腹腔镜-胆道手术后-急性肺损伤

报道1例56岁男性患者,在全身麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除及胆总管切开取石术,术毕发生急性肺损伤,出现严重低氧血症.后经面罩双水平正压通气(bilevel positive airway pressure,BiPAP)呼吸支持及抗炎治疗3 d康复.患者低氧血症明显但无明显呼吸窘迫、双肺弥漫性浸润明显而听诊除呼吸音较弱外无明显...     

腹腔镜-胆道手术后-急性肺损伤

报道1例56岁男性患者,在全身麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除及胆总管切开取石术,术毕发生急性肺损伤,出现严重低氧血症.后经面罩双水平正压通气(bilevel positive airway pressure,BiPAP)呼吸支持及抗炎治疗3 d康复.患者低氧血症明显但无明显呼吸窘迫、双肺弥漫性浸润明显而听诊除呼吸音较弱外无明显干湿啰音的特点,提示为低压性肺间质水肿,其原因可能由于肺毛细血管内皮受损、通透性增加,水和血浆蛋白漏出进入肺间质所致.应当关注蛇毒中氨基酸氧化酶诱发的急性肺损伤.     

肥胖患者单肺通气期间的通气策略

背景 肥胖人群比例不断升高,肥胖影响正常生理功能,给麻醉带来不少问题,尤其在单肺通气(one-lung ventilation,OLV)过程中. 目的 减少肥胖患者OLV过程对预后转归的影响,降低肥胖患者围手术期呼吸系统并发症的发生率. 内容 探讨肥胖患者围手术期OLV期间的通气策略,包括通气模式的选择、保护性通气策略、高碳酸血症、肺泡复张策略和吸氧浓度的选择. 趋向 肥胖患者OLV期间采用小潮气量联合呼气末正压通气(positive end-expiratory pressure, PEEP)、间断肺泡复张和低到中度Fi02等通气策略有助于改善氧合、降低肺不张发生率,高碳酸血症在无肺部疾病患者中是否具有肺保护作用尚待研究.     

开胸手术时双肺两种不同通气方式可行性应用

开胸手术行健侧单肺通气,所出现的肺内分流和低氧血症,倍受人们关注.我院在开胸手术中采用健侧肺间歇正压通气(intermittent positive pressure ventilation,IPPV),患侧肺采用持续正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP),收到满意疗效.     

全麻腹腔镜胃癌根治术中应用小潮气量联合低水平呼气末正压通气对老年患者呼吸功能的影响

目的:观察全身麻醉腹腔镜胃癌根治术中应用小潮气量(tidal volume,VT)联合低水平呼气末正压通气(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP)对老年患者呼吸功能的影响。方法:将34例ASA I或II级腹腔镜胃癌根治术老年患者分为A、B两组。A组:机械通气模式为间歇正压通气(intermittent positive pressure ventilation,IPPV)加5cm H2O PEEP,VT=6ml/kg,f=16次/min;B组:机械通气模式为IPPV,VT=9ml/kg,f=12次/min。观察术前(T1)、麻醉插管后30min(T2)、拔管后15min(T3)的动脉氧分压(PaO2)、动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)、肺泡-动脉氧分压差(A-aDO2)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、中心静脉压(central venous pressure,CVP)及术中的气道峰压(peak airway pressure,Ppeak)。结果:T3时,A组PaO2明显高于B组(P<0.05),A组A-aDO2明显低于B组(P<0.05)。其他各时点A、B两组PaO2、PaCO2、PETCO2、A-aDO2、MAP、CVP、Ppeak组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:腹腔镜胃癌根治术中应用小VT联合低水平PEEP通气能有效改善老年患者术后低氧血症,减少肺部并发症,有利于老年患者呼吸功能的恢复,对血流动力学无明显影响,是老年患者腹腔镜上腹部手术全麻安全、有效的通气方法。     

肥胖患者围手术期通气策略Meta分析

目的 系统评价围手术期不同通气策略对肥胖患者通气和肺功能的影响,选择最佳通气策略. 方法 网上检索EBSCO、PubMed、Spring、Ovid、Wiley、中国知网、维普网、万方数据等数据库,选择全身麻醉诱导期和拔管后的给氧模式以及术中不同潮气量对肥胖患者通气和肺功能影响的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),应用RevMan 5.3软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析. 结果 共纳入24篇RCT,946例患者.①麻醉诱导期头高位吸氧较平卧位吸氧无通气安全时限更长(P＜0.001),而自主呼吸时加用持续正压通气(continues positive airway pressure,CPAP)PaO2水平更高(P=0.005),转为机械通气后间歇正压通气(intermittent positive pressure ventilation,IPPV)+呼气末正压通气(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP)较单用IPPV无通气安全时限更长(P＜0.001),PaO2更高(P＜0.001).②术中大潮气量比小潮气量通气联合PEEP获得更高的氧合指数(oxygenation index,OI)(P=0.02),但同时大潮气量通气可引起更高的气道压(P＜0.001).③拔管后采用无创正压通气(non-invasive positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)较鼻导管吸氧PaO2更高(P=0.004). 结论 肥胖患者诱导期宜采用头高位CPAP以及IPPV+PEEP通气,术中采用大潮气量+高PEEP,术后拔管后采用NIPPV.     

术后无创呼吸支持的研究进展

术后肺部并发症（PPCs）是指术后发生的呼吸系统并发症,主要包括呼吸道感染、呼吸衰竭、胸腔积液、肺不张、气胸、支气管痉挛及吸入性肺炎等。PPCs的发生与患者自身、手术和麻醉等因素密切相关,影响患者围术期康复及预后。无创呼吸支持（NRS）包括常规氧气疗法（COT）、无创正压通气（NPPV）、经鼻高流量（HFNC）氧疗等,通过改善肺部呼吸力学和满足氧气需求减少肺部并发症的发生。目前NRS已在重症监护病房（ICU）广泛应用,但其术后应用尚无共识。本文就近年来术后NRS应用的研究进展进行综述,包括NRS的模式、NRS在不同类型手术的应用和NRS在不同类型患者的应用等内容,为促进术后康复提供参考。     

无创正压通气治疗心脏术后低氧血症失败原因分析

目的分析无创正压通气(non-invasive positive pressure ventilation,NPPV)治疗心脏术后低氧血症失败原因,以期更好地指导在心外科术后使用NPPV。方法 2012年1月至2013年12月武汉亚洲心脏病医院心脏外科手术后共有64例因低氧血症行NPPV治疗,年龄28~87岁,男49例、女15例。其中17例失败,对可能导致NPPV失败的相关因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 NPPV失败的相关因素有:吸烟史、术前肺功能异常、输血量1 000 ml、NPPV前简化急性生理学评分Ⅱ(simplified acute physiology scoreⅡ,SAPSⅡ)35分、NPPV前氧合指数(Pa O2/Fi O2)100 mm Hg、NPPV治疗后1 h PaO_2/FiO_2150 mm Hg,第一次机械通气时间72 h和肺部感染(P均0.05)。其中NPPV前SAPSⅡ35分和肺部感染是心脏术后低氧血症NPPV治疗失败的独立相关因素。结论心脏术后使用NPPV时应根据导致低氧的原因及病情严重程度选择病例,对NPPV前SAPSⅡ35分和肺部感染患者应避免选择NPPV,在使用过程中严密监护,效果不佳时及时转为有创通气。     

单肺通气时机械通气模式的研究进展

背景 单肺通气(one lung ventilation,OLV)实施过程中最常见的并发症是低氧血症,也是麻醉医师遇到的最严重的挑战. 目的 近来研究表明OLV本身能够引起低氧血症和急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI).因此,如何实施OLV时机械通气模式,降低肺内分流率(pulmonary shunt fraction,Qs/Qt)、预防低氧血症一直是临床研究的热点. 内容 综述提高吸入氧分数(fraction of inspiration O2,FiO2)、控制通气模式、高频通气(high frequency ventilation,HFV)、潮气量(tidal volume,Vt)、反比通气、部分液体通气(partial liquid ventilation,PLV)、持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)、呼气末正压通气(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)等通气模式,以及实施联合多种模式的保护性肺通气策略. 趋向 综合运用多种预防OLV期间低氧血症的通气模式取得良好的效果,但应针对患者和手术情况制定OLV时机械通气模式.     

术前无创正压通气治疗对脊柱侧凸患者围手术期肺功能的影响

目的:研究术前使用呼吸机无创正压通气治疗对脊柱侧凸患者围手术期肺功能的影响。方法:将40例Cobb角≥60°、肺功能存在中度以上限制性通气功能障碍、行脊柱侧凸矫形术的脊柱侧凸患者,随机分成A组和B组,每组20例。A组在术前采用BiPAP呼吸机,经用面罩无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗1个月;B组常规术前准备。观察A组患者治疗前后肺功能的改善及两组患者围手术期肺功能的差异。结果:两组患者性别、年龄、身高、体重、Cobb角度、手术时间、手术径路、融合椎体数等基本情况比较无统计学差异(P>0.05);A组患者经NIPPV治疗后肺活量(VC)、肺活量占预计值的百分比(VC%)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒最大呼气量(FEV1.0)、最大通气量(MVV)和最大通气量占预计值的百分比(MVV%)较治疗前明显改善(P<0.01);两组患者术中氧合指数、术后拔管时间、拔管后15min动脉血气PO2、PCO2比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:术前无创正压通气治疗可改善脊柱侧凸患者围手术期的肺功能,可缩短手术后气管插管的拔管时间,改善术后通气功能,有助于脊柱侧凸患者手术后早期恢复。     

European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates, and the European Society of Anaesthesiology Guideline: Non-anaesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy

Propofol sedation by non-anaesthesiologists is an upcoming sedation regimen in several countries throughout Europe. Numerous studies have shown the efficacy and safety of this sedation regimen in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Nevertheless, this issue remains highly controversial. The aim of this evidence- and consensus-based set of guideline is to provide non-anaesthesiologists with a comprehensive framework for propofol sedation during digestive endoscopy. This guideline results from a collaborative effort from representatives of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), the European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). These three societies have endorsed the present guideline.The guideline is published simultaneously in the Journals Endoscopy and European Journal of Anaesthesiology.     

The Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anesthesiology: a way forward with the European Board and the European Society of Anesthesiology

Anesthesiology, which includes anaesthesia, perioperative care, intensive care medicine, emergency medicine and pain therapy, is acknowledged as the leading medical specialty in addressing issues of patient safety, but there is still a long way to go. Several factors pose hazards in Anesthesiology, like increasingly older and sicker patients, more complex surgical interventions, more pressure on throughput, as well as new drugs and devices. To better design educational and research strategies to improve patient safety, the European Board of Anesthesiology (EBA) and the European Society of Anesthesiology (ESA) have produced a blueprint for patient safety in Anesthesiology. This document, to be known as the Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anesthesiology, was endorsed together with the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists (WFSA), and the European Patients' Federation (EPF) at the Euroanaesthesia meeting in Helsinki in June 2010. It was signed by several Presidents of National Anesthesiology Societies as well as other stakeholders. The Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anesthesiology represents a shared European view of what is necessary to improve patient safety, recommending practical steps that all anesthesiologists can include in their own clinical practice. The Italian Society of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Reanimation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) is looking forward to continuing work on "patient safety" issues in Europe, and to cooperating with the ESA in the best interest of European patients.     

Preoperative evaluation of the adult patient undergoing non-cardiac surgery: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology

The purpose of these guidelines on the preoperative evaluation of the adult non-cardiac surgery patient is to present recommendations based on available relevant clinical evidence. The ultimate aims of preoperative evaluation are two-fold. First, we aim to identify those patients for whom the perioperative period may constitute an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, aside from the risks associated with the underlying disease. Second, this should help us to design perioperative strategies that aim to reduce additional perioperative risks. Very few well performed randomised studies on the topic are available and many recommendations rely heavily on expert opinion and are adapted specifically to the healthcare systems in individual countries. This report aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on the subject with an assessment of the quality of the evidence in order to allow anaesthetists all over Europe to integrate - wherever possible - this knowledge into daily patient care. The Guidelines Committee of the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) formed a task force with members of subcommittees of scientific subcommittees and individual members of the ESA. Electronic databases were searched from the year 2000 until July 2010 without language restrictions. These searches produced 15?425 abstracts. Relevant systematic reviews with meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional surveys were selected. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network grading system was used to assess the level of evidence and to grade recommendations. The final draft guideline was posted on the ESA website for 4 weeks and the link was sent to all ESA members, individual or national (thus including most European national anaesthesia societies). Comments were collated and the guidelines amended as appropriate. When the final draft was complete, the Guidelines Committee and ESA Board ratified the guidelines.     

Noninvasive ventilation using bilevel positive airway pressure to treat impending respiratory failure in the postanesthesia care unit

The author presents the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation using bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) to treat respiratory insufficiency and hypoxemia in three patients in the postanesthesia care unit. BiPAP improved respiratory function with a decreased respiratory rate, decreased PaCO2, and improved oxygenation in the three patients. The applications of these techniques and equipment required are reviewed.     

Protective ventilation strategy in the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) contribute to progressive hypoxemia in critically ill patients. It has been proved that conventional mechanical ventilation with physiological respiratory volume contributes to further lung damage. In this respect, application of protective ventilatory strategy--pulmonary ventilation with limited volume and pressure can avoid mentioned consequences. The aim of this paper is to discuss mechanims by which elements contained in protective mechanical ventilation of patients with ALI/ARDS prevent further progrssive lung injury, to argue the effects of positive end--expiratory pressure and present insturctions for its application.     

Ventilating the patient with severe asthma: nonconventional therapy

Conventional pharmacotherapy of severe asthma and status asthmaticus includes beta2-sympathomimetics, theophylline, corticosteroids and occasionally topical anticholinergics (ipratropium bromide). Since hypoxemia is the most severe phenomenon in status asthmaticus the administration of oxygen is mandatory. However, if the bronchodilating therapy fails and hypoxemia continues, usually respiratory failure develops due to progressive respiratory muscle failure. An increasing PaCO(2) and respiratory acidosis are indications for mechanical ventilatory support to unload the failing respiratory pump. Nowadays, there is increasing consensus that ventilatory support should be administered primarily as non-invasive ventilation (NIV) via a face mask1. However, in a significant number of patients with severe asthma NIV is either contraindicated or insufficient. In this case usually the patient must be endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated "invasively". Intubation and ventilation of patients with severe asthma or status asthmaticus is associated with a high incidence of complications compared to patients ventilated for other causes of respiratory failure2,3. Therefore the risks of invasive mechanical ventilation have to be weighted carefully to ongoing conservative therapy and NIV. Cardiopulmonary arrest and severe hypoxemia in spite of O2 supplement and NIV are absolute criteria for intubation and ventilation. Mostly deterioration in mental status and exhaustion are the clinical findings leading to mechanical ventilation. Decision is guided rather by the course of the deterioration (how fast the patient's condition is worsening) than by pathological values alone. An increased PaCO(2) with moderate respiratory acidosis alone is not per se an indication for mechanical ventilation. However, a continuously rising PaCO(2) or the development of a severe metabolic acidosis after 1 hour of NIV is a strong argument for invasive mechanical ventilation. Other criteria are evidence of cardiac failure with fall in pulse volume and dysrhythmias, pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax (which has to be drained before mechanical ventilation!).     

BiPAP无创通气及其在围术期的应用

双水平气道正压通气被广泛用于治疗各种慢性、急性呼吸衰竭,此文回顾了双水平气道正压通气研究的最新进展,重点介绍围术期应用双水平气道正压通气的现状.     

Protective effect of anisodamine on respiratory function after severe brain injury

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical therapeutic effect of anisodamine on respiratory function after severe brain injury. METHODS: Ninety patients with respiratory dysfunction following severe brain injury were divided into two groups: a treatment group (n = 45, treated with routine therapy plus anisodamine) and a control group (n = 45, treated with routine therapy only). The pulmonary ventilation function and oxygenation function were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: In the treatment group, 12 hours after treatment the respiratory rate reduced, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO(2)), the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO(2)) and oxygenation exponent increased, the dead space ventilation dose and the pulmonary alveolus-partial pressure of arterial oxygen difference decreased, and the ventilation function of the respiratory tract and pulmonary oxygenation function improved. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01). No side-effect was found except a slight increase of intracranial pressure and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: Anisodamine can improve pulmonary ventilation function and oxygenation function and decrease the incidence of hypoxemia markedly. It is effective in treating respiratory dysfunction after severe brain injury.     

Surgical treatment of lung cancer in octagenarian patient

Because average life span of Japanese is getting longer, we sometimes meet elder lung cancer patients of over 80. They often have many complications, so we are worried about how to treat them. Recently we met 8 elder patients with lung cancer, and we performed surgical operation for them. Six patients performed partial lung resection or lobectomy had no complications after operation. But 2 patients with respiratory disorder who performed lobectomy and chest wall resection had some complications after operation. In such patients, careful postoperative management is needed, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation with pressure support (PS) may be useful to prevent respiratory complications.