腕关节等长屈曲和伸展肌力训练的交叉迁移现象及其机制研究

目的观察右腕等长屈曲和伸展训练能否产生交叉迁移现象并研究及其机制。 方法将健康女性青年志愿者20例按随机数字表法分为训练组和对照组,每组10例。训练组进行6周的右腕等长屈曲和伸展训练,左腕不进行训练,对照组不进行任何训练。2组受试者均于训练前和训练6周后（训练后）测定其腕屈、伸肌等长肌力（PT）及表面肌电变化。 结果训练后,训练组右腕关节最大等长屈曲和伸展PT与组内训练前和对照组训练后比较,均显著提高（P<0.05),且训练组左腕关节最大等长屈曲和伸展PT分别为（12.9±2.0）Nm和（6.4±1.3）Nm,与组内训练前和对照组训练后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05)。训练后,训练组右腕关节经最大等长伸展测试,其尺侧腕伸肌的AV与组内训练前和对照组训练后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且训练组左腕关节经最大等长伸展测试,其尺侧腕伸肌的iEMG与组内训练前和对照组训练后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论右腕等长屈曲和伸展训练后可改变前臂肌群募集策略,增强双侧前臂肌力,产生交叉迁移现象。     

铅球运动员主要关节等速肌力配布特征

背景：目前,国内外利用等速仪器针对铅球运动主要环节肌肉力量特征方面研究的文献较少。目的：查找铅球运动员不同速度下各主要环节肌力配布特征和存在的不足。方法：利用德国ISOMED2000等速肌力测试系统,对第十一届全运会男子铅球冠军膝关节、髋关节、腰背环节和肩关节进行慢速60（°）/s和快速180（°）/s等速测试。结果与结论：1膝关节慢速左右侧屈伸肌比值为25.6%、39.4%,快速屈伸肌比值为28.5%、29.8%,屈肌群肌力较小。2髋关节在快、慢速时,右侧伸肌群分别为左侧的2.11和1.87倍,屈肌群为1.25和1.64倍,右髋非常显著性大于左髋。3腰背环节慢速屈伸肌比值为93.3%,快速测试屈伸肌比值为84.3%。4肩关节自然位屈伸,慢速屈伸肌力右肩分别为左肩的1.27和1.34倍,快速为左肩的1.40和1.92倍。5各环节根据人体模型相对质量按膝关节为基准膝、髋、躯干、肩为1∶2.38∶3.30∶0.70。结果表明：1膝关节屈伸肌群绝对肌力、快速屈肌群肌力均较弱,肌群配备不合理。2躯干肌力在右侧最大力量伸肌群、左右侧快速伸肌群非常薄弱,增加腰背肌力伸肌训练,特别是慢速和快速肌肉力量和伸展性训练。3右侧各环节伸肌群薄弱,加强右肩伸肌群的绝对肌肉力量。     

一种新型腕手矫形器的结构特点及其使用

目的:介绍一种新型腕手矫形器.方法:该腕手矫形器由腕背护板和腕托架构成的主架,主架的前侧固定安装一U形前支架;食指套圈、中指套圈、无名指套圈和小指套圈分别通过弹力带连接在主架的腕背护扳上;拇指套圈通过钢丝安装在腕背护板的食指套圈一侧;一外展弹力套通过钢丝设置在小指套圈外侧的腕背护板上.使用时可根据矫形需要,将手腕以手心朝上或朝下之方式伸入腕背护板和腕托架构成的主架内,手位于其前方,指套置于滚动套管上的前方,手指伸至滚动套管下的前方,指套圈分别套在食指、中指、无名指和小指上,拇指套圈套在拇指上.然后根据矫形需要活动手腕,实现其各种矫形功能.结果:该新型腕手矫形器可用于伸指肌腱损伤术后保持手指呈伸直状态,以限制手指的活动范围,促进断端的愈合;用于屈指肌腱损伤损伤术后保持腕关节和指关节处于屈曲状态;改善腕关节屈、伸,增加腕关节屈曲的活动范围;增加腕关节桡侧偏移的活动范围;增加桡侧腕屈肌和尺侧腕屈肌肌力、桡侧腕伸肌和尺侧腕伸肌肌力、尺侧伸腕肌和尺侧屈腕肌肌力、指总伸肌肌力、指浅屈肌及指深屈肌肌力.结论:该种型腕手矫形器适用于腕及手的神经、肌腱、肌肉、血管损伤术后保护,腕及手骨折所致的腕关节、指关节运动功能障碍恢复,可改善腕关节活动范围,增加肌力.     

肌肉评定和训练系统测定健康成人上肢远端肌力的重测信度研究

目的评估肌肉评定和训练系统对健康成人上肢远端肌力的重测信度。方法采用上海理工大学和华山医院康复科合作研发的肌肉评定和训练系统对30 名健康成人进行测试,由1 名评估者分别对受试者双侧屈腕肌群、指浅屈肌、指深屈肌、指伸肌、伸腕肌群进行肌力测试,并测定每组肌群的峰力矩、峰力矩体重比、最大单次做功量、最大单次做功量体重比、平均力矩、平均功率各项参数。测试共进行2 次,分别在第1 天和1 周后进行。结果肌肉评定和训练系统对健康成人的指浅屈肌峰力矩(ICC: 0.814~0.870)、指深屈肌峰力矩(ICC: 0.811~0.848)、屈腕肌群峰力矩(ICC: 0.871~0.808)、伸腕肌群的峰力矩(ICC: 0.778~0.873)有好的重测信度;对健康成人的指伸肌峰力矩有中等至好的重测信度(ICC: 0.302~0.803)。此外,肌肉评定和训练系统对健康成人的各项肌群的平均功率有中等至好的重测信度。结论肌肉评定和训练系统在健康成人上肢远端肌力观测指标中的峰力矩和平均功率有较好的重测信度。     

前臂姿势对腕关节屈伸肌力的影响

正在临床工作中,常通过握力测试来反映前臂肌群的肌力。握力主要测量前臂屈肌群和手内肌群的共同肌力,无法单独反映腕关节屈肌群的肌力,也不能测得伸腕肌群的肌力。等速肌力测试则可定量测量腕关节屈伸肌力。在对腕关节进行等速肌力评估时,前臂的姿势对腕关节屈伸肌力的影响常被忽略。多个研究报道了正常人、网球运动员和各种病理状态下(如腕管综合征、肱骨外上髁炎)腕关节的等速肌力测试~([1—3]),各研究在肌力测试过程中前臂的体位摆放不同,有旋前、旋后和中立位,并未考虑前臂旋转是否对屈伸腕峰力矩造成影响,也导致各研究之间缺乏可比性。因此,本研究测量健康年轻人前臂旋前和旋后位下腕关节屈伸峰力矩,     

小学生膝关节屈伸肌力的等速测试

背景:以往对小学生下肢力量发育的评估,主要局限于立定跳远和纵跳摸高等身体素质的测量,缺乏对其肌肉功能的定量性研究.目的:通过小学生膝关节屈伸肌力发展现状进行测试分析,正确认识小学生关节肌肉力量发育特征.方法:运用"Kinitech "等速肌力测试系统对随机抽取石家庄市年龄为9～12 岁的54 名健康小学生(男25 例、女29 例)膝关节屈伸肌群进行60,120,240 (°)/s 三种速度测试.结果与结论:小学生膝关节屈、伸肌群峰力矩均呈现随测试速度增加而下降的现象;男、女生左侧屈肌群在60,120 (°)/s 时及右侧屈肌群在60 (°)/s 时,峰力矩低于伸肌群峰力矩(P < 0.01 或P < 0.05).同一测试速度下,在测试速度为240 (°)/s 时,男生左侧屈、伸肌群及右侧屈肌群峰力矩明显高于女生(P < 0.01 或P < 0.05).     

躯干等速向心屈伸运动时屈伸肌肌力的变化:脊柱最易受损伤的角度范围

背景:目前对躯干肌肌力的研究主要集中于腰痛患者肌力变化方面,而对脊柱容易损伤的角度范围的研究不多.目的:探讨躯干等速向心屈伸动作时屈伸肌肌力变化的特征及脊柱最容易损伤的角度范围.方法:苏州大学2005/2007级研究生,健康男性14名,自愿参加测试.选用瑞士产CON-TREX人体肌力评估和训练系统,测量受试者等速向心运动时的屈伸肌肌力及脊柱角度.测试速度分别为30,60,90,120,180(°)/s,每种速度下,受试者尽自己最大力量屈伸躯干4次,组间休息5 min.主要观察:①受试者躯干运动的关节活动范围.②等速向心运动屈伸峰值力矩、屈伸肌峰值力矩比及到达峰值力矩的平均角度的变化.③等速向心运动屈伸肌总功、平均功率.结果与结论:①等速向心运动时,伸肌的峰值力矩值随角速度的增加而减少(P＜0.05),屈肌峰值力矩值未见规律性的变化;屈、伸肌的峰值力矩比随角速度的加快而增大,但差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).②慢速等速向心运动时,不同角速度下屈、伸肌到达峰值力矩角度分布离散,30(°)/s时为-48.56°,90(°)/s时为-46.18°;快速运动时,屈、伸肌出现最大峰值力矩角度基本接近,120(°)/s时分别为-48.71°,-51.61°, 180(°)/s分别一54.86,-53.11°.⑨等速向心运动时,在不同角速度下,屈、伸肌的总功均随角速度的增加而减少,伸肌总功大于屈肌,伸肌总功的变化差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05);屈、伸肌的平均功率随角速度的增加呈线性上升,屈肌平均功率始终小于伸肌(P＜0.01).结果提示:①等速向心运动时,躯干屈伸肌群的肌力随角速度的增加而减小,躯干在慢速屈伸运动时稳定性较好.②快速等速向心运动时,突受外力打击后容易引起肌肉损伤和脊柱不稳.③等速运动时屈伸肌做功随运动速度下降而降低,但肌肉的爆发力随运动速度的增快而加大.     

小学生膝关节屈伸肌力的等速测试

背景：以往对小学生下肢力量发育的评估,主要局限于立定跳远和纵跳摸高等身体素质的测量,缺乏对其肌肉功能的定量性研究。目的：通过小学生膝关节屈伸肌力发展现状进行测试分析,正确认识小学生关节肌肉力量发育特征。方法：运用＂Kinitech＂等速肌力测试系统对随机抽取石家庄市年龄为9～12岁的54名健康小学生（男25例、女29例）膝关节屈伸肌群进行60,120,240（°）/s三种速度测试。结果与结论：小学生膝关节屈、伸肌群峰力矩均呈现随测试速度增加而下降的现象;男、女生左侧屈肌群在60,120（°）/s时及右侧屈肌群在60（°）/s时,峰力矩低于伸肌群峰力矩（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。同一测试速度下,在测试速度为240（°）/s时,男生左侧屈、伸肌群及右侧屈肌群峰力矩明显高于女生（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。     

单侧肢体电刺激或随意力量训练对双侧足背屈力量和肌肉动员能力的影响

目的：观察单侧肢体电刺激训练与随意力量训练是否可产生类似交叉迁移的现象，并采用电刺激与随意收缩叠加法（Twitch Interpolation，TI）评价神经系统动员肌肉力量的能力。方法：实验对象为18—30岁未经专项体育训练的健康男子大学生30名，随机分为电刺激训练组、随意收缩训练组和对照组，每组10名。训练选择右侧胫骨前肌，采用重复等长收缩模式。随意收缩训练组训练强度定为其最大随意收缩力量（MVC）的60%—70%；电刺激组的训练强度为其MVC的60%—70%；每周训练3次，每次3—5组共20min，隔日进行，周日休息，共训练6周。对照组保持日常生活和学习，期间不参加剧烈体育活动。结果：电刺激组训练侧和未训练侧的足背屈力量在训练后均有显著提高（右13.3%，左15.6%），且与随意收缩训练组相似（右15.3%，左14.8%），并与对照组(右2.5%,左-2.7%)差异有显著性（P＜0.05）；电刺激训练组双侧肌肉动员能力均有明显增强（右9.0%，左9.9%），与对照组相比差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）；随意收缩训练组的肌肉动员能力（7.4%，5.4%），与对照组相比差异没有显著性（P＞0.05）。 结论：6周单侧肢体电刺激训练和随意等长收缩训练不仅能够明显提高训练侧的肢体力量，亦能提高对侧未受训练肢体的肌肉力量，产生显著的交叉迁移效果。同时，训练导致的力量增长，特别是在电刺激组，与使用TI法观察到的肌肉动员能力的增长有关。     

跳跃项目训练对青少年膝关节屈伸肌肉力量的影响

背景:等速测试系统作为一种评价人体肌肉功能水平的研究方法和手段,在研究中得到了越来越广泛的应用.但运用等速肌力测试研究运动训练对青少年肌群发展影响的报道很少.目的:通过等速肌力测试,对长期进行跳高、跳远系统训练的青少年和同年龄的无训练者两类人群膝关节肌肉力量及其特征进行对比分析.设计、时间及地点:对比观察实验,于2008-10/12在河北省体育科学研究所实验室进行.对象:随机抽取河北师范大学附属中学不参加训练的志愿者20名作为普通组,抽取石家庄市体校进行跳高、跳远训练的志愿者20名作为训练组,参试者均为男性.方法:采用Cybex-6000等速测试系统,按照测试要求对参试者膝关节进行测试,测试顺序为先向心后离心.测试速度为慢速60(°)/s、中速120(°)/s、快速240(°)/s.主要观察指标:膝关节屈、伸肌群的相对峰力矩.结果:纳入实验对象40名,均进入结果分析.与普通组比较,训练组两侧膝关节60,120,240(°)/s屈、伸肌向心、离心收缩时峰力矩较高,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01),训练组左、右两膝在3个速度上的屈肌与伸肌峰力矩比值均低于普通组.结论:跳跃项目训练对青少年膝关节屈伸肌肉力量的增长有良好的促进作用,但在青少年膝关节屈伸肌力协调发展上有所不足,造成屈伸肌比值下降,这也可能是训练方法不当所造成的.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.