经胰管乳头括约肌预切开术在困难胆道插管中的临床应用

目的评价经胰管乳头括约肌预切开术在困难胆道插管中的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年7月至2006年7月在我院行ERCP的患者。对常规胆管插管失败且导丝反复进入胰管（〉4次）者行经胰管乳头括约肌预切开，胆管插管成功后，导丝留置胆管内，继续完成胆管括约肌切开及相应的治疗。统计插管的成功率及并发症的发生率。结果在整个研究期间内共行ER—CP1576例次，需胆管深插管879例次，经胰管乳头括约肌预切开者30例。经胰管乳头括约肌预切开后，首次ERCP胆管深插管成功率为93．3％（28／30），2次ERCP插管成功率为96．7％（29／30）。2例（占6．7％）发生并发症，为轻型胰腺炎。无出血、穿孔或操作相关的死亡发生。结论在困难胆道插管中采用经胰管乳头括约肌预切开术是一种安全有效的方法。     

胰管导丝占据法在困难内镜逆行胰胆管造影中的应用价值

目的评价胰管导丝占据法在内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）中胆管选择性插管困难时的应用价值。方法2008年6月至2012年6月间共3505例患者符合入选条件。开始均尝试对患者用导丝辅助的括约肌切开刀行选择性胆管插管（标准法）,若导丝反复进入胰管5次仍未插管成功则导丝留置于胰管,退出切开刀另用一根导丝尝试插管（占据法）,尝试失败则行经胰预切开或针状刀乳头开窗术（占据法失败行预切开）,若尝试插管达5次胰管亦未能进入则行针状刀乳头开窗术（胆胰管插管失败行预切开）。比较各组间胆管插管成功率及并发症的发生率。结果标准法插管成功率（93．4％）明显高于占据法（54．8％,P〈0．001）、占据法失败行预切开（81．3％,P〈0．001）及胆胰管插管失败行预切开（84．6％,P=0．011）;占据法失败行预切开及胆胰管插管失败行预切开插管成功率均明显高于占据法（P值均〈0．001）;各组间术后胰腺炎发生率差异无统计学意义。标准法插管成功后行括约肌切开有2例出血,行预切开插管患者中有5例出血、1例穿孔,无死亡病例。结论胰管导丝占据法胆管插管成功率虽不高,但当标准插管法困难时应首先尝试,以尽量避免预切开的风．呤．     

针状刀乳头开窗术在ERCP困难插管中的应用

目的 探讨采用针状刀实施十二指肠乳头开窗术,在ERCP困难胆管插管中的应用价值及其安全性.方法 回顾性分析近年来接受ERCP治疗的患者中,当常规插管方法和（或）其他预切开技术无法进入胆管时,采用针状刀在主乳头背部选点进行电灼造口,完成胆管深插管及后续治疗.观察本方法的成功率和术后并发症,并对相关影响因素进行分析.结果 共有108例患者接受开窗术,其中97例（91.2%）成功插至胆管;11例胆管恶性梗阻患者虽经开窗仍无法进入胆管,其中远端恶性梗阻失败率（25.8%,8/31）,明显高于近端梗阻（5.3%,3/57）,（P=0.014,χ^2=5.983）.ERCP术后发生胰腺炎5例（4.6%）,其中插管失败组（18.2%,2/11）明显高于成功组（3.1%,3/97）（P=0.006,χ^2=7.418）;另有肠道穿孔1例、胆管炎4例,均经保守治疗控制.结论 在困难胆管插管的ERCP病例中,应用针状刀行乳头开窗术可以有效提高ERCP诊治的成功率,对于有经验的操作者该方法是较为安全的;但远端胆管恶性梗阻行乳头开窗术的成功率较低.     

临时性胰管支架在ERCP胆管插管困难病例中的应用价值

目的 探讨通过留置临时性胰管支架选择性胆管插管对提高胆管插管困难者的造影成功率及并发症发生率.方法 内镜下逆行性胰胆管造影(ERCP)以胆管插管为目的时,因为十二指肠乳头偏位、柔软易移动、胆总管下端过度弯曲、乳头狭窄、憩室旁乳头等存在一些胆管插管困难病例,导丝反复进入胰管,且双导丝技术2～3次后导丝仍不能进入胆管者,我们采用在胰管内临时留置胰管支架,再试行胆管插管造影或预切开.结果 43例留置胰管支架者,42例胆管插管造影成功,1例失败,1例轻症胰腺炎发生结论.结论 ERCP选择性胆管插管困难时采用临时胰管支架能提高成功率,可能降低胰腺炎发生率.     

困难胆管插管的处理进展

自1986年首次报道经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)用于诊断胆胰疾病以来,ERCP技术不断开展、成熟现已成为胆胰疾病诊治的重要方法.目前内镜医师选择性胆管插管成功率可达90%以上,但仍存在5%-10%的插管失败病例,这些病例需借助其他技术才能实现成功插管.反复尝试乳头插管在提高插管成功率的同时亦延长ERCP操作时间并且增加手术并发症的发生率.近年来国内外专家提出困难胆管插管的概念逐渐被内镜医师接受,对于困难胆管插管的病例,内镜医师可及时调整插管策略以提高胆管插管成功率并减少并发症的发生.本文综合近年来国内外已发表的相关文献,拟对困难胆管插管的处理进展进行系统综述.     

预切开在ERCP诊疗Ⅰ型胰胆合流异常中的应用

胰胆管合流异常(pancreaticobiliary maljunction,PBM)是一种罕见的胆胰系先天性疾病,目前诊断主要依靠逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP),但Ⅰ型胰胆合流异常患者在ERCP操作中常规选择性胆管插管往往十分困难.本研究对Ⅰ型PBM患者采用胰管预切开和(或)开窗预切开的方法成功完成胆管插管,使ERCP成功率达100％,现报道如下.     

Dual刀预切开在困难经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术中的应用（含视频）

目的探索Dual刀预切开在困难经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)中价值。方法选取2016年1月—2019年3月于复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心就诊行ERCP治疗的40例患者,对插管困难的患者行Dual刀预切开,再行插管,评估该种方法对插管成功率及并发症的影响。结果40例患者中胆管结石21例,胰腺或胆管肿瘤15例,良性乳头或胆管狭窄4例。39例Dual刀切开后插管成功,成功率为97.5％(39／40);l例未成功病例为胰腺肿瘤广泛侵犯胆管。术后发生血淀粉酶升高共11例,其中高淀粉酶血症2例,无出血、穿孔、ERCP术后胰腺炎、感染及死亡病例。结论Dual刀预切开在增加插管成功率的同时,降低了切开过程中的出血、穿孔及ERCP术后胰腺炎风险,提高了困难ERCP的成功率。     

合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室的胆胰疾病患者行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影的操作技巧

目的探讨合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)的操作技巧。方法回顾性分析2013年3月-2015年2月于山东省交通医院肝胆内镜科行ERCP合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室患者867例的临床资料,分析插管成功率、治疗效果及并发症发生情况。结果插管成功率99.8%,使用切开刀直接插管成功793例,采用双导丝及胰管支架占据44例,止血夹固定乳头法3例,预切开25例,2例未能成功插管。治疗过程中出现胰腺炎5例,穿孔1例,延迟性出血1例,经保守治疗后均治愈。结论 ERCP治疗合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室的胆胰疾病,应明确ERCP、内镜下乳头括约肌切开术适应证,根据乳头特点采用针对性的操作技巧,有助于提高成功率,减少并发症,是一种安全的微创治疗方法。     

改良双导丝技术在选择性胆管插管困难病例中的应用

随着ERCP操作技巧的不断完善以及相关配件的成功开发和应用，在ERCP基础上开展的介入治疗已成为胆胰疾病内镜下微创治疗的主要手段，而选择性胆管插管成功与否是ERCP介入治疗的先决条件伸。常规方法（导管或切开刀载导丝）对那些插管困难的乳头进行选择性胆管插管常     

双腔前视胃镜治疗毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术后胆胰疾病的临床观察

目的评价使用双腔前视胃镜对毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术后胆胰疾病患者进行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）治疗的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性总结46例使用双腔前视胃镜进行ERCP治疗的毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术后胆胰疾病患者的临床资料,统计十二指肠乳头插管成功率、并发症发生情况和治疗情况。结果十二指肠乳头插管成功率为82．6％（38／46）,8例失败,其中6例因双腔前视胃镜无法进入输入袢找到十二指肠乳头而失败,2例因乳头插管困难而失败。38例插管成功者中,3l例胆管结石者均成功取出结石,4例胆总管下端恶性梗阻者均成功置入胆管金属支架,3例十二指肠乳头良性狭窄者经气囊扩张后均成功置入鼻胆引流管;所有患者术后恢复良好,无一例发生出血、穿孔和术后胰腺炎等严重并发症。结论使用双腔前视胃镜对毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术后胆胰疾病患者进行ERCP治疗,插管成功率较高,可顺利完成后续ERCP相关治疗,并且不会明显增加并发症发生率,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Double balloon endoscopy increases the ERCP success rate in patients with a history of Billroth II gastrectomy

AIM:To evaluate the effect of double balloon endoscope(DBE)on the endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP)success rate in patients with a history of BillrothⅡ(BⅡ)gastrectomy.METHODS:From April 2006 to March 2007,32 patients with a BⅡgastrectomy underwent 34 ERCP attempts.In all cases,the ERCP procedures were started using a duodenoscope.If intubation of the afferent loop or reaching the papilla failed,we changed to DBE for the ERCP procedure(DBE-ERCP).We assessed the success rate of afferent loop intubation,reaching the major papilla,selective cannulation,possibility of therapeutic approaches,procedure-related complications,and the overall success rate.RESULTS:Among the 32 patients with a history of BⅡgastrectomy,the duodenoscope was successfully passed up to the papilla in 22 patients(69%),and cannulation was successfully performed in 20 patients(63%).Six patients(2 with failure in afferent loop intubation and 4 with failure in reaching the papilla)underwent DBE-ERCP.The DBE reached the papilla in all the 6 patients(100%)and selective cannulation was successful in 5 patients(83%).Four patients(67%)who had common bile duct stones were successfully treated.One patient underwent diagnostic ERCP only and the other one,in whom selective cannulation failed,was diagnosed with papilla cancer proven by biopsy.There were no complications related to the DBE.The overall ERCP success rate increased to 88%(28/32).CONCLUSION:The overall ERCP success rate increases with DBE in patients with a previous BⅡgastrectomy.     

Outcome and early complications of ERCP: a prospective single center study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: ERCP has been used since 1968 both as a diagnostic and as a therapeutic procedure. In the last ten years several less invasive imaging methods have developed which allow visualization of bile ducts and pancreatic ducts; therefore ERCP has become mainly a therapeutic tool. The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate the early outcome of ERCP when used essentially as a therapeutic tool. METHODOLOGY: All patients referred to our unit between April 1 1998 and March 31 2000 were included in the study. The indication for the procedure, number of cannulations, duration of procedure, performance of endoscopic sphinterotomy or pre-cut, insertion of stent and the final outcome were recorded. All patients were visited (in-patients) or contacted by phone (outpatients) 24 hours and one week after the procedure. If a complication occurred the patient was followed until it was resolved. RESULTS: 722 ERCP procedures were performed on 534 patients (59% females), mean age 63.4 years (range 3 to 98 years). The procedure was performed with a therapeutic intention in 95% of cases because of suspicion of: cholelithiasis (58%), tumor of pancreas/bile ducts (30%), post-cholecystectomy bile leak or bile duct stenosis (6%) or treatment of chronic pancreatitis (1%). The overall success rate of selective duct cannulation was 92%. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 375 procedures (52%), pre-cut in 152 (21%) and stent inserted in 180 (25%). Among the 701 procedures with complete information 76 complications occurred in 73 patients (10.8%): pancreatitis 4.3%, perforation 1.3%, sepsis 3.7%, bleeding 1.4%. Most of the complications (63/701, 9%) were mild to moderate. Procedure-related mortality was 0.6% due to perforation (1 patient), and sepsis (3 patients). The main factors influencing the complication rate were the difficulty of the examination, performance of an invasive procedure or the operator. CONCLUSIONS: In the era of therapeutic ERCP, the risk of severe complication from the procedure is low--1.8% (including a mortality rate of 0.6%) when using the appropriate technique in experienced and skilled hands.     

ERCP插管困难患者行二次ERCP的临床价值

目的评价ERCP插管困难患者择期行二次ERCP的安全性及其临床价值。方法212例ERCP插管困难患者,常规插管失败后先行乳头预切开,然后再尝试插管,超过1h仍未能成功插管者择期行二次ERCP诊疗,统计首次ERCP和总体ERCP（首次ERCP＋二次ERCP）插管成功率及并发症发生率,并行统计学分析。结果首次ERCP插管成功率为67．0％（142／212）,总体ERCP插管成功率为90．6％（192／212）,总体ERCP插管成功率明显高于首次ERCP（χ2=35．263,P〈0．05）。首次ERCP并发症发生率为8．96％（19／212）,总体ERCP并发症发生率为10．38％（22／212）,其中二次ERCP并发症发生率为4．29％（3／70）,总体ERCP以及二次ERCP并发症发生率与首次ERCP比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论ERCP插管困难行乳头预切开后仍不能完成插管者,择期行二次ERCP安全有效。     

Cap-assisted ERCP in patients with a Billroth II gastrectomy

BACKGROUND: ERCP is difficult in patients with a Billroth II gastrectomy because of anatomical changes. OBJECTIVE: Cap-assisted ERCP can improve the cannulation rate and the success rate of stone removal. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: A tertiary referral center. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Ten consecutive patients with bile-duct stones (9) or a distal common bile duct stricture (1), who had previously undergone Billroth II gastrectomy and were referred for ERCP, were analyzed for the outcome of their ERCP. All procedures were carried out with a cap-fitted regular forward-viewing endoscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Ability to perform afferent loop intubation and bile-duct cannulation. RESULTS: Of 10 patients in whom ERCP was attempted, afferent loop intubation and selective bile-duct cannulation were achieved in all patients (100%). Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) was successful in all 10 patients (100%). All stones were removed by EST alone in 7 patients and by both EST and endoscopic papillary balloon dilation in 2 patients. There were no serious complications in the patients. LIMITATIONS: Small sample size, single-center experience. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP with a cap-fitted regular forward-viewing endoscope was successful in all patients with a prior Billroth II gastrectomy. The high rate of successful ERCP was achieved by improving afferent loop intubation and bile-duct cannulation with a cap-fitted endoscope.     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室对ERCP手术治疗胆总管结石患者效果的影响*

目的 分析十二指肠乳头旁憩室(PAD)对内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗胆总管结石患者手术的影响。方法 2016年12月～2019年12月我院消化内科诊治的胆总管结石合并PAD患者101例(憩室内乳头37例,非憩室内乳头64例)和胆总管结石患者174例。所有患者在ERCP下插管、取石治疗。结果 憩室组和非憩室组插管成功率分别为95.1%和98.4%,取石成功率分别为91.1%和92.0%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后,憩室组与非憩室组并发症发生率为19.8%和19.0%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);憩室内乳头组插管成功率为86.5%,取石成功率为81.1%,均显著低于非憩室内乳头组的100.0%和96.9%(P<0.05);术后,憩室内乳头组与非憩室内乳头组并发症发生率分别为24.3%和17.2%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 PAD会对ERCP手术治疗胆总管结石患者的效果产生一定的不利影响,尤其是憩室内乳头会增加插管难度,降低取石成功率,需要医生提高手术技巧,才能获得手术的成功。     

乳头扩约肌预切开术在困难插管内镜逆行胰胆管造影术中的疗效分析

目的 探讨十二指肠乳头预切开术在内镜逆行胰胆管造影术( ERCP)中的应用,并评价其在ERCP中的作用和安全性.方法 自2008年1月至2011年6月我院肝胆胰外科共完成内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术930例,其中选择性插管困难者采用常规方法不能完成而采用乳头预切开术108例,占11.6％.纳入标准为常规插管失败或反复进入胰管4次判定为选择性插管困难,术中改行乳头预切开术,根据病情完成ERCP检查和内镜下治疗.观察终点为治疗成功率和并发症发生率,并与同期常规ERCP插管病例资料对比分析.统计学处理采用SPSS 13.0统计软件,率的比较采用x2检验,P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 本组乳头预切开术108例,ERCP成功103例,成功率95.4％.术后并发症7例,发生率6.5％,无十二指肠穿孔及死亡病例.同期822例常规ERCP诊治成功率97.7％,术后并发症63例,发生率7.7％.乳头预切开与常规选择性胆管插管两组患者的并发症发生率(x2=0.141,P=0.707)及成功率(x2=2.041,P=0.153)差异无统计学意义.结论 乳头预切开术与常规ERCP相比不增加发生并发症的风险,可提高困难ERCP的成功率,但要严格掌握适应证,由经验丰富的医师进行.     

经腹壁空肠造瘘行ERCP在消化道重建患者中的临床应用

目的探讨消化道重建患者经腹壁空肠造瘘行ERCP诊疗的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析22例经腹壁空肠造瘘行ERCP诊疗的消化道重建患者的疗效及并发症发生情况。结果22例均一次性完成经腹壁空肠造瘘,其中21例（95．5％）成功完成ERCP诊疗,内镜通过瘘口到达乳头或胆肠吻合口处的时间为6—34min,平均为18．4min;另外1例失败。ERCP诊断吻合口狭窄10例、肿瘤复发8例、胆总管结石1例、内支架堵塞1例,1例未见明显异常。置入塑料胆道内支架9例,置入金属胆道支架7例,更换塑料内支架1例,取石1例,仅行柱状球囊扩张2例。术后并发早期切口感染4例,并发胆道感染1例,并发肠瘘1例。结论对于消化道重建患者经腹壁空肠造瘘行ERCP是一种安全、有效、微创的治疗方法,可以在临床上推广使用。     

Success of ERCP at a referral center after a previously unsuccessful attempt

BACKGROUND: The diagnostic and therapeutic success of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) depends on a number of factors. When an attempt at ERCP fails, the physician must decide whether to repeat the procedure, rely on another imaging procedure (noninvasive or invasive), or refer to another endoscopist/center. Our aim in this prospective study was to determine the role of a second attempt at ERCP at a referral ERCP center. METHODS: Five hundred sixty-two patients were referred for ERCP after having undergone a previous unsuccessful attempt to visualize the clinically relevant duct(s). RESULTS: The overall success in visualizing the desired duct was 96.4% (542 of 562). Advanced techniques for cannulation were used in 41% (229 of 562). Anatomic abnormalities possibly contributing to the previous lack of success were present in 27% of cases. ERCP with or without manometry identified a cause or potential cause for the signs and symptoms in 86% of patients. Sixty complications occurred in 57 patients (10.1%). ERCP was unsuccessful in 20 patients (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The cannulation success rate and diagnostic yield of further ERCP with an acceptable complication rate warrant consideration of referral to centers with available resources and expertise.