胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2013年5月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院收治的310例施行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,并对围手术期可能与胰瘘有关的临床病理因素进行分析.单因素分析采用Pearson x2检验,多因素分析采用非条件Logistic回归模型.结果 310例患者中134例术后发生并发症,其中胰瘘发生率为33.23％（103/310）,胰瘘患者中合并其他并发症者40例.单因素分析结果显示：术前Hb、术前TBil、胰管直径及术后Alb 4个因素是胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素（x2=4.543,6.087,6.265,5.311,P＜0.05）.多因素分析结果显示：术前TBil ≥34.2 μmol/L、胰管直径＜3 mm及术后Alb＜ 28 g/L是胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的独立危险因素（OR=1.806,1.936,1.780;95％可信区间：1.107 ～2.948,1.170 ～3.206,1.002～3.165,P＜0.05）.结论 术前显性黄疸（TBil≥34.2 μmol/L）,胰管直径过小（＜3 mm）和术后营养情况不良（Alb ＜28 g/L）预示着胰十二指肠切除术后较高的胰瘘发生率.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素分析

目的分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素,探讨黏膜-黏膜胰肠吻合减少术后胰瘘的可能性。方法回顾性研究我院2000年1月至2004年4月间85例胰十二指肠切除术病例,分析影响胰瘘的术前及术中危险因素,比较不同胰肠吻合方式对胰瘘的影响。结果术后胰瘘总发生率16.5%(14/85),其中黏膜-黏膜组3.57%(1/28),传统套入组22.8%(13/57)。统计学分析显示,胰肠吻合方式、胰管直径及残余胰腺质地为影响胰瘘发生的显著因素;多因素Logistic回归分析表明,胰管直径和胰腺质地为影响胰瘘发生的独立危险因素,P值分别为0.013和0.009,相对危险度(OR)分别为5.276和8.538。结论胰肠吻合方式、胰管直径和胰腺质地是影响胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素,对胰管扩张者(≥3mm)行黏膜-黏膜吻合可显著降低术后胰瘘的发生率,是一种安全可靠的胰肠吻合方法。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的相关因素分析

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的相关危险因素。方法收集2011年1月至2014年1月期间在我院行胰十二指肠切除术的150例患者的临床资料,对相关因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率为12.7%(19/150)。单因素分析结果显示,胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生与患者年龄大、高胆红素、胰腺质地软、胰管直径大、手术时间长有关(P0.05),而与性别、手术方式、术中出血量、胰管内引流等无关(P0.05)。logistic多因素分析结果显示,胰腺质地、胰管直径及手术时间是胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生与胰腺质地、胰管直径、手术时间密切相关,丰富的外科经验及熟练的手术操作可有效减少胰瘘发生。     

端侧胰管空肠黏膜-黏膜吻合术后胰瘘的危险因素分析

目的 分析胰十二指肠切除术中应用端侧胰管空肠黏膜-黏膜吻合法术后胰瘘的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析我院1994年1月至2008年1月问101例胰十二指肠切除术病例,分析影响胰瘘的术前及术中危险因素. 结果本组胰瘘发生率为9.9%(10/101),单变量分析结果表明术前黄疸程度(χ2=5.814,P=0.016)、黄疸持续时间(χ2=4.17,P=0.041)、胰腺质地(χ2=5.286,P=0.021)、胰管直径(χ2=4.165,P=0.041)、手术失血量(χ2=5.273,P=0.022)是胰瘘发生的危险因素,多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,胰腺质地(OR=13.355,P=0.023)、术前黄疸程度(OR=12.126,P=0.006)、手术失血量(OR=5.92,P=0.032)是胰瘘发生的独立危险因素.Logistic回归预测方程:P=1/[<1+e-(-6.378+2.592胰腺质地+2.495术前黄疽程度+1.778手术失血量)],此方程预测发生胰瘘的正确性为92.1%.结论 胰腺质地、术前黄疸程度、手术失血最是端侧胰管空肠黏膜-黏膜吻合法术后胰瘘发生的独立危险因素,手术技术提高,减少术中失血量,可降低胰瘘的发生率.     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的相关危险因素

目的 分析胰十二指肠切除术(PD)术后并发症的相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析安徽省立医院2007年12月至2012年12月收治的207例行PD患者的临床资料,选择17个可能对PD后并发症发生率产生影响的非重复特征性临床因素进行分析.结果 PD术后并发症单因素分析提示:有无基础疾病、是否行术前减黄、术前血清总胆红素水平、术前丙氨酸转氨酶水平、术前血清白蛋白水平、术前血清前白蛋白水平、胰腺质地以及主胰管直径对PD术后并发症的发生率有影响(P＜0.05).多因素分析提示:PD术后并发症独立危险因素为术前血清丙氨酸转氨酶水平、胰腺质地及胰管直径(P＜0.05).术后胰瘘的独立危险因素为胰管直径(＜3 mm);术后出血独立危险因素为胰瘘.结论 影响PD术后并发症的危险因素为术前血清丙氨酸转氨酶水平、胰腺质地及胰管直径.     

胰十二指肠切除术后发生胰瘘的危险因素

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院1994年12月至2003年12月期间接受胰十二指肠切除术的连续123例患者的临床资料。结果本组胰瘘的发生率为11.4%(14/123)。单变量分析结果表明:上腹部手术史、胰腺质地、术后血红蛋白、胰肠吻合方式及胰管直径为有意义的相关因素;经Logistic回归多变量分析确定了4个独立与胰瘘相关的变量,即上腹部手术史、胰腺质地、术后血红蛋白及胰肠吻合方式。结论上腹部手术史、胰腺质地软、术后血红蛋白<90g/L及常规套入式胰肠吻合为胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的主要危险因素。     

胰瘘发生的相关危险因素

胰瘘是胰十二指肠切除术后最常见、最严重的并发症,严重影响手术疗效与预后.胰瘘的危险因素不仅与胰腺质地、胰管直径及肿瘤部位等客观因素有关,还与术者经验及手术方式等主观因素有关.胰肠双层吻合及胰管支架外引流可能有助于降低胰瘘的发生.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素及风险预测

目的总结胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素并探讨胰瘘风险预测系统的临床应用。方法复习近年来国内外有关胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘危险因素及风险预测系统研究的相关文献并进行综述。结果胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的危险因素众多,包括患者自身因素(性别、年龄、基础疾病等)、疾病相关因素(胰腺质地、胰管直径、病理类型等)及手术相关因素(手术时间、术中失血量、吻合方式、胰管引流等)。胰瘘风险预测系统对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的预测具有较好的准确度。结论胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生最重要的危险因素为胰腺质地软、胰管直径小;胰瘘风险预测系统的临床应用价值大,有助于术后胰瘘的预防。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘危险因素的荟萃分析

目的运用荟萃分析评估胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的相关危险因素,以指导临床诊治。方法使用Rev Man5.2对2005年1月至2014年9月间国内发表的关于胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素分析的12篇文献进行Meta分析。结果性别、年龄、糖尿病、冠心病、高血压、手术时间、术前总胆红素以及术后是否使用生长抑素与术后胰瘘的发生无统计学意义(P0.05);而术前白蛋白低于30 g/L(OR=0.52,95%CI:0.33~0.80,P0.01)、胰腺质地柔软(OR=0.20,95%CI:0.14~0.29,P0.01)、胰管直径小于3 mm(OR=0.26,95%CI:0.17~0.42,P0.01)、胰管未放置支撑管(OR=0.52,95%CI:0.31~0.88,P0.05)以及胰肠套入式吻合(OR=0.60,95%CI:0.38~0.95,P0.05)与术后胰瘘的发生关系密切。结论胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘与患者性别、年龄、糖尿病、冠心病、高血压、手术时间、术前总胆红素以及术后是否使用生长抑素;而术前低蛋白血症、质软的胰腺质地、细小的胰管、胰管支撑管是否放置以及胰肠吻合方式的选择等因素影响着术后胰瘘的发生。     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发症发生的相关因素分析

目的 探讨影响胰十二指肠切除术后并发症发生的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2009年12月中山大学附属第一医院收治的339例施行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料.分析 发生胰瘘的危险因素,比较前5年与后5年间胰十二指肠切除术后的并发症差异.计量资料比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用x2检验或Fisher确切概率法,多因素分析采用多变量Logistic回归模型.结果 全组患者并发症发生率为33.0％ (112/339),其中胰瘘发生率为8.6％ (29/339).29例术后发生胰瘘的患者中,A级6例、B级8例、C级15例.胰腺质地较软、胰管直径≤3 mm时,术后胰瘘的发生率明显增加,是影响术后发生胰瘘与否的独立危险因素(OR=1.75,3.75,P＜0.05).住院期间死亡患者12例,其中3例死于胰瘘合并腹腔感染,且感染控制不佳发生腹腔大出血;3例死于术后上消化道出血;2例术后1周内因心功能不全死亡;1例术后第4天因呼吸衰竭死亡;1例术后发生胰瘘、腹腔感染、坏死性胰腺炎,经腹腔镜探查清除坏死组织、置管引流无好转,于术后30 d死亡;1例术后因腹腔出血导致肝肾功能衰竭死亡;1例术后胆瘘、腹腔感染,术后20 d腹腔出血,急诊剖腹探查止血,术后腹腔感染无改善,因感染性休克、MODS死亡.12例死亡患者中,前5年死亡1例,后5年死亡11例.结论 胰腺质地较软和胰管直径≤3 mm是术后胰瘘发生的独立危险因素;术后发生严重胰瘘并发症是患者死亡的主要原因.     

Management of the primary tumor in patients with metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: a contemporary single-institution review

Background

Pancreatic nonfunctioning neuroendocrine tumors (PNFNETs) are an uncommon malignancy and often present with metastatic disease. There is a lack of information on the management of the primary tumor in patients who present with unresectable synchronous hepatic metastases.

Methods

A retrospective review (2001-2008) of PNFNETs was conducted. Patients were divided into 3 groups: PNFNET without evidence of hepatic metastasis (group A), PNFNET with metastatic disease involving less than 50% of the liver (group B), and PNFNET with metastatic disease involving more than 50% of the liver (group C). Clinical data and outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Thirty-five patients with PNFNET were identified (group A = 15, group B = 11, group C = 9). Resection of the pancreatic tumor was performed in 26 patients. With a mean follow-up period of 30 months, death from disease progression occurred in 1 patient in group A, none in group B, and in 7 in group C.

Conclusions

In selected patients, resection of the primary pancreatic tumor even in the setting of unresectable but limited hepatic metastases may be indicated.     

胰腺结石的诊断和外科治疗

本文总结了１５例胰腺结石病人的诊断和治疗，结果表明，胰腺结石的主要依赖于影像诊断外科手术切开胰腺取石，胰管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术是目前治疗胰腺结石较好的方法。     

The Incidental Asymptomatic Pancreatic Lesion: Nuisance or Threat?

Introduction  Although asymptomatic pancreatic lesions (APLs) are being discovered incidentally with increasing frequency, their true significance remains uncertain. Treatment decisions pivot off concerns for malignancy but at times might be excessive. To understand better the role of surgery, we scrutinized a spectrum of APLs as they presented to our surgical practice over defined periods. Methods  All incidentally identified APLs that were operated upon during the past 5 years were clinically and pathologically annotated. Among features evaluated were method/reason for detection, location, morphology, interventions, and pathology. For the past 2 years, since our adoption of the Sendai guidelines for cystic lesions, we scrutinized our approach to all patients presenting with APLs, operated upon or not. Results  Over 5 years, APLs were identified most frequently during evaluation of: genitourinary/renal (16%), asymptomatic rise in liver function tests (LFTs; 13%), screening/surveillance (7%), and chest pain (6%). APLs occurred throughout the pancreas (body/tail 63%; head/uncinate 37%) with 48% being solid. One hundred ten operations were performed with no operative mortality including 89 resections (distal 57; Whipple 32) and 21 other procedures. Morbidity was equivalent or better than those cases performed for symptomatic lesions during the same time frame. During these 5 years, APLs accounted for 23% of all pancreatic resections we performed. In all, 22 different diagnoses emerged including non-malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN; 17%), serous cystadenoma (14%), and neuroendocrine tumors (13%), while 6% of patients had >1 distinct pathology and 12% had no actual pancreatic lesion at all. Invasive malignancy was present 17% of the time, while carcinoma in situ or metastases was identified in an additional eight patients. Thus, the overall malignancy rate for APLs equals 24% and these patients were substantially older (68 vs 58 years; p = 0.003). An asymptomatic rise in LFTs correlated significantly (p = 0.009) with malignancy. Furthermore, premalignant pathology was found an additional 47% of the time. Seven patients ultimately chose an operation over continued observation for radiographic changes (mean 2.6 years), but none had cancer. In the last 2 years, we have evaluated 132 new patients with APLs, representing 47% of total referrals for pancreatic conditions. Nearly half were operated upon, with a 3:2 ratio of solid to cystic lesions. This differs significantly (p = 0.037) from the previous 3 years (2:3 ratio), reflecting tolerance for cysts <3 cm and side-branch IPMN. Surgery was undertaken more often when a solid APL was encountered (74%) than for cysts (32%). Some solid APLs were actually unresectable cancers. Due to anxiety, two patients requested an operation over continued observation, and neither had cancer. Conclusion  APLs occur commonly, are often solid, and reflect a spectrum of diagnoses. Sendai guidelines are not transferable to solid masses but have safely refined management of cysts. An asymptomatic rise in LFTs cannot be overlooked nor should a patient or doctor’s anxiety, given the prevalence of cancer in APLs. Presented at the Presidential Plenary Session of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Digestive Disease Week—San Diego, CA, USA; May 19, 2008.     

胰腺星形细胞在胰腺癌中的作用

胰腺癌是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,因早期诊断困难,恶性程度高,手术切除率低,并对化放疗均不敏感,故预后极差.其病理特征之一是肿瘤中有大量的结缔组织形成反应.而胰腺星形细胞(PSCs)在这一反应中起重要作用,并通过与胰腺癌细胞的相互作用,对胰腺癌细胞的增生、侵袭和转移有重要作用.本文就PSCs在胰腺癌发展中的作用及机制作一综述.     

Pancreatic schwannoma: A rare case and a brief literature review

IntroductionPancreatic schwannoma (PS) is an extremly rare benign tumor. Less than 50 cases of pancreatic schwannoma have been described in the English literature over the past thirty years.Presentation of case reportA 63-year-old female underwent left modified radical mastectomy 2 years ago due to breast cancer. During her routine check-up, a 65 × 63 × 55 mm measured calcified, well-demarcated, cystic-mass having septations and calcifications that localized to the pancreatic head was detected by abdominal computerized tomography. She was asymptomatic and her tumor markers were in normal ranges. A standard Whipple procedure was performed, and the histo-pathological diagnosis of the resected specimen was reported as ancient schwannoma with clear surgical margins. Patient’s postoperative course was eventful. She had a biliary leakage after surgery which was managed conservatively. She is under follow-up.DiscussionPancreatic schwannoma also known as neurilemoma or neuroma is a slowly growing, encapsulated, mostly benign tumor with smooth well-delineated margins that originates from myelin producing schwann cells located on the nerve sheath of the peripheral epineurium of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic autonomic fibers. PS’s are extremly rare. The head of pancreas being involved in the vast majority of cases (40%), followed by its body (20%). Management of pancreatic schwannomas remains largely controversial. Both enucleation and radical surgical resections have revealed great therapeutic efficiency. with a well prognosis without recurrences.ConclusionAlthough rare, PS’s should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the other solid or cystic masses of the pancreas.     

How to do a safe pancreatic anastomosis

Background/Purpose: Leakage of pancreaticojejunostomies has been associated with morbidity and mortality after pancreatic head resection. Different techniques have been described to perform a safe anastomosis to the left pancreatic remnant. Methods: The pancreaticojejunostomy is preferably performed as an end-to-side anastomosis; drainage of the pancreatic duct by catheters or stents is not performed at our institution. Results: Experience in more than 331 patients who underwent pancreaticojejunostomy indicates that a two-layer, single-stitch technique, with absorbable monofilament sutures and duct-to-mucosa adaptation, is a reliable method, with a pancreatic fistula rate of 2%. Conclusions: The results obtained with the described technique of pancreaticojejunostomy indicate that the pancreatic anastomosis is very safe when performed by experienced hands and does not necessarily contribute to morbidity and mortality after pancreatic head resection. The prevalence of pancreatic fistulae and intraabdominal abscesses may further decrease, and the prevalence of nonpancreatic complications may have a more important impact on the outcome in the future. Received: March 20, 2002 / Accepted: April 15, 2002 Offprint requests to: M.W. Büchler     

Endoscopic pancreatic duct drainage and stenting for acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cyst and abscess

Background/Purpose Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts using transpapillary and transmural approaches has been reported. In this study, endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage (ENPD) and pancreatic stenting were performed in patients with pseudocyst and abscess associated with acute pancreatitis, and the usefulness and problems of the procedures were investigated. Methods After endoscopic retrograde pancreatography was done, ENPD and/or pancreatic stenting were performed in 13 patients with pancreatitis and pseudocyst or abscess that communicated with the main pancreatic duct. Results ENPD was performed in seven patients, and was effective in all five patients with cysts: the cysts disappeared or shrank. However, the condition in the two patients with abscess was unchanged, and percutaneous drainage was performed. Stenting was carried out in six patients, and the cyst disappeared or pancreatitis was improved in all six. The stent was removed from two patients, but no recurrence has been noted so far. Conclusions ENPD and stenting are effective therapeutic choices for acute and chronic pancreatitis and pseudocysts, and they are superior to percutaneous drainage to avoid pancreatic fistula, but they may not be effective for pancreatic abscess. Selection of therapeutic methods corresponding to individual cases is important.     

Computed tomography for pancreatic injuries in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of computed tomography scan in diagnosing and grading the pattern of pancreatic injuries in children. METHODS:We conducted a retrospective study to review medical files of children admitted with blunt pancreatic injuries to the Maternity and Children Hospital Al-Madina Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The demographic details and mechanisms of injury were recorded. From the database of the Picture Archiving and Communication System of the radiology department, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images of the pancreatic injuries, severity, type of injuries and grading of pancreatic injuries were established. RESULTS:Seven patients were recruited in this study over a period of 5 years; 5 males and 2 females with a mean age of 7 years (age range 5-12 years). Fall from height was the most frequent mechanism of injury, reported in 5 (71%), followed by road traffic accident (1 patient, 14%) and cycle handlebar (1 patient, 14%) injuries. According to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grading system, 1 (14%) patient sustained Grade Ⅰ, 1 (14%) Grade Ⅱ, 3 (42%) GradeⅢ and 2 (28%) patients were found to have Grade Ⅴ pancreatic injuries. This indicated a higher incidence of severe pancreatic injuries; 5 (71.4%) patients were reported to have Grade Ⅲ and higher on the injury scale. Three (42%) patients had associated abdominal organ injuries. CONCLUSION: Pediatric pancreatic injuries due to blunt abdominal trauma are rare. The majority of the patients sustained extensive pancreatic injuries. MDCT findings are helpful and reliable in diagnosing and grad- ing the pancreatic injuries.     

钩突完全切除对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率的影响

目的 分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的可能因素,探讨钩突完全切除对降低胰瘘发生率的影响.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2009年6月单一手术小组收治并行胰十二指肠切除的68例壶腹周围疾病患者的临床资料.以术后腹腔引流液淀粉酶水平诊断胰瘘并行临床资料分析,对可能造成腹腔引流液淀粉酶异常升高的相关因素:钩突是否完全切除、胰肠吻合方式、胰腺纤维化等进行统计学分析.结果 本组胰瘘发生率为33.8%;单因素分析显示:钩突是否完全切除(P=0.000)及血糖水平(P=0.045)与胰瘘关系密切;多因素分析显示本组病例胰瘘发生的独立危险因素为钩突是否完伞切除(P=0.000,OR=7.771),而胰腺纤维化、吻合方式、疾病类型等均不构成胰瘘发生的独立危险因素.结论 完全切除胰腺钩突能够防止"残留钩突型胰瘘"的发生,进而降低胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率.     

胰腺囊性肿瘤临床诊治特征分析：附112例报告

目的：探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤临床特点、诊断方式以及治疗结局,为临床诊治提供参考。 方法：回顾性分析2007年9月—2014年9月112例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的临床资料。 结果：112例患者中,111例（99.1%）胰腺囊性肿瘤单发;确诊时81例（72.32%）患者无明显临床症状;超声、CT、MRI、EUS诊断的准确率分别为86.61%、89.11%、93.88%、93.33%,4种检查方式准确率差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.010,P=0.224）;胰体尾加脾切除术48例（42.86%）,胰十二指肠切除术23例（20.54%）,保留脾脏胰体尾切除13例（11.61%）,Beger术3例（2.68%）,全胰腺切除2例（1.78%）,胰腺中段切除1例（0.89%）,联合脏器切除1例（0.89%）,肿瘤摘除 21例（18.75%）;术后发生胰瘘18例（16.07%）,其中胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生7例（30.43%,7/23）,胰体尾加脾切除胰瘘发生9例（18.75%,9/48）,保留脾脏胰体尾切除术后胰瘘发生2例（15.38%,2/13）,胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率明显高于其他两种术式（χ2=4.767,P=0.010;χ2=5.854,P=0.007）;76例（67.86%）病理结果良性,36例（32.14%）病理结果恶性。良性患者5年生存率为100%,恶性患者1、3、5年生存率分别为86.96%、52.17%、26.08%。 结论：胰腺囊性肿瘤多数患者无明显临床症状,单发胰体尾部胰腺肿瘤占多数,影像学诊断准确率较高,良性胰腺囊性肿瘤预后好,恶性胰腺囊性肿瘤应积极实施根治手术。