左心室质量指数评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后左心室重构逆转

目的 探讨左心室质量指数(LVMI)定量评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者左心室重构逆转的价值。方法 选择经冠状动脉造影证实为3支冠状动脉病变的冠心病患者30例,于PCI术前2~3天及术后6个月应用实时三维超声心动图测量并比较左心室质量指数(LVMI)、左心室舒张末期容积指数(LVEDVI)及左心室射血分数(LVEF)。结果 与手术前2~3天比较,术后6个月LVMI、LVEDVI减小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);LVEF较术前提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后6个月,LVMI与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.80,P<0.05)。结论 PCI能够逆转冠心病患者的左心室重构,LVMI可对其予以定量评价。     

彩色多普勒超声评价超重人群心脏结构、功能及颈动脉内-中膜厚度

目的 应用彩色多普勒超声检查观察超重对心脏结构、功能及颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)的影响。方法 根据体质量指数(BMI)将100名体检者分为正常对照组(BMI<25 kg/m²,47名)和超重组(BMI≥25 kg/m²,53名)。对两组均行彩色多普勒超声心动图及颈动脉超声检查,分析超重对心脏结构、功能及颈动脉IMT的影响。结果 与正常对照组相比,超重组左心室舒张末期内径(LVDD)、左心室舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVST)、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWT)、左心室质量(LVM)、左心室质量指数(LVMI)、二尖瓣舒张晚期峰值血流速度(A峰)、颈动脉IMT增高,二尖瓣舒张早期峰值血流速度(E峰)和E／A降低,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。BMI与LVDD、IVST、LVPWT、LVM、LVMI、A峰、颈动脉IMT均呈显著正相关(P均<0.05),与E/A、E峰均呈负相关(P均<0.01)。结论 超声检查发现无任何临床症状的超重人群可发生左心室增大、舒张功能减退以及颈动脉IMT。     

实时三维超声心动图观察兔室壁瘤形成过程的形态学特征

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图观察兔心肌梗死后不同时间段室壁瘤形成的形态学特征。方法 选取新西兰白兔20只,采用结扎左前降支中段及左旋支中段制作室壁瘤模型。普通饮食饲养4周后,将仍存活且有室壁瘤形成的实验动物纳入本研究,按照不同观察时间点分为术前、术后1天、2天、3天、1周、2周、3周、4周,并于术前及术后各时间点行二维超声心动图及实时三维超声心动图检查,并获取左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积、室壁瘤容积、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室短轴缩短率、左心室舒张末期左心室前壁厚度。结果 术后2天兔室壁瘤开始形成,术后3周基本形成,室壁瘤形成只数于术后2天至术后3周随时间呈增加趋势。与术前、术后1天比较,左心室收缩和舒张末期容积、左心室舒张末期内径及室壁瘤容积于术后2天至术后3周呈增加趋势(P<0.05),左心室前壁厚度、短轴缩短率及射血分数于术后2天至术后3周呈下降趋势(P<0.05),术后3周后趋于稳定。室壁瘤容积、室壁瘤容积占左心室舒张末期容积百分比与射血分数有较好的相关性(r=-0.778、-0.911,P均<0.001)。结论 室壁瘤容积与左心室舒张末期容积的百分比可作为评价兔心功能的重要参数。     

超声心动图诊断手术前后心下型完全性及部分性肺静脉异位引流

目的 利用多普勒超声心动图术前诊断心下型完全性及部分性肺静脉异位引流,判断术后肺动脉压力及是否存在吻合口狭窄。方法 回顾分析25例心下型完全性肺静脉异位引流及30例心下型部分性肺静脉异位引流患儿超声心动图诊断资料。结果 超声心动图对心下型肺静脉异位引流诊断率可达100%。手术后近期未发生吻合口狭窄者,肺动脉压峰值及右心室/左心室舒张末内径比值与术前差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);发生吻合口狭窄者,肺动脉压峰值及右心室/左心室舒张末内径比值与术前差异无统计学意义。结论 超声心动图可准确诊断心下型肺静脉异位引流,有利于确定手术方案。     

超声速度向量成像技术评价主动脉瓣置换同期冠状动脉旁路移植术患者左心室长轴收缩功能

目的 探讨超声速度向量成像(VVI)技术评价主动脉瓣置换同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)患者手术前、后左心室长轴收缩功能的价值。 方法 应用Siemens Sequoia 512超声诊断仪及VVI技术,于术前、术后2周及术后3个月对23例主动脉瓣置换同期接受CABG患者(手术组)行超声心动图检查,并对其左心室16节段心肌长轴方向的收缩期平均峰值速度、应变、应变率进行定量分析;选取20名健康查体者作为对照组。 结果 手术组左心室长轴各节段收缩期平均峰值速度、应变和应变率术前组明显低于对照组(P均<0.01),术后2周左心室长轴基底段及中间段收缩期平均速度、应变和应变率较术前减低(P均<0.01),术后3个月各节段平均收缩期速度、应变和应变率较术前明显好转(P均<0.01)。左心室射血分数、短轴缩短率组间差异无统计学意义。 结论 VVI技术能较常规超声技术更加客观、敏感地评价主动脉瓣置换同期CABG术后患者心功能的变化。     

沙库巴曲缬沙坦及缬沙坦对射血分数轻度降低心力衰竭患者心脏结构的影响

目的 以超声心动图观察沙库巴曲缬沙坦及缬沙坦对射血分数轻度降低心力衰竭(HFmrEF)患者心脏结构的影响。方法 前瞻性纳入244例接受超声心动图检查的HFmrEF患者,按1[DK(]∶[DK)]1比例将其随机分为沙库巴曲缬沙坦组(A组,n=122)及缬沙坦组(B组,n=122);比较2组基线资料及治疗1年后超声参数的变化;以多因素Cox回归模型分析基线超声资料与发生终点事件风险的关系。结果 2组基线资料差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。治疗1年后,2组左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左心房最大容积(LAV_max)、左心室质量(LVM)、LVEDV指数(LVEDVI)、LVESV指数(LVESVI)、LAV_max指数(LAVI)及LVM指数(LVMI)均下降,A组下降程度均大于B组(P均＜0.05)。以协方差分析校正基线特征后,2组主要终点(LVEDV、LVESV及LAVI)及次要终点(LVEDV、LVESV及LAV_max)差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。Cox回归模型显示,HFmrEF患者治疗前超声心动图所测LVEDV、LVESV、LAV_max、LVM、LVEDVI、LVESVI、LAVI及LVMI越大,则发生终点事件风险越高。结论 沙库巴曲缬沙坦及缬沙坦均可在一定程度上改善HFmrEF患者心脏重构,前者效果更佳。     

单心动周期实时三维超声心动图评价室间隔缺损封堵术前后左心室容积及收缩功能

目的 探讨应用单心动周期实时三维超声心动图(sRT-3DE)评价室间隔缺损(VSD)患者介入封堵术后左心室容积及收缩功能变化的价值。方法 收集接受介入封堵术的先天性VSD患者42例,于术前1天、封堵术后第3天、1个月、3个月和5个月应用sRT-3DE采集一个心动周期内心尖四腔心切面三维图像,测量左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、收缩末期容积(LVESV)、每搏量(LVSV)和左心室射血分数(LVEF)。结果 术后第3天、1个月、3个月和5个月LVEDV、LVESV均低于术前(P均<0.05);术后LVSV、LVEF虽有所下降,但与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 应用sRT-3DE评价室间隔缺损患者介入封堵术前后左心室容积与收缩功能变化安全、方便、无创,适于临床推广应用。     

二维斑点追踪技术评价脓毒症兔模型左心室收缩功能

目的 应用超声斑点追踪技术(STI)评价脓毒症兔左心室收缩功能变化。 方法 将24只健康家兔随机分为实验组(n=12)和对照组(n=12),分别经耳缘静脉注射0.8 mg/kg体质量的内毒素(LPS)和4 ml/kg体质量生理盐水;于注入LPS/生理盐水前、后2、4、6、8、12 h对两组兔行常规超声心动图和STI检查,测定左心室舒张末期内径(LVDd)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVDs)、心输出量(CO)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室缩短分数(LVFS),左心室整体纵向应变(GLS)、整体圆周应变(GCS)、整体径向应变(GRS)。在LPS注入后6、8、12 h获得心肌标本,利用光镜观察兔心肌病理改变。 结果 与对照组比较,实验组注入LPS后2、4 h时LVEF、LVFS和GRS无明显改变(P>0.05),GLS、GCS显著下降(P<0.05);注入LPS后6、8、12 h,LVDd、LVDs增大(P<0.05),LVEF、LVFS明显下降(P<0.05),GLS、GCS、GRS均有明显降低(P<0.05)。实验前后两组CO未见明显变化(P>0.05)。光镜下实验组兔可见心肌细胞变性、水肿,炎症细胞浸润等病理性改变。 结论 常规超声心动图和STI均能有效评估脓毒症兔早期即血流动力学高动力阶段左心室功能异常,尤其是STI能更早、更敏感地发现脓毒症兔心肌异常形变。     

实时三维超声心动图评价法洛四联症患者右心室功能

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)检测法洛四联症(TOF)患者手术前、后右心室功能。方法 应用RT-3DE测量41例TOF患者手术前、后的右心室收缩末期容积(RVESV)和右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV),计算右心室射血分数(RVEF)。比较术前、术后7天、术后3个月TOF患者RVESV、RVEDV和RVEF。结果 与术前相比,术后7天TOF患者RVEDV减小(P＜0.05)、RVEF明显降低(P＜0.01);与术后7天比较,术后3个月TOF患者RVEDV、RVESV及RVEF无明显变化(P均＞0.05)。结论 RT-3DE可以准确评价TOF患者的右心室功能。     

实时三平面自动功能成像评价尿毒症患者血液透析前后左心室长轴收缩功能

目的 探讨实时三平面自动功能成像（AFI）评价尿毒症患者透析前后左心室长轴收缩功能的价值。方法 收集接受血液透析的尿毒症患者30例（尿毒症组）和健康志愿者（对照组）32名,患者均于初次透析前、透析后1个月和3个月接受超声心动图检查;应用实时三平面AFI测量左心室各节段纵向收缩峰值应变（RLS）和整体纵向收缩峰值应变（GLS）,比较尿毒症组与对照组AFI各指标差异,分析GLS与左心室心肌质量指数（LVMI）和左心室射血分数（LVEF）的相关性。结果 尿毒症组透析前、透析后1个月GLS和所有节段RLS,透析后3个月GLS及部分节段RLS明显低于对照组（P均<0.05）。尿毒症组透析后1个月和3个月GLS增高,部分节段RLS增高（P均<0.05）;与透析后1个月比较,透析后3个月GLS进一步增高,部分节段RLS进一步增高（P均<0.05）。GLS与LVMI呈负相关（r=-0.547,P<0.01）,与LVEF呈正相关（r=0.252,P<0.01）。结论 实时三平面AFI可早期定量评价尿毒症患者左心室长轴收缩能力。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.