彩色多普勒超声在高龄孕妇中对泌尿系统畸形胎儿的产前诊断价值分析

目的 分析不同类型泌尿系统畸形胎儿的彩色多普勒超声声像图的特征,评价彩色多普勒超声对高龄孕妇在产前诊断泌尿系统畸形胎儿的临床研究和诊断价值.方法 随机选择2014年3月至2016年2月本院接收的1 642例平均年龄为35.2岁且孕周为14~38周的孕妇,进行彩色多普勒常规检查,同时观测孕妇腹中胎儿的健康状况,收集对孕妇以及胎儿的临床资料和彩色多普勒超声声像特征并进行统计分析,并对怀疑为泌尿系统畸形的胎儿进行随访验证.对检测出泌尿系统畸形胎儿、疑似泌尿系统畸形胎儿和漏诊的病例,在分娩后进行彩色多普勒超声诊断和随访,将随访的结果与产前彩色多普勒超声检查的统计结果相对照.结果 通过彩色多普勒超声检测1 642例孕妇,对其超声声像特征的资料进行分析,根据超声声像图特征做出诊断.检测发现有42例泌尿系统畸形的胎儿,包含肾发育不良胎儿4例,占9.5%;多囊性发育不良8例,占19.04%;肾盂扩张15例,占35.7%;肾积水6例,占14.3%;肾缺如7例,占16.7%;巨膀胱1例,占2.4%;尿道下裂1例,占2.4%;进行产前彩色多普勒超声检测的诊断结果与分娩后检查和随访结果一致,其中一例被误诊,产妇分娩后病症消失.结论 产前对高龄孕妇进行彩色多普勒超声检查,诊断出泌尿系统畸形胎儿的准确率较高.利用彩色多普勒超声检测,使得泌尿系统畸形胎儿在产前即可作出诊断,为临床诊断、采取措施和预后评估提供了可靠且重要的依据.     

超声研究胎儿胰腺发育的现状

胰腺异常属罕见先天性畸形,环状胰腺胎儿常伴发多种畸形,病死率高且预后差,产前超声早期诊断对降低围生期死亡率具有重要意义。由于胎儿胰腺位置隐蔽且体积小,在产前超声检查中常易被忽视。近年来,随着产前超声检查技术不断进步及产科检查需求更加全面、细致,利用产前超声观察胎儿胰腺大小、形态及回声越来越受到关注。本文主要对胰腺的胚胎发育、胎儿胰腺的解剖学基础及超声检查研究等进展进行综述。     

智能三维超声成像在胎儿领域的应用进展

胎儿产前超声检查对胎位和诊断医师的技术水平依赖性较强,尤其当胎儿存在复杂的心脏和颅脑结构异常时,超声检查难度更大。智能三维超声可对容积数据进行"自动"分析和测量,简化操作流程,获得诊断所必须的标准切面,减少对操作医师技术的依赖性,提高对疾病的诊断准确率。本文对智能三维超声成像技术在胎儿心脏切面、颅脑正中矢状面、颈项透明层切面的自动获取及参数自动测量等方面的应用特点和新进展进行综述。     

胎儿主动脉弓离断的产前超声诊断现状

主动脉弓离断是一种罕见的严重先天性心脏病,胎儿期死亡率极高,其胚胎学起源复杂,表现形式多样,且多合并其他畸形,产前超声诊断困难。超声心动图作为目前临床常用的胎儿心脏检查手段,在先天性心脏病的筛查中发挥重要作用。本文主要从二维超声、三维超声在诊断中的应用及超声鉴别诊断方面对胎儿主动脉弓离断的产前超声诊断现状进行综述。     

超声诊断胎儿脐带绕颈的应用分析

目的探讨分析超声检查在诊断胎儿脐带绕颈的中的应用价值。方法对1082例在本院分娩的、妊娠晚期36-41周的孕妇进行二维和彩色多普勒超声检查,观察胎儿颈部压迹深度、脐带绕颈周数,检测脐动脉S/D比值,并将产前超声诊断为脐带绕颈与产后临床诊断为脐带绕颈的病例进行对比分析。结果本组病例产前经超声检查诊断为胎儿脐带绕颈307例,产后临床诊断为脐带绕颈者311例,诊断符合率为97.7%,误诊3例,漏诊7例。47例脐动脉S/D比值〉3,存在不同程度宫内窘迫现象。结论二维超声与彩色多普勒相结合检查胎儿脐带绕颈特异性强、准确率高,且能够实时观察胎动及胎心搏动情况,是目前产前诊断胎儿脐带绕颈的最佳方法,为临床选择正确的分娩方式提供了可靠的依据。     

产前超声判断胎儿心脏位置的方法

产前心脏超声检查难度较大,识别胎儿心脏位置十分关键。本文就产前心脏超声检查中识别胎儿心脏位置的方法进行综述。     

超声检查在诊断胎儿畸形中的应用价值探讨

目的:探讨超声检查在产前筛查胎儿畸形中的临床应用价值.方法:回顾性分析我院2009年1月～2011年1月妇产科常规超声检查6226例,其中检出胎儿畸形181例,漏诊3例.结果:通过常规超声检查,胎儿畸形检出率为2.9％(181/6226),多数经引产,手术或追踪随访证实.结论:产前超声检查能及早确定胎儿有无发育畸形,且诊断率高,无创,操作简便,重复操作性强,具有十分重要的临床诊断价值.     

产前超声检测胎儿胸腺

产前超声检测胎儿胸腺对诊断胎儿胸腺发育异常及相关畸形或疾病有重要作用,新技术的发展和应用可更全面地评估胎儿胸腺的发育。本文对胎儿胸腺超声检测技术及临床应用进行综述。     

超声产前诊断胎儿畸形

目的探讨超声在产前诊断胎儿畸形的临床价值。方法采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对2230例孕11～40周的孕妇进行系统超声检查并随访。结果2230例孕妇中，超声诊断胎儿畸形28例，漏诊8例。发生畸形位居前三的是心血管畸形，神经管畸形。泌尿系统畸形。漏诊病例多为心血管畸形及较小畸形。结论超声检查可以对胎儿形态结卞句方面的明显畸形作出明确的产前诊断，明显减少出生缺陷，提高人口素质。对于心血管畸形及较小畸形还有待于改进方法，加强规范操作。     

产前超声联合MRI诊断胎儿先天性食管闭锁

目的探讨产前超声联合MRI对胎儿先天性食管闭锁(CEA)的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析31胎经引产后尸体解剖或出生后手术及影像学检查证实的CEA胎儿(CEA组)的产前超声及MRI资料,并与31胎产后正常胎儿(正常对照组)进行对照。以病理结果为金标准,分析产前超声联合MRI诊断胎儿CEA的阳性率。比较2组间产前超声指标胎儿双顶径(BPD)、头围(HC)、腹围(AC)、股骨长(FL)、羊水深度(AFD)、羊水指数(AFI)、胎盘厚度、脐动脉峰谷比(S/D)、胎儿吞咽指数及估算胎儿体质量(EFW)的差异。结果产前超声联合MRI诊断胎儿CEA的阳性率为67.74%(21/31)。CEA组胎儿HC、AC、吞咽指数、EFW均低于正常对照组(P均0.05),S/D、AFI均高于对照组(P均0.05);2组间BPD、FL、AFD、胎盘厚度差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论产前超声无法直接诊断胎儿CEA,当发现胃泡持续72h不显示(间隔72h复查)或羊水过多时,结合MRI对产前诊断胎儿CEA具有一定价值。产前超声指标中,胎儿HC、AC、AFI、S/D、吞咽指数、EFW可能对CEA具有一定提示作用。     

应用三维超声体积自动测量技术评价胎儿肺发育不良

目的探讨应用三维超声体积自动测量（VOCAL）技术测量胎儿肺体积的可行性及超声肺重比（UFLB）对胎儿肺发育不良（PH）的诊断价值。方法选取经产前超声检查诊断为先天性发育异常且孕妇选择引产并同意进行尸检的胎儿35胎,胎龄16～36周。应用VOCAL技术获得胎儿肺体积,采用二维超声测得的生物参数经Hadlock方程系统自动生成胎儿质量,进而获得UFLB。将应用VOCAL技术测得的胎儿肺体积与尸检后实测的肺体积进行比较,并评价UFLB对PH的诊断价值。结果应用VOCAL技术测得的胎儿肺体积与实测的肺体积之间的差值为（-0.81±1.77）cm3。应用UFLB诊断胎儿PH的敏感度为83.33%,特异度为95.65%,阳性预测值为90.91%,阴性预测值为91.67%,诊断准确率为91.43%。结论应用VOCAL技术可准确评估胎儿肺体积,UFLB对胎儿PH的产前诊断具有一定意义。     

Reliability of ultrasound in the prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities

To investigate the ability of ultrasonography to detect urinary tract abnormalities prenatally, we reviewed the records of 26 pregnancies diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound to have urinary tract anomalies. We compared the prenatal diagnoses with postnatal renal and urinary tract pathology. This comparison showed different degrees of agreement for different prenatal diagnoses (2 individuals had more than one diagnosis): 4 of 8 for multicystic kidneys, 1 of 1 for polycystic kidney disease, 1 of 2 for renal agenesis, 6 of 7 for ureteropelvic junction obstruction, 1 of 3 for posterior urethral valves, 4 of 5 for no pathology noted, and 2 of 2 for other abnormalities. Prenatal diagnosis and postantal findings were in agreement in 68% of cases. Varying levels of diagnostic reliability should be considered when managing pregnancies complicated by fetal urinary tract abnormalities and subsequent postnatal evaluation and diagnosis. Further efforts are needed to improve on the techniques and reliability of prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities.     

Cloacal exstrophy variants. Can blighted conjoined twinning play a role?

PURPOSE: For normal single births with evidence of first trimester twinning, vanishing twin rates of 13% to 78% have been reported. We propose that blighting of a conjoined twin can result in an infant with a variation of cloacal exstrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 26 patients with cloacal exstrophy treated from January 1989 to November 2003, all of whom had prenatal evaluations readily available to determine the presence of twinning. The criterion for establishing the prenatal diagnosis of twins was the documentation of 2 fetal heart tones on Doppler and/or 2 fetal poles on ultrasound. RESULTS: All 26 patients had prenatal care including prenatal fetal Doppler studies and followup ultrasound. Of the patients 15 had classic cloacal exstrophy (58%) with no evidence of twin gestations documented. Of the 26 cloacal exstrophy cases 11 (42%) were cloacal exstrophy variants, including 8 of the 11 (73%) with consistent findings of twin gestation on prenatal studies. All 8 patients had documented 2 fetal heart tones in the first trimester, and 4 had 2 fetal poles in 1 amniotic sac on prenatal ultrasound. Five patients had subsequent ultrasound studies showing a single fetus by the second trimester. Two patients were born conjoined with 1 of the twins lifeless at birth in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that blighted conjoined twinning may be a cause of cloacal exstrophy variant cases.     

产前二维及三维超声测量正常胎儿胸腺

目的探讨产前二维及三维超声评估胎儿胸腺的最佳指标。方法对360胎孕22~39周正常单胎胎儿,应用二维超声检测胎儿胸腺的横径、前后径、周长、面积,三维超声检测胎儿胸腺体积。采用线性回归分析各测量指标与孕周的关系。并采用Steiger's t检验比较各指标与孕周的相关性。结果胎儿胸腺的横径、前后径、周长、面积及体积均随孕周的增加而增大,与孕周均呈线性相关。回归方程为:横径(cm)=-1.98+0.16×孕周;前后径(cm)=-0.80+0.08×孕周;周长(cm)=-5.00+0.42×孕周;面积(cm2)=-1.49+0.35×孕周;体积(ml)=-2.12+0.45×孕周(P均0.01)。Steiger's t检验显示,三维超声检测胎儿胸腺体积与孕周的相关性明显优于其他指标(P0.01)。结论对孕22~39周正常胎儿,采用三维超声测量胎儿胸腺体积是评估胸腺发育情况的最佳指标。     

产前超声发现胎儿透明隔腔异常的临床意义

目的分析产前超声发现胎儿透明隔腔(CSP)异常的临床意义。方法回顾性对比分析53胎产前超声发现CSP异常胎儿的超声及头部MRI。结果产前超声检出53胎CSP异常,包括26胎CSP未显示、18胎CSP狭小、6胎CSP增宽及3胎CSP形态异常,其中12胎产前超声及头部MRI均提示神经系统发育异常。产前超声未能显示CSP的26胎中,8胎存在神经系统异常,包括单纯性完全型胼胝体缺如3胎,完全型胼胝体缺如合并脑膨出和四肢长骨短小1胎,完全型胼胝体缺如伴脑裂畸形或叶状前脑无裂畸形各1胎,脑积水或额叶多小脑回致CSP受压未显示各1胎。产前超声显示CSP狭小的18胎中,1胎为单纯性部分型胼胝体缺如并经MRI证实。产前超声发现CSP增宽的6胎中,MRI均未检出其他神经系统异常。3胎超声显示CSP形态异常胎儿中,MRI示2胎孤立性透明隔部分发育不良及1胎部分型胼胝体缺如。结论产前超声发现胎儿CSP异常是诊断神经系统发育异常的重要线索。     

实时灰阶二维血流显像联合空间-时间相关成像技术在胎儿心脏超声检查中的应用进展

四维超声扩大了胎儿心脏扫描成像技术的能力,不再局限于二维超声成像,为深入分析先天性心脏病提供了广阔的可能。实时灰阶二维血流显像（B-flow）联合空间-时间相关成像技术（BF-STIC）是近年发展的四维新技术,本文就其在胎儿心血管系统中的应用进展进行综述。     

The impact of 3-dimensional ultrasonography on perinatal management of a large epignathus teratoma without ex utero intrapartum treatment

We report a case of epignathus teratoma diagnosed at 22 weeks of gestation in which 3-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) was useful to plan perinatal management. A significant enlargement of the tumor, associated with polyhydramnios and preterm labor, was observed at 35 weeks of gestation. After amniotic fluid evacuation, 3DUS was performed in the presence of pediatricians, obstetricians, and otolaryngologists. Three-dimensional ultrasound revealed that great part of the tumor was located outside the fetal mouth and anterior to fetal mandible, suggesting that the newborn could breathe spontaneously by nasal via. A cesarean section with longitudinal hysterotomy was performed at 36 weeks followed by an immediate extirpation of the tumor and the intubation of the newborn. The management of this rare case illustrates that the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure is not always necessary in this situation. Besides, the actual prenatal goal consists on carefully selecting fetuses with epignathus teratoma that will need the EXIT procedure from those that will not. Three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in association with 2DUS can be helpful in this prenatal selection.