多烯鱼油对高脂模型大鼠血脂水平影响的研究

[目的]研究多烯鱼油对大鼠血脂水平的影响。[方法]将雄性大鼠按血清总胆固醇（TC）水平随机分为对照组、低、中、高剂量组,喂饲高脂饲料,同时给与不同剂量的多烯鱼油灌胃45 d,结束时测TC、甘油三脂（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平。[结果]多烯鱼油0.333 g/kg.BW和1.00 g/kg.BW剂量组可使大鼠血清TC、TG值降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]多烯鱼油具有降血脂的作用。     

复合膳食纤维对大鼠急性胰腺炎时肠粘膜屏障的保护研究

目的 探讨复合膳食纤维（dietary fiber complex,DFC）在大鼠急性胰腺炎（acute pancreatitis,AP）时对肠粘膜屏障功能的作用.方法 采用5％的牛黄胆酸钠（0.1mL/100mg）逆行注射入胰胆管法制备AP模型,44只大鼠随机分为4组,单纯模型组（A组）,肠内营养剂（能全素）组（B组）,能全素＋复合膳食纤维[可溶性膳食纤维（SDF）∶不可溶性膳食纤维（IDF）=1∶3]（C组）,能全素＋复合膳食纤维[SDF∶ IDF=3∶1]（D组）,分别于造模后12、24、48h时取门静脉及腹主动脉血并比较各时段各组大鼠血清中内毒素、D-乳酸的变化.结果 C组和D组血清内毒素和D-乳酸的释放低于A组和B组（P＜0.05）,B组血清内毒素和D-乳酸释放低于A组（P＜0.05）,C组内毒素和D-乳酸低于D组,但没有统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 复合膳食纤维对急性胰腺炎大鼠肠黏膜屏障功能有一定的保护作用.     

反复低温暴露对大鼠血压影响机制的研究

[目的]通过观察低温暴露后大鼠血压的变化，探讨肾素-血管紧张素系统（renin-angiotensin system．RAS）在其中的作用。[方法]选择6-7周龄体重200-250g雄性SD大鼠18只，适应性饲养1周后随机分为对照组（25℃、相对湿度45％）、低温组（4℃、相对湿度45％）和低温高湿组（4℃、相对湿度80％），分别暴露于相应环境中4h/d，持续14d。每天监测大鼠体重、血压、心率的变化。实验暴露14d后，应用放射免疫分析法测定大鼠血浆和下丘脑血管紧张素Ⅱ（angiotensinⅡ，AngⅡ）水平，下丘脑肾素活性（renin activity，RA）以及血浆醛固酮（aldosterone，ALD）水平。[结果]实验暴露14d后，低温组和低温高湿组大鼠血压较对照组明显升高，且差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；低温组和低温高湿组下丘脑AngⅡ水平高于对照组，且差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。[结论]低温导致大鼠血压升高，可能与循环和脑RAS活性增强有关。     

早期给予膳食纤维对重型颅脑损伤患者肠黏膜通透性及血浆二胺氧化酶影响

目的 探讨早期给予膳食纤维对重型颅脑损伤患者肠黏膜屏障的保护作用.方法 68例重型颅脑损伤患者按随机数字表法分为常规肠内营养组和肠内营养＋膳食纤维组,每组34例.两组分别给予肠内营养和肠内营养＋膳食纤维治疗9 d,于治疗后第1,5,9天分别测定尿乳果糖排泄率、血浆二胺氧化酶水平,并进行比较.结果 两组治疗后尿乳果糖排泄率及血浆二胺氧化酶水平均逐渐下降.肠内营养＋膳食纤维组治疗后第5,9天尿中乳果糖排泄率低于常规肠内营养组[（31±14）％比（40±13）％、（27±17）％比（35±6）％],血浆二胺氧化酶水平同样低于常规肠内营养组[（2.12±0.90） kU/L比（2.83±1.20） kU/L、（1.27±0.90） kU/L比（2.08±1.12） kU/L],差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 重型颅脑损伤患者早期应用膳食纤维能降低肠黏膜的通透性,膳食纤维对肠黏膜具有保护作用.     

成人碘营养状况评价以及与甲状腺结节的相关性

目的　调查成人尿碘水平和膳食碘摄入情况,分析尿碘、膳食碘摄入与甲状腺结节的相关性。方法　前瞻性招募2015年1月至3月上海地区健康营养专业人员30名,在自然饮食和生活状态下以“称重法”连续记录3 d膳食情况,于膳食第2、3天收集空腹及三餐后2 h清洁中段尿(n=240),检测尿碘含量并计算膳食碘摄入量。完成近3个月食物频率表和甲状腺超声检查。结果　空腹及三餐后2 h尿碘中位数为137.56 μg/L（91.4~211.5 μg/L),碘缺乏、碘充足、碘超足量或过量者分别为20.0%、56.7%和23.3%。个体间尿碘中位数差异较大36.31～359.20 μg/L,但空腹与三餐后2 h尿碘值无显著性差异（P=0.389）。膳食碘摄入量平均值为（197.2±74.2）μg/d,其中食盐和饮用水所提供的碘元素所占比例分别为70.2%和5.4%。膳食碘摄入量与当天尿碘值中位数之间呈显著正相关（r=0.426,P=0.019）。甲状腺结节检出组尿碘均值明显高于未检出组［（194.0±101.5）μg/L比（135.7±72.9）μg/L,P＜0.001）］。结论　在自然饮食和生活状态下,不同个体碘营养状况差异明显。尿碘值升高与甲状腺结节的发生有关。重复随机尿碘检测结合膳食记录能够减少单一尿碘检测产生的误差,适用个体碘营养状况评价。     

镍及其合金植入大鼠体内后镍的代谢变化

[目的]观察大鼠体内长期植入镍（Nickel,Ni）和镍钛形状记忆合金（NiTi SMA）后机体内Ni元素的代谢状况。[方法]在大鼠后肢肌肉内植入Ni及NiTi SMA后饲养60 d,收集粪、尿,并取血、肾脏,火焰法原子吸收分光光度仪（SPAA）检测其中Ni含量。[结果]Ni组大鼠血、肾、尿、粪中Ni含量均高于对照组（P﹤0.01）;NiTi组大鼠血Ni和尿Ni增高与对照组相比有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）;粪和尿中Ni含量之间存在正相关（r=0.457,P﹤0.01）。Ni组大鼠肾脏在光镜下可见病理性改变。[结论]金属Ni和NiTi SMA长期植入大鼠体内均可导致机体内Ni含量增高,Ni主要经肾脏排出,部分由消化道排出,Ni在肾脏蓄积,并能导致肾结构和功能的破坏。     

双歧杆菌黏附素对应激大鼠肠黏膜核因子-κB和细胞因子的影响

目的 研究双歧杆菌黏附素对大鼠肠黏膜核因子-κB （NF-κB）和细胞因子的影响.方法 将48只实验大鼠按随机数字表法分成应激组、黏附素组,每组24只,以束缚为应激条件建立应激模型,造模后持续实验8d.两组大鼠肠内营养供给量为热量125.4 kJ/（kg·d）,氮量0.2 g/（kg·d）.黏附素组大鼠喂养肠内营养加双歧杆菌黏附素5 mg/（kg·d）,应激组大鼠喂养肠内营养加等量的生理盐水5 mg/（kg·d）.测定造模前、造模后、实验第3天和第8天两组大鼠肠黏膜NF-κB定性表达结果以及肠黏膜和血浆NF-κB、白细胞介素-10 （IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）定量表达结果.透射电镜下观察小肠黏膜形态学变化.结果 （1） NF-κB的表达：造模前、造模后、实验第3天、实验第8天应激组肠黏膜NF-κB的阳性表达率分别为O、79.2％ （19/24）、63.5％（15/24）、66.7％ （16/24）,黏附素组分别为O、68.4％ （17/24）、55.7％ （14/24）、45.8％ （11/24）;与造模前比较,造模后两组肠黏膜NF-κB表达明显上调（均P=0.000）,实验第3天和实验第8天,两组肠黏膜细胞核NF-κB表达阳性率仍明显高于造模前（均P=0.000）,与造模后和应激组比较,实验第8天黏附素组肠黏膜NF-κB表达明显下调（P值分别为0.015、0.021）.（2） TNF-α、IFN-γ与IL-10的定量表达：与造模前比较,造模后应激组与黏附素组大鼠肠黏膜TNF-α[应激组：（154.63±17.52）、（198.72±26.59） pg/g,黏附素组：（154.63±17.52）、（201.45±28.16） pg/g]、IFN-γ[应激组：（39.47±5.76）、（55.32±5.93） pg/g,黏附素组：（39.47±5.76）、（60.75±7.68）pg/g]浓度量和血浆TNF-α[应激组：（83.31±9.78）、（117.64±15.37） ng/L,黏附素组：（83.31±9.78）、（114.82±13.78） ng/L]、IFN-γ[（应激组：（17.35±2.62）、（28.73±4.17） ng/L,黏附素组：（17.35±2.62）、（30.56±4.85） ng/L]浓度明显升高（均P＜0.05）;实验第3天和第8天,应激组大鼠肠黏膜IFN-γ[（58.16±7.38）、（56.37 ±7.29） pg/g]、TNF-α[（215.76±31.54）、（211.83±33.61） pg/g]浓度和血浆IFN-γ[（29.35±4.76）、（30.25±3.67） ng/L]、TNF-α浓度[（125.71±17.38）、（141.26±19.65） ng/L]明显高于造模前（P均＜0.05）;实验第3天和第8天,黏附素组大鼠肠黏膜TNF-α[（165.43±24.58）、（171.57±26.87） pg/g]、IFN-γ[（42.35±4.92）、（40.58±4.65） pg/g]和血浆TNF-α[（103.96±13.68）、（94.53±12.66） ng/L]、IFN-γ[（20.78±2.84）、（19.65±2.45） ng/L]水平明显低于造模后（P均＜0.05）,而IL-10[肠黏膜：（62.82±8.34）、（75.16±9.65） pg/g,血浆：（43.32±5.28）、（55.64±6.87） ng/L]水平明显高于造模后（P均＜0.05）;与应激组比较,实验第3天和第8天,黏附素组大鼠肠黏膜TNF-α、IFN-γ和血浆IFN-γ、TNF-tα水平明显降低（P均＜0.05）,而IL-10水平明显升高（P均＜0.05）.（3）组织形态学观察：实验第8天,在电镜下可见黏附素组较造模后和应激组回肠绒毛、隐窝结构显著恢复.应激组较造模后肠黏膜绒毛、隐窝结构有一定程度的损害,固有膜水肿,膜内有炎性细胞浸润.结论 双歧杆菌黏附素通过调节肠黏膜炎性递质和细胞因子释放,对应激后肠黏膜损伤修复有一定作用.     

利尿剂在三聚氰胺及三聚氰酸致大鼠急性肾损伤中的治疗作用

目的 联合三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸灌胃造成大鼠急性肾损伤,观察利尿剂呋塞米的治疗作用.方法 将36只成年雄性SD大鼠随机平均分为3组,分别为A组（正常对照组）,灌胃2 ml蒸馏水,B组（模型组）,灌胃三聚氰胺（100 mg/kg）与三聚氰酸（100 mg/kg）,连续4 d,4 d后改为灌胃2ml蒸馏水,C组（治疗组）：前4 d与B组一样,4 d后为呋塞米（20 mg/kg）;第4天、第11天后各处死6只大鼠,观察大鼠肾脏病理,肾内结晶沉积评分情况、大鼠血和尿多项生化指标的变化.结果 在第4天时,B组和C组分别出现大鼠少尿[（3.39±1.02）ml、（3.20±0.86）ml]、高血肌酐[（153.54±27.08）μmol/L、（160.11±19.55）μmol/L]等急性肾损伤表现,并在肾内观察到三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐晶体.第11天与第4天时肾内结晶评分相比,B组减少了9.52%（P〉0.05）.C组减少了63.63%（P〈0.05）,第11天时,B组尿量[（8.57±1.66）m1]和C组尿量[（25.96±5.97）ml]分别较第4天时尿量[（3.39±1.02）ml、（3.20±0.86）ml]显著增加（P〈0.05）,其中C组[（25.96±5.97）ml]较B组[（8.57±1.66）ml]增加更明显（P〈0.05）;B组和C组血清肌酐[（106.10±5.53）μmol/L、（67.17±12.80）μmol/L]分别较第4天时[（153.54±27.08）μmol/L、（160.11±19.55）μmol/L]显著减低（P〈0.05）,但B组高于A组和C组（P〈0.05）.结论 呋塞米对三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸所致急性肾损伤起一定保护作用.     

蚕蛹油调节血脂作用的实验研究

[目的]观察蚕蛹油的调节血脂作用。[方法]气相色谱法测定蚕蛹油的脂肪酸组成和游离脂肪酸含量。雄性SD大鼠按血脂水平分为3个剂量蚕蛹油实验组（0.2g/kg.bw、0.6g/kg.bw、1.2g/kg.bw）和高脂对照组,连续灌胃30d,d30测定血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）。[结果]蚕蛹油富含不饱和脂肪酸（占71.97%）,其中α-亚麻酸占34.33%,油酸占31.11%。与实验前比较,实验结束时高脂对照组TC和TG升高,差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。提示高脂动物模型建立成功。实验结束时1.2g/kg.bw蚕蛹油组TG水平显著低于高脂对照组（P﹤0.05）,0.6g/kg.bw蚕蛹油组HDL-C水平显著高于高脂对照组（P﹤0.05）。[结论]蚕蛹油具有辅助降低血清甘油三酯的作用。     

蛋氨酸、维生素C对染铅SD大鼠海马SOD、MDA和学习记忆的影响

[目的]探讨蛋氨酸和维生素C联合作用对染铅Sprague Dawley大鼠海马SOD、MDA的影响和改善染铅SD大鼠学习记忆功能的作用。[方法]随机将22只断乳SD大鼠分为实验组和对照组,并经饮水染铅（1.3 g/L硝酸铅溶液）,同时实验组通过灌胃给予营养素（蛋氨酸、维生素C）,每周5次,共8周,对照组仅用去离子水灌胃。测定SD大鼠大脑海马组织SOD活力和MDA水平,并用Morris水迷宫实验进行学习记忆能力的测定。[结果]实验组大鼠的血铅值低于对照组（t=-30.81,P﹤0.01）,其海马组织SOD的活力高于对照组（t=7.768,P﹤0.01）;Morris水迷宫成绩,实验组d 4的潜伏期短于对照组（t=-2.180,P﹤0.05）。[结论]蛋氨酸与维生素C有较强排铅作用和拮抗铅损害学习记忆功能的作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.