1例、D级1例均恢复至E级。X线显示片颈椎序列正常,植骨融合,无颈椎不稳。结论下颈椎脱位伴双侧小关节突交锁手法复位治疗是安全、有效的。     

大重量颅骨牵引结合两种手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁

[目的]根据大重量颅骨牵引复位成功与失败分别行前路和一期后前路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴侧关节突交锁,探讨其可行性及临床效果。[方法]回顾性分析本院自2000年1月～2010年3月间收治下颈椎骨折脱位伴侧关节突绞锁68例,其中单侧关节突交锁23例,双侧关节突交锁45例。治疗方法:所有患者先行大重量持续闭合颅骨牵引复位,若复位成功则择期行前路手术(A组),若失败则择期一期后前路联合手术(B组)。[结果]A组37例,B组31例,复位成功率54.4%。颅骨牵引单侧关节交锁复位成功率为22.2%,双侧关节交锁复位成功率为75.6%,统计学有显著性差异(P<0.05)。术后患者无脊髓损伤加重,5例完全瘫痪者无任何恢复。美国脊髓损伤协会等级标准平均提高1～2级,牵引后AISA感觉评分增加,术后随访ASIA感觉、运动评分日本骨科协会颈髓评分均显著增加,两组间评分比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),除3例前路手术内固定失败外,其余患者术后5 d,3、6、9、12个月定期X线检查示椎体序列及椎间高度良好,植骨正常融合,无内置物松动、断裂等并发症。[结论]双侧关节突交锁同单侧关节交锁相比,大重量颅骨牵引效果更好。牵引后可改善AS...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.