原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的原因和处理

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的原因和处理方法.方法 对2000年1月至2006年12月收治的776例同种原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.总结原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的诊治经验.结果 776例肝移植患者中共发生术后静脉流出道梗阻10例,发生率为1.29%.其中肝上下腔静脉吻合口狭窄6例,肝后段下腔静脉狭窄2例,肝静脉流出道梗阻2例.10例均进行了下腔静脉造影而明确诊断,8例患者在下腔静脉造影的同时施行了气囊扩张或放置血管内支架术,2例介入治疗效果不佳而中转再次肝移植术;该组因术后静脉流出道梗阻而死亡3例,与静脉流出道梗阻相关的病死率为30%(3/10).结论 原位肝移植术后静脉流出道梗阻的发生与腔静脉的吻合技术,腔静脉吻合方式以及供肝体积与受者肝床不匹配有关;术后尽早发现流出道梗阻的存在,并及时做出正确的治疗选择如介入治疗或再次肝移植等是改善该并发症预后的关键.     

原位肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的诊治

目的：总结原位肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的诊治经验,方法：总结51例原位肝移植术后3例下腔静脉狭窄的临床资料。结果：本组下腔静脉狭窄发生率为5．8％（3／51）,3例均为肝后段下腔静脉狭窄,均发生在术后1个月内,均经超声检查及下腔静脉造影证实,经皮腔内腔静脉气囊扩张或放置内支架后,血流恢复通畅,下肢水肿消失,例1术后第14d死于脑出血,例2和例3恢复顺利,肝功能良好,现已分别存活18个月,4个月,经彩超检查证实下腔静脉血流通畅。结论：经皮腔血管成形术及放置血管内支架治疗肝移植术后早期下腔静狭窄安全可靠,近期疗效满意。     

膜性布-加综合征的治疗--介入或手术?

目的　探讨膜性BuddChiari综合症(BCS)的治疗方法,评价放射介入和根治性病变隔膜切除术对膜性BCS的治疗效果。方法　对1990年5月～1997年12月我院收治的342例膜性BCS病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　手术治疗182例(其中18例为介入治疗失败者),采用常温直视下病变隔膜切除;介入178例,采用经皮腔下腔静脉球囊扩张成形术(PTA)156例,经皮腔下腔静脉球囊扩张成形术及经皮肝肝静脉扩张成形术22例,其中10例加用血管内支架(Stent)放置。手术组随访177例中总有效率898%,复发率102%;介入组总有效率810%,死亡率17%(3例),复发率190%,介入失败112%。结论　大部分膜性BCS病人经PTA或PTA加血管内支架治疗可取得良好效果,对介入治疗失败者、下腔静脉内有血栓者、介入治疗后复发者或下腔静脉内为斜或厚膜的病人应选择根治性膜切除术。     

儿童肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻三例报道

目的 探讨儿童肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻(hapatic venous outflow obstruction,HVOO)的诊断及治疗经验.方法 对本院收治的3例儿童肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻进行回顾性分析.3例中2例于本院接受肝移植手术,1例于外院接受肝移植手术.3例均经腹部彩色多普勒(color Doppler ultrasound,CDUS)、计算机断层扫描(computerized tomography,CT)及下腔静脉造影检查明确诊断为HVOO,并接受球囊扩张和/或支架置入治疗.治疗后对患儿进行定期监测及随访.结果 我院2000年1月至2009年12月共实施48例儿童肝移植,其中2例(4.17％)术后发生HVOO.3例患儿HVOO发生时间为术后2个月至1年不等.临床主要表现为腹胀、纳差等.下腔静脉造影测压(共4例次)显示肝静脉及右心房压力差值为6～30 mm Hg.经球囊扩张和/或支架置入后,静脉压力差值为4～10 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),血流恢复通畅,临床症状明显缓解.球囊扩张后,2例出现HVOO复发.其中1例经再次球囊扩张后,症状缓解;另外1例予以留置支架.术后无支架堵塞或脱落等并发症发生.治疗后随访2个月至9年.目前3例患者均存活良好.结论 虽然儿童肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻的发生率不高,但后果严重,应引起临床医生重视.儿童肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻采用球囊扩张或支架置入术治疗可获得满意疗效.     

肾血管性高血压的介入治疗

目的：研究经皮腔内血管成形术加内支架植入术治疗肾动脉狭窄致致肾血管性高山压的临床效果。方法：选用Palmaz支架,对7例大动脉炎、2例动脉弱样硬化,3例纤维肌性发育不良所致肾动脉病变先行经皮腔内血管成形术,然后放置支架,术后患者行常规抗凝治疗,结果：12例患者,经皮腔内血管成形术加支架植入术技术成功率为100％,血压下降60－120／35－100mmHg近期随访－32个月未见复发,结论：经皮腔内血管成形术加支架植入术治疗肾血管性管高血压效果满意,创伤小,患者痛苦少,为肾动脉狭窄所致肾血管性高血压较理想的治疗方法。     

经皮腔内血管成形术治疗布—加氏综合征(附4例报告)

作者采用经皮腔内血管成形术治疗布——加氏综合征4例,其中2例放置血管内支架。术后下腔静脉狭窄得以缓解,下腔静脉与右心房平均压力差由2.50kPa降至0.30kPa,病人肝大、腹水、下肢肿胀得到不同程度的缓解。本文对腔内血管成形术治疗布—加氏综合征的适应征、注意事项、并发症等进行了讨论     

经皮腔内血管成形术血运重建治疗糖尿病严重肢体缺血

目的探讨膝下动脉经皮腔内血管成形术治疗糖尿病患者严重肢体缺血（CLI）的疗效。方法2006年10月2007年10月对21例糖尿病严重肢体缺血患者采用DEEP球囊行膝下动脉成形术。结果对69条病变血管进行球囊扩张，支架植入12枚，PTA成功率82．61％（57／69），其中2例术后行高位截肢，其余有效。结论经皮腔内血管成形术血运重建可作为治疗糖尿病严重肢体缺血患者的首选治疗方法。     

肝移植手术相关并发症的防治

目的总结和探讨原位肝移植手术相关并发症发生的原因、预防及治疗。方法对1993年4月至2004年12月所实行的647例次原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果肝移植手术后共发生并发症73例,发生率11．3％（73／647）,包括血管并发症39例（6．0％,39／647）,其中肝动脉23例（3．6％）,门静脉6例（0．9％）,腔静脉10例（1．5％）,其中腔静脉并发症均发生在非腔静脉整形患者;放置内支架治疗肝动脉狭窄2例,均成功;肝动脉血栓形成者行再次移植治疗,成功率为4／6,再血管化和气囊扩张成功率分别为3／7和2／7;放置内支架治疗门静脉吻合口狭窄和腔静脉狭窄的成功率为3／3和10／10。发生胆道并发症34例（5．3％）,其中放置T管患者发生胆道并发症27例,未放置T管患者7例,两组吻合口胆漏、胆道狭窄和感染的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论传统背驮式肝移植术能有效预防腔静脉并发症的发生;放置内支架技术治疗血管狭窄性病变效果好;早期肝动脉血栓形成应采取再次肝移植;确保供肝胆道系统的血供是减少胆道并发症的关键;不放置T管的胆管端端吻合术,是胆道重建的首选术式。     

附加腔静脉成形的背驮式原位肝移植术

目的　探讨腔静脉成形术在背驮式原位肝移植中的应用价值及在防止移植肝流出道阻塞并发症中的作用。方法　 3例终末期肝病病人选为肝移植受者。供肝的下腔静脉及受体的肝后下腔静脉 (包括肝静脉 )均作了成形术 ,在单独股 -腋静脉转流术下行改良背驮式肝移植术。结果　 3例病人术中均较平稳 ,手术时间和无肝期缩短 ,出血量减少 ,术后肝功能恢复快 ,恢复顺利 ,无并发症发生。结论　腔静脉成形术可防止背驮式肝移植肝静脉流出道阻塞 ,术中对受体的血流动力学干扰小 ,并可缩短无肝期和减少腔静脉梗阻并发症的发生。     

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目的　探讨经皮腔球囊扩张血管成形术及血管内支架的临床应用价值。方法　总结 1993～ 1998年应用经皮腔球囊扩张血管成形及血管内支架移植治疗 2 1例 ( 2 5条患肢 )下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的效果。结果　PTA即时成功率 80 % ( 2 0 / 2 5 ) ,踝 /肱指数由术前 0 43± 0 12恢复至 0 76± 0 16。经随访 3～ 6 6个月 ,3条股浅动脉在PTA后 5年、3年、1年后再次闭塞 ,通畅率为 85 7% ( 18/ 2 1)。结论　经皮腔球囊扩张血管成形术是治疗下肢动脉闭塞性疾病的有效方法 ,血管内支架置放有助于提高通畅率。多平面、多节段动脉闭塞性病变联合手术重建 ,可简化手术操作 ,缩小手术创伤。     

Concurrent inferior vena cava and hepatic vein stenoses after orthotopic liver transplantation: a case report

Outflow obstruction or stenosis of a hepatic graft is a rare but serious complication after liver transplantation, with a reported incidence of 1% to 6%. It can cause signs of portal hypertension, renal dysfunction, or lower-extremity edema depending on the level of obstruction, which may lead to patient mortality. Most reported cases show a stenosis at either the inferior vena cava (IVC) or one of the hepatic veins. Herein we have reported our experience of concurrent suprahepatic IVC and hepatic vein stenoses after orthotopic liver transplantation with related imaging findings and a successful treatment outcome. Due to the complexity of stenoses, two self-expandable metallic stents were placed simultaneously using different venous accesses.     

人体原位肝脏移植术后胆道与血管并发症的放射介入治疗

目的 评估放射介入治疗在人体原位肝脏移植病人术后胆道与血管并发症中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析自1999年1月至2001年4月我院连续实施的48例人体原位肝脏移植的临床资料，总结放射介入技术治疗术后胆道与血管并发症的实施体会。结果 术后经T管胆道造影术及核磁共振胆胰管成像（MRCP）证实，3例病人存在胆道狭窄，其中2例为肝门部胆管与肝总管狭窄，1例为吻合口处胆管狭窄，共实施经T管窦道选择性球囊扩张术6例次，胆道狭窄得以改善，肝功能好转。术后经彩色多普勒超声、核磁共振血管造影（MRA）及静脉造影证实，2例病人存在肝上下腔静脉狭窄与门静脉吻合口狭窄，分别实施肝上下腔静脉狭窄段球囊扩张术1例次，肝上下腔静脉内支架置入术2例次、门静脉内支架置入术1例次。放射介入治疗后，影像学检查显示血管狭窄基本消失，病人肝功能明显好转、腹水显著减少、尿量增加。5例中最长1例健康存活至今已超过19个月。结论 肝脏主后应常规联合应用胆道造影术和MRCP了解胆树全貌，彩色多普勒超声和MRA监测血管血流动力学，以尽早诊断胆道和血管并发症；及时果断采用正确的放射介入技术处理胆道与血管并发症可取得良好疗效。     

布-加综合征下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓形成的治疗

目的 探讨下腔静脉阻塞并血栓形成的布-加综合征的治疗方法.方法 回顾分析近6年间收治的75例下腔静脉阻塞并血栓形成的布一加综合征患者的临床资料.其中行根治性隔膜切除、血栓取出22例,腔-腔(房)人工血管架桥41例,放射介入+内支架放置12例.结果 73例手术成功,手术死亡2例,手术后下腔静脉压力明显下降.临床症状及体征消失或缓解.随访6个月至6年,复发4例;其中人造血管堵塞2例,再发下腔静脉狭窄2例.结论 对下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓形成的布一加综合征患者,根据阻塞节段及血栓长度选择相应手术方式,大多可以取得满意效果.     

Venous outflow obstruction after orthotopic liver transplantation: use of a breast implant to maintain graft position

Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) is a rare complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) usually related to technical issues or to malposition or kinking of the hepatic graft. When HVOO is diagnosed during the early post-transplant period, surgical options are technically very demanding and outcomes discouraging. Therefore, angioplasty and stent placement have been indicated to avoid a chronic lesion of the graft. Three cases of HVOO after OLT are reported. HVOO was diagnosed during the early post-transplant period and was due to graft malposition in two patients and kinking of the vena cava anastomosis in one. All patients were successfully treated with a 300-cc gel-filled breast implant surgically placed in the right hepatic fossa with the liver graft resting on it. Massive ascites in all three patients disappeared and renal impairment resolved within two wk post-implant placement. No prosthesis-related complications have been observed after a follow-up ranging from 30 to 58 months. We describe a simple and effective method of maintaining the liver graft in an adequate position to achieve prolonged relief of the outflow obstruction for the whole graft and discuss the advantages of a breast implant over stent placement or the use of different balloon catheters.     

Isolated right hepatic vein obstruction after piggyback liver transplantation.

The "piggyback" technique for liver transplantation has gained worldwide acceptance. Still, complications such as outflow obstruction have been observed, usually attributable to technical errors such as small-caliber anastomosis of the suprahepatic vena cava, twisting, or kinking. Iatrogenic Budd-Chiari syndrome after piggyback liver transplantation has been reported as a consequence of obstruction involving the entire anastomosis (usually the 3 hepatic veins). Here we describe technical issues, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of 3 cases in which outflow obstruction affected only the right hepatic vein. In conclusion, all 3 patients developed recurrent ascites requiring angioplasty and/or stent placement across the right hepatic vein to alleviate the symptoms.     

原位肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的原因及防治

目的 探讨肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的原因和防治方法。方法 本组共施行原位肝移植术8例,通过彩超及下腔静脉造影检查证实术后发生下腔静脉狭窄2例。结果 在2例下腔静脉狭窄中,1例经球囊扩张及支架置入术而治愈;另1例病人拒绝手术自动出院。结论 肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的重要因素是吻合技术不当,肝脏体积过大,血肿形成,腹水生成,癌肿复发。球囊扩张、支架置入是有效的治疗手段。     

Thoracic and cardiovascular interventions after orthotopic heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The long-term outcome of orthotopic heart transplantation is limited by the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy, rejection, infection, and malignancy. METHODS: After heart transplantation, we treated patients with thoracic and cardiovascular diseases: preexisting coronary artery sclerosis in 2 patients, cardiac allograft vasculopathy in 19, valvular disease in 3, mycotic ascending aortic aneurysm in 2, superior vena cava stenosis in 2, and lung neoplasm in 10 patients. RESULTS: We successfully performed coronary artery bypass grafting for preexisting coronary artery sclerosis, valve replacement for valvular disease, and patch enlargement for superior vena cava stenosis. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for cardiac allograft vasculopathy achieved excellent initial results, but the incidence of restenosis was high (67%). One patient who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting for cardiac allograft vasculopathy died immediately after operation. Graft replacement was performed for mycotic aortic aneurysm, but 1 patient required reoperation because of recurrent aneurysm. The long-term survival rate in patients undergoing surgical resection for lung neoplasm was poor (50%). CONCLUSIONS: The need for thoracic and cardiovascular interventions in patients after heart transplantation was low (4.7%). Use of the appropriate procedures can improve the long-term survival after heart transplantation.     

A case of membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava at the hepatic associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis

A case of inferior vena cava obstruction at the hepatic portion associated hepatocellular carcinoma with and liver cirrhosis is reported, which was treated with lateral segmentectomy of the liver after transcatheter angioplasty. A 36-year-old male, who had noticed venous dilatation in the abdominal wall and legs from his childhood, visited a doctor complaining of right upper quadrate pain and was diagnosed liver cirrhosis. One year later ultrasonography revealed a liver tumor, which was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma by ultrasonically guided aspiration cytology. Inferior and superior vena cavography revealed complete membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava at the hepatic portion with marked collateral circulation through azygos, hemiazygos and phrenic veins. The caval pressure difference between above and below the obstruction was 16.5 cm H2O. The membranous obstruction was perforated and dilated by transluminal angioplasty using Dotter's balloon catheter. The obstructive segment of inferior vena cava changed into 8mm in diameter after the second angioplasty, and the caval pressure difference between above and below the stenosis decreased to 10 cm H2O. Lateral segmentectomy of the liver was performed. Histopathologic diagnosis was clear cell type hepatocellular carcinoma with liver cirrhosis. Marked postoperative liver damage was observed and transcatheter caval dilatation was performed again. The pressure of inferior vena cava below the stenosis decreased to 8 cm H2O. One year and 8 months after the operation, the patient is healthy without recurrence of cancer.