踝关节病的人工踝关节置换

[目的]探讨人工踝关节置换治疗踝关节病的疗效。[方法]对1999~2004年1月的18例患者包括骨性踝关节炎6例,创伤性踝关节炎9例,局限性距骨缺血坏死2例,踝关节融合后1例,均采用L ink STAR假体3构件套进行人工踝关节置换。18例中,男13例,女5例;平均年龄47.7岁(38~67)。[结果]随访平均3 a 9个月(1~5 a)。按Kofoed评价系统观察疗效,优(85~100)16例,良(75~84)2例,无可(70~74)和差(<70)。患足背屈平均8°(范围6°~12°),跖屈12°(范围8°~16°),背屈和跖屈平均16°(11°~23°)。并发症有切口皮缘坏死2例,无足内、外翻和影像学松动。[结论]人工踝关节置换是治疗和替代踝关节多种疾患疼痛和需要融合的良好方法。     

人工踝关节置换:43例5年5个月随访结果

目的研究人工踝关节置换治疗踝关节病损的疗效。方法1997年10月～2006年3月人工踝关节置换治疗43例踝关节病损，包括踝关节骨关节炎22例，创伤性踝关节炎21例。其中2例为距骨局限性坏死，1例为胫骨骨折并骨筋膜室综合征行广泛切除踝关节融合术后。结果43例随访2年。8年4个月，平均5年5个月。踝关节功能采用Kofoed评价标准和作者自定评价方法进行分析：优（85～100分）32例，良（75～84分）9例，差（60～74分）2例，无失败（〈60分）患者，优良率为95．3％。踝关节功能情况：足背伸6°～16°，跖屈8°～28°；足背伸和跖屈的活动范围14°～38°，平均21．4°。3例出现切口缘皮肤坏死，术中内外踝骨折1例。无足内翻、足外翻和假体影像学松动患者。结论人工踝关节置换是改善踝关节功能的良好方法。     

CR型活动衬垫膝关节假体的临床应用

[目的]观察使用CR型活动衬垫膝关节假体进行人工全膝关节置换的临床效果,评价其临床应用的意义。[方法]随访观察本院从1997年11月~2005年6月,使用CR型活动衬垫膝关节假体进行膝关节置换的效果,其中218个患者、301个膝关节获得了满意的随访,平均随访48.7个月。采用X线片及HSS评分进行临床疗效评定。[结果]HSS评分从术前平均53.3分增加到术后的91.3分。活动范围从术前平均伸-9.5°、屈64.3,°到术后平均伸0°、屈97.5°。术前最大内翻角25,°最大外翻角15°;术后总外翻角为0°~10°,平均5.3°。感染2例,假体周围骨折2例,胫骨内侧平台塌陷1例,后外侧不稳1例。其余未见有骨溶解现象。[结论]CR型活动衬垫膝关节假体不但在理论上有其独特的优越性,而且在临床上中短期效果令人满意。     

关节镜下治疗距骨负重面骨样骨瘤一例报告

<正>1病例介绍患者男,23岁。因右踝关节疼痛逐渐加重并活动受限3年余,于2013年6月入院。检查:右踝关节轻度弥漫性红肿,前方压痛,跖屈、背伸时疼痛加重,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为7分;关节背伸5°、跖屈20°,美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足功能评分为64分。X线片提示距骨穹窿部骨样骨瘤;CT示距骨穹窿部存在明显囊性硬化灶;MRI     

T形支撑钢板内固定治疗踝关节骨折伴后踝骨折的疗效

目的探讨T形支撑钢板内固定治疗踝关节骨折伴后踝骨折的临床疗效。方法笔者自2014-03—2016-08诊治11例踝关节骨折伴后踝骨折。采用后外侧或后外侧联合内侧入路,后踝骨折直视下解剖复位,均采用T形支撑钢板固定后踝骨折块。结果所有患者术后获得随访6~15个月,平均8个月。骨折愈合时间13~18周,平均15周,踝关节背伸30°~33°,平均31.2°;跖屈32°~40°,平均37.4°。末次随时AOFAS踝与后足评分80~96分,平均86.8分。骨折均愈合,未见骨折畸形愈合、内固定物松动及患踝疼痛、僵直等并发症发生。结论 T形支撑钢板固定后踝骨折块可靠,能早期进行关节功能锻炼,临床效果满意。     

关节镜下治疗踝关节骨折脱位术后踝关节撞击综合征

目的探讨关节镜下治疗踝关节骨折脱位术后踝关节撞击综合征的方法及疗效。方法 2008年3月-2010年4月,收治38例踝关节骨折脱位术后发生踝关节撞击综合征的患者。男28例,女10例;年龄18～42岁,平均28岁。患者内固定术后至该次入院时间为12～16个月,平均13.8个月。踝关节前外侧和前侧有局限性压痛;关节背伸—20～—5°,平均—10.6°;跖屈30～40°,平均35.5°。根据美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分标准,总分为(48.32±9.24)分,疼痛评分为(7.26±1.22)分。X线片检查示胫骨前缘和距骨均有骨赘增生,MRI显示22例有胫、距关节软骨面损伤。关节镜下行胫骨前缘或距骨骨赘磨削,刨削清理前外踝的瘢痕和增生滑膜组织,清除剥脱软骨;其中22例胫、距关节软骨面损伤者行微骨折术治疗。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。38例均获随访,随访时间10～26个月,平均16个月。末次随访时,26例踝关节活动基本恢复正常,背伸达15～25°,平均19.6°;跖屈35～45°,平均40.7°。8例轻度受限,背伸5～15°,平均7.2°;跖屈35～45°,平均39.5°。4例持续行走3～4 h后踝关节出现疼痛,关节活动轻度受限,背伸0～5°,平均2.6°;跖屈35～40°,平均37.5°。AOFAS踝与后足评分总分为(89.45±9.55)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=21.962,P=0.000);疼痛评分为(1.42±1.26)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=16.762,P=0.000)。结论关节镜下治疗踝关节骨折脱位术后踝关节撞击综合征手术操作简便,可获得较好疗效。     

急诊微创内侧锁定接骨板治疗胫骨远段骨折

目的 总结急诊微创内侧锁定接骨板治疗胫骨远段骨折的疗效。方法 采用急诊微创内侧锁定接骨板治疗26例胫骨远段骨折患者。记录术后并发症及功能恢复情况，末次随访时采用AOFAS踝-后足评分标准评价疗效。结果 患者均获得随访，时间10～36个月。术后2例切口边缘张力性表皮坏死，经换药处理后愈合；其余切口均一期愈合。骨痂开始形成时间8～12周，骨折愈合时间12～20周。无感染、骨折畸形愈合、螺钉松动、接骨板断裂等并发症发生。末次随访时，患者均能正常负重行走，24例患者踝关节背伸20°～30°、跖屈40°～45°,2例AO/ASIF分型B1型骨折患者踝关节背伸15°～20°、跖屈25°～35°;采用AOFAS踝-后足评分系统评价疗效：优20例，良4例，可2例，优良率为24/26。结论 急诊微创内侧锁定接骨板治疗胫骨远段骨折，具有治疗及时、操作简单、骨折固定牢靠、患者能早期功能锻炼的优点。     

后外侧联合内侧入路复位固定治疗三踝骨折

目的 探讨后外侧联合内侧入路复位固定治疗三踝骨折的疗效。方法 采用后外侧联合内侧入路复位固定治疗42例三踝骨折患者。记录骨折愈合情况、踝关节活动度和并发症发生情况，采用AOFAS踝-后足评分评价踝关节功能。结果 患者均获得随访，时间12～24个月。骨折均愈合，时间12～18周。无内固定松动、断裂等并发症发生。末次随访时，患者均能完全负重行走，踝关节背伸20°～28°、跖屈40°～48°;采用AOFAS踝-后足评分评定踝关节功能：优35例，良4例，可3例，优良率为92.8%。结论 采用后外侧联合内侧入路复位固定治疗三踝骨折，术中操作方便，视野清楚，便于骨折的复位与固定，踝关节功能恢复良好。     

陈旧性肱骨远端复杂性骨折的人工肘关节置换

[目的]研究人工肘关节置换治疗陈旧性复杂性肱骨远端骨折的疗效.[方法] 1998年1月～2008年12月对14例陈旧性肱骨远端复杂性骨折置换人工肘关节14例进行随访,患者平均59.2岁,平均随访时间为8.4年.原骨折按AO分型,C2型4例,C3型10例.假体关节为Coonrad-Morrey半限制性假体.对术前后疼痛、关节活动度、稳定性、肌力和并发症等作为重点,经由Mayo肘关节评价、DASH评价、影像学评价有无假体松动和异位骨化等.[结果]4例在强度屈肘时轻度疼痛,本组肘关节平均屈曲112.6°(0°～144°),平均伸肘7.9°,屈124°,术后平均伸直受限22°.术后平均旋前79.8°,旋后78.2°.14例肘关节稳定,患者对治疗结果满意.并发术中内侧柱骨折、尺神经麻痹和异位骨化各1例.无假体松动.Mayo肘关节评价优(＞90分)7例,良(75～ 89分)7例.DASH评价平均48.2分(24.4～78分).[结论]人工肘关节置换治疗陈旧性肱骨远端复杂骨折畸形愈合或创伤性关节炎患者,是一种疗效肯定的治疗手段.     

手术治疗老年旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折

目的探讨老年旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的手术治疗技巧及疗效。方法手术治疗38例老年旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折患者,通过后外侧及内侧切口入路,根据骨折块大小和形态选择固定方法。结果 3例失访;35例获得随访,时间8~36个月。35例患者骨折均愈合,未出现内固定松动及断裂。末次随访踝-后足功能评分为87.6分±11.2分,其中优14例,良20例,可1例。踝关节活动度:背伸8°~18°,跖屈28°~47°。结论手术治疗老年旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折,必须根据骨折块形态及移位方向合理选择切口入路及内固定方式,才能最大程度提高手术疗效和降低并发症。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.