2002年株洲市不同人群HIV监测结果分析

目的 获取和比较我市不同人群HIV感染率。方法 对我市的吸毒人员、性病门诊就诊者、暗娼、孕产妇等不同人群进行HIV检测。结果 吸毒者HIV感染率1．29％(8／620)，性病门诊就诊者HIV感染率0．75％(2／265)，暗娼和孕产妇中没有发现HIV感染者，其他人群HIV感染率0．28％(1／363)，总感染率为0．65％(11／1683)。结论 我市处于艾滋病的低流行期，以吸毒者HIV感染率最高，其次为性病门诊就诊者。     

福州市2010年5类艾滋病高危人群综合监测结果分析

目的了解福州市高危人群中艾滋病流行趋势及危险因素,为决策部门评估艾滋病防治工作效果及制定防治策略措施提供科学依据。方法按《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案(试行)操作手册》对暗娼人群、男男性行为人群、性病门诊就诊者、吸毒人群及长途卡车司机(下称长卡司机)进行血清学和行为学监测。结果共监测暗娼479人,HIV阳性率0,梅毒阳性率0.21%,丙型肝炎阳性率0.63%;调查男男性行为人群238人,检测147人,HIV阳性率6.8%,梅毒阳性率29.25%,丙型肝炎阳性率2.04%;吸毒者400人,HIV阳性率0.5%,梅毒阳性率8.5%,丙型肝炎阳性率45.50%;性病就诊者707人,HIV阳性率0.42%,梅毒阳性率20.93%,丙型肝炎阳性率0.85%;长卡司机400人,HIV阳性率0,梅毒阳性率4.50%,丙型肝炎阳性率0.50%。吸毒者艾滋病知识知晓率最低,而男男性行为人群艾滋病知识知晓率最高。暗娼与客人、吸毒者与固定性伴发生性行为时安全套使用频率均较低,从来不用安全套的比例分别为30.7%和56.57%。性病就诊者接受的干预项目较少,主要是安全套宣传和发放。暗娼和男男性行为人群最近一年内进行艾滋病检测比例高于吸毒者和性病就诊者。结论在福州市暗娼、男男性行为人群、性病就诊者、吸毒者和长卡司机等高危人群存在HIV传播的多种危险性因素,应针对各人群特点,加强对高危人群检测和宣传干预。     

黄石市各类高危人群艾滋病感染情况调查分析

为摸清黄石市不同类别艾滋病高危人群基数、分布及HIV感染率，掌握艾滋病流行现状和流行因素，分析其流行趋势，为制订防治策略提供科学依据。自2004年开始对既往有偿献血员、暗娼人群、吸毒人群、性病门诊就诊者、长卡司机、出入境劳务人员、男男同性恋人群等各类高危人群进行了专题调查和监测。     

呼和浩特市2009年艾滋病哨点监测分析

目的了解内蒙古呼和浩特市高危人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染流行状况及相关行为信息。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》,分别对暗娼人群、吸毒者、男男性行为者、性病门诊男性就诊者和长卡司机进行问卷调查和艾滋病病毒（HIV）检测及梅毒血清学检测。结果 2009年呼和浩特市共监测5类人群1 944人。检出HIV抗体阳性14人,吸毒人群HIV阳性率为0.29%,暗娼人群阳性率为0.25%,男男性行为者阳性率为2.74%,性病门诊男性就诊者阳性率为0.25%。吸毒者注射吸毒的比例为36.73%,共用注射器的比例为12.7%;暗娼人群中最近一次商业性行为使用安全套的比例为72.43%。男男性行为者最近六个月与异性发生性行为时从不使用安全套的频率占48.08%。性病门诊男性就诊者最近一年被诊断患有性病的比例为21.5%。结论 HIV在呼和浩特市高危人群中呈低流行,但存在HIV感染的多种危险因素,应加强高危人群及一般人群的健康教育和行为干预。     

2009年内江市高危人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解内江市特定人群艾滋病流行状况和流行因素,提供艾滋病疫情估计和预测信息,为制定艾滋病防治策略和干预措施及效果评价提供依据。方法根据《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案（试行）》,对内江市市中区、威远县、资中县社区性服务场所进行分层抽样,对抽中场所内的暗娼进行问卷调查和采血;对内江市市中区、隆昌县、资中县的社区的吸毒者采取滚雪球招募的方法进行问卷调查和采血;对主动前来内江市第二人民医院性病门诊就诊的男性采用连续采样的方法进行问卷调查和采血。结果共调查2607人,采血2591份。艾滋病防治知识知晓率：暗娼、吸毒者、性病门诊男性就诊者分别为89．84％,75．62％和56．51％,知晓率差异有统计学意义。HIV阳性检出率：暗娼、吸毒者、性病门诊男性就诊者分别为1．28％,0．43％和0．63％,HIV阳性检出率差异无统计学意义。结论内江市高危人群中性病门诊男性就诊者接受艾滋病宣传教育、行为干预等预防服务措施的比例较低,艾滋病防治知识知晓率有待提高,提示今后应该加强对该类人群的预防干预工作;3类人群STD／HIV阳性检出率较高,是内江市艾滋病监测和干预的重点亚人群。     

湖北省不同人群艾滋病相关知识知晓情况分析

目的了解湖北省全球基金艾滋病（AIDS）防治项目地区暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、农村居民3类人群艾滋病相关知识知晓情况，为有针对性地制定健康教育干预策略提供参考。方法对湖北省12个项目县暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、农村居民等共8052人进行艾滋病相关知识问卷调查，比较3类人群的AIDS知识知晓情况。结果3类人群艾滋病知识总知晓率为72．2％，3类人群比较差异有统计学意义（χ^2=19．32，P〈0．01）。性病门诊就诊者知晓率最低，为68．0％，暗娼最高，为75．0％。艾滋病一般知识总知晓率为57．5％；艾滋病传播途径知识总知晓率为75．4％；艾滋病预防治疗知识总知晓率为73．3％。结论暗娼和性病门诊就诊者2类人群属于高危人群，仍然是当前开展艾滋病健康教育干预的重点。     

湖北省4类艾滋病高危人群高危行为分析

[目的]通过分析湖北省全球基金艾滋病项目基线调查资料,了解湖北省4类艾滋病高危人群高危行为情况。[方法]采用描述性分析方法对艾滋病高危人群的高危行为进行对比。[结果]4类高危人群最近1次性行为安全套使用率平均为52.5%,暗娼人群安全套使用率最高,为92.8%,吸毒者和性病门诊就诊者次之,为26.7%,有偿献血人群最低,为22.3%。高危人群在过去3个月内发生性行为总是使用的人占17.1%,暗娼过去3个月性行为安全套使用率最高,总是使用的占65.4%;性病患者在过去3个月与非婚性伴发生性行为总是使用的有8.8%。暗娼人群中吸毒率为0.94%。吸毒者有24.9%采取口吸的方式,60.3%采取注射方式。性病门诊就诊者中吸毒率为0.48%,并且3种吸毒方式都存在。[结论]安全套使用项目应该扩大高危人群覆盖面,并加强健康教育的力度,降低艾滋病高危人群的高危行为。     

2010-2013年扬州市性病门诊男性就诊者艾滋病哨点监测结果

目的了解扬州市性病门诊男性就诊者HIV、梅毒、丙型肝炎感染及艾滋病相关知识、高危行为情况,为制定防治策略提供依据。方法 2010-2013年哨点监测期间(4-6月),对纳入监测的对象进行问卷调查,同时采集静脉血进行HIV、梅毒和丙肝血清学检测。结果 2010-2013年共调查性病门诊男性就诊者1 631人,艾滋病知识知晓率仅为7.42%。最近3个月与暗娼、临时性伴、同性发生性行为比例分别为31.82%、27.84%、1.16%,注射吸毒者占0.42%。最近1年内性病患病率为17.54%。HIV、梅毒、HCV抗体阳性率分别为0.55%,14.53%、0.43%。结论扬州市性病门诊男性就诊者高危行为发生率、性病患病率较高,为艾滋病性病感染高危人群,需加强健康教育和行为干预。     

2011年玉林市艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的 系统了解玉林市吸毒人群、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、长卡司机、孕产妇、人群艾滋病HIV、RPR、HCV 感染情况.方法 采用全国统一的哨点综合监测表,每年4~6 月采用一对一的问卷调查方法,然后由哨点监测工作人员,统一抽取吸毒人群、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、长卡司机、孕产妇检测HIV、RPR、HCV 抗体,对血清学和流行病学资料进行分析.结果 吸毒人群、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、孕产妇、长卡司机艾滋病HIV 阳性率分别为2.5%、0.8%、1.8%、0、0;梅毒RPR 阳性率5.2%、7.6%、7.1%、0.3%、3.5%;HCV 阳性率54.2%、1.1%、1%、0、1%.吸毒者、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者最近一年接受艾滋病宣传与行为干预服务的比例分别为86.4%、85.9%、33.9%.结论 玉林市吸毒人群、暗娼、性病就诊者、孕产妇、长卡司机艾滋病HIV 感染率还处在较低水平.吸毒者、暗娼人群的宣传与行为干预服务的比例较高效果较好.性病门诊就诊者的行为干预工作还得加强.     

2007广西自治区级艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的 掌握广西艾滋病流行现状,为制定防治策略和干预措施提供科学依据.方法 按照<2007年广西自治区级艾滋病哨点监测方案>对吸毒者、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者和孕产妇人群进行监测.结果 (1)吸毒者哨点HIV感染率中位数为8.6%,共用注射器吸毒比例各哨点差异较大,中位数是44.7%.最近一次性行为时使用安伞套比例的中位数是14.3%.(2)暗娼哨点HIV感染率中位数为0.8%,性行为时每次使用安全套比例的巾位数足56.1%,暗娼使用安全套的比例在上升.(3)性病门诊就诊者哨点HIV感染率中位数为1.1%,个别哨点HIV感染率上升较明显.(4)孕产妇哨点HIV感染中位数为0.4%,HIV感染率呈上升趋势,在贵港市、宁明县等4个市县开展孕产妇哨点监测以来首次检出HIV感染者.结论 广西艾滋病的流行已开始从高危人群向一般人群扩散.需要进一步加大有效干预措施的力度及覆盖面,以减缓艾滋病的流行速度.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.