超声在围术期气道管理中的应用进展

<正>超声具有安全、快速、便捷、携带方便、重复性强等优点,并可提供实时动态图像。超声在围术期的应用越来越广泛,如引导动静脉穿刺置管和外周神经阻滞等。近年来已有文献报道超声在气道管理中的应用,包括超声评估气道困难,超声引导下确定气管导管的位置,超声评估喉罩的位置,预测成功拔管,超声评估肺的异常状态等,本文旨在综述超声在围术期气道管理中的应用进展。超声应用于气道管理的基础知识空气和骨骼被认为是超声技术的两大难题气体是超     

人工智能在小儿麻醉中的应用进展

人工智能技术已逐步应用到临床麻醉中,在小儿麻醉中的应用及研究日益增多。人工智能可以在术前预警小儿围术期高危事件风险(如围术期死亡和气道不良事件),辅助气道诊断/评估和围术期输血预测;在术中辅助超声显像、小儿气道管理和呼吸监测,帮助实现麻醉的精准自动化闭环控制;在术后自动监测小儿呼吸模式等。本文总结了医学领域常用的人工智能模型,回顾了目前人工智能应用于小儿麻醉围术期各个阶段的临床研究。人工智能的发展及其在小儿麻醉领域的应用为麻醉科医师在改善患儿的围术期麻醉管理方面提供了思路,有助于预测临床结局,降低围术期风险。     

超声技术在气道管理中的应用

<正>超声技术是目前广泛应用于围术期检查、诊断和穿刺引导的新型可视技术,既可以提高诊疗的成功率,还能减少并发症的发生[1]。随着超声技术的不断发展,其安全便携、无创、可重复操作的优点日益受到推崇,并逐渐应用于气道的评估、解剖定位和辅助气管插管,本文就超声技术在气道管理中的应用情况综述如下。     

Coopdech支气管阻塞导管用于开胸手术气道管理

依据病理分期的肺癌治疗策略包括纵隔镜淋巴结活检后即刻开胸手术,对于此类手术的围术期气道管理通常在纵隔镜手术阶段应用钢丝螺纹管,开胸手术阶段则换为双腔支气管导管进行单肺通气以保证胸腔内操作,这种传统方法既可能因二次插管导致口咽部黏膜损伤,也增加了围术期麻醉风险,因此本研究将Coopdech支气管阻塞导管与钢丝螺纹管联合应用,探讨此类手术更为合理的围术期气道管理方案.     

患儿共享气道类手术气道管理研究进展

共享气道类手术需要外科医师与麻醉科医师在同一气道解剖空间内实施操作及气道管理,围术期需要麻醉、外科和护理团队间保持密切沟通与合作。患儿上气道尤其狭窄,因病变种类多、对正常通气换气功能影响大,其共享气道手术的麻醉管理实施难度更大、风险更高,是临床麻醉的难点问题。在保障氧合与通气安全的基础上,尽可能为外科提供更好的视野暴露是共享气道工具开发及通气策略优化的目标。本文归纳总结了儿科共享气道类手术的种类与特点,重点分析非插管气道管理技术的应用范围和优缺点,以期为安全个性化地实施患儿共享气道的麻醉管理提供参考。     

超声检查术在临床气道管理中的应用进展

背景 超声检查术用于气道成像具有几方面的优势:安全、快捷、携带方便、重复性强和应用广泛,并可提供实时动态图像.已经在临床气道管理的许多方面进行了研究. 目的 介绍超声检查术在气道管理方面的应用及其前景. 内容 重点综述超声检查术在临床气道管理方面的应用,包括手术患者困难喉镜显露的预测,影响气道管理技术选择的病理情况评价,餐后状况评价,确定气管导管、支气管导管或气管切开套管的合适直径,气管和环甲膜定位,气道神经阻滞,气管导管位置的确认,经皮扩张气管切开术,鼻胃管位置的确认,气胸的诊断和成功拔管的预测等. 趋向 超声检查术是一项可改善气道管理的有用技术,极具临床价值.     

超声引导下胸壁筋膜平面阻滞的临床应用与研究进展

超声引导下胸壁筋膜平面阻滞(thoracic fascia plane block, TFPB)是一系列不同胸壁筋膜平面内区域神经阻滞技术的总称, 其主要作用是提供围手术期区域神经阻滞和术后镇痛。文章主要介绍TFPB的解剖学基础, 总结几种常用TFPB的解剖定位、操作实施方法、作用机制及其在临床麻醉与围手术期镇痛中的应用情况, 旨在为复合麻醉和围手术期疼痛管理提供新的思路和方法。     

超声在气道管理中的应用

背景 超声技术在临床麻醉中的应用越来越广泛,近些年关于其在气道管理中的应用也有了一些报道,并认为其安全、方便.目的 分析、总结超声在气道管理各方面应用的文献资料.内容 简要介绍上呼吸道的超声解剖以及获得满意的超声图像的方法和途径,综述超声技术在插管前评估、气管导管位置的确定、双腔气管导管和经皮扩张气管造口术(percu...     

甲强龙在围手术期的使用范围及效果

背景 术后不良反应至今仍无较好的防治策略;甲强龙是肾上腺糖皮质激素类药物,具有抗炎、免疫抑制、抗休克等作用,目前主要应用于严重感染、自身免疫性疾病及抗休克治疗;现在越来越多的麻醉医师在围手术期应用甲强龙管理术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)、疼痛、维持气道稳定和减轻炎症反应等.目的 为临床围手术期应用甲强龙预防术后副作用提供临床参考.内容 综述甲强龙对PONV、疼痛、气道稳定和炎症反应等的影响.趋向 甲强龙联合用药在临床麻醉应用中具有广阔前景.     

新型冠状病毒感染患儿围手术期气道管理及呼吸系统并发症的防治

目前, 新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)仍在持续, 且以奥密克戎变异株为绝对优势流行株, 儿童感染人数大幅度增加。COVID-19以呼吸道感染为主, 大大增加了围手术期患儿气道的管理难度以及呼吸系统并发症的发生率。文章总结了COVID-19患儿的围手术期气道管理重点和处理措施, 为COVID-19患儿的围手术期管理提出建议。     

The difficult airway: mechanisms for effective dissemination of critical information.

The perioperative management and dissemination of critical information regarding a patient with an unexpected difficult intubation, including successful application of a difficult airway algorithm (Figure 1), are described. Documentation and dissemination of critical information include entry of patient data into an in-hospital computerized Difficult Airway/Intubation Registry, simultaneous application of a highly visible Difficult Airway/Intubation Patient Wrist Band (coded for access to computer registry), summary reports distributed to health care providers, and enrollment of the patient in the Medic Alert Foundation International's newly established category difficult airway/intubation for 24-hour access. We postulate that the widespread use of the procedures described in this report may reduce the contribution of unexpected difficult airway/intubation to anesthetic morbidity and mortality.     

Anästhesie und Schlaf-Apnoe-Syndrom

The perioperative risk for patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and the optimal anaesthesiological management of these patients have not been well elucidated. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea with significant symptoms is estimated to be 4% in men and 2% in women. However, in 80-95% of patients this syndrome is not sufficiently diagnosed. Thus identification of patients at risk and a thorough multidisciplinary diagnostic approach are essential for optimal perioperative management. The risk of perioperative complications, like cardiopulmonary compromise, and difficulties in airway management is elevated. The most important aspects of perioperative management include evaluation of intubating conditions, careful search for cardiopulmonary morbidity, permanent control of patient airways, sensible use of anaesthetics, sedatives, and narcotics, and strict monitoring of vital signs. If ambulatory nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy has been established preoperatively, this should be continued in the perioperative period. Postoperative monitoring should be performed in an intensive care or intermediate care unit. Controlled clinical studies on the best perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea are urgently required.     

Craniofacial surgery and specific airway problems

Infants and children undergoing craniofacial surgery may present with a wide range of diseases and conditions posing an array of challenges to the anesthesiologist. Optimal perioperative care requires an understanding of these diseases and their impact on airway and anesthetic management. For those children with anomalies affecting airway anatomy, soft tissues of the head and neck, or skeletal mobility, advanced airway management techniques (ie, modalities other than direct laryngoscopy) may be required to secure the airway. Additionally, some craniofacial surgical procedures have direct implications on airway management, such as with Le Fort III midface advancement involving halo distractor application, where the distractor device precludes facemask ventilation. For all of these patients, the anesthetic and airway management plans must be tailored to the surgery being performed, the patient's specific conditions, and take into consideration all phases of perioperative care. In this review, we present some of the more commonly encountered craniofacial abnormalities affecting airway management.     

BiPAP无创通气及其在围术期的应用

双水平气道正压通气被广泛用于治疗各种慢性、急性呼吸衰竭,此文回顾了双水平气道正压通气研究的最新进展,重点介绍围术期应用双水平气道正压通气的现状.     

Respiratory inductance plethysmography and pulse oximetry in the assessment of upper airway patency in a child with Goldenhar’s syndrome

The anaesthetic management of a child with Goldenhar's syndrome and upper airway dysmorphology is presented. She had a history of severe dyspnoea due to deterioration of cor pulmonale caused by upper airway obstruction. The patency of the upper airway and oxygenation were evaluated during the perioperative period with respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) and pulse oximetry, which did not show severe upper airway obstruction or oxygen saturation below 80 per cent. Tracheal intubation was performed under inhalational anaesthesia with spontaneous breathing. This case suggests that RIP and pulse oximetry may be useful monitoring devices in the anaesthetic management of patients with upper airway problems as in Goldenhar's syndrome.     

中国胸外科围手术期气道管理指南(2020版)

目的系统总结气道管理临床研究证据和临床共识,为医护人员围手术期气道管理提供临床指南。方法2019~2020年,由32位专家提出40个临床问题,采用德菲尔法和PICO(患者、干预措施、对照措施、结果指标)原则,最终纳入12个临床问题。检索PubMed、Web of Science、万方、中国知网。检索时间为数据库建库至2020年11月。共纳入160篇文献,采用GRADE方法评价证据质量:A级18篇、B级36篇、C级69篇、D级37篇。基于证据,召开4次会议,提出23条推荐意见,其中强推荐10条、弱推荐13条。结果患者术前至少戒烟4周、需进行肺功能评估和肺康复训练,尤其是合并高危因素的患者至少肺康复训练1周;术中麻醉维持采用吸入或静脉麻醉,推荐选择短效药物,使用麻醉深度和肌肉松弛深度监测,推荐保护性通气策略;术后使用药物和机械性措施预防静脉血栓栓塞症,合理应用各种引流管,疼痛管理则推荐采用预镇痛、多模式镇痛;围手术期可使用吸入性糖皮质激素联合支气管扩张剂治疗,从而降低气道高反应性、缓解术后咳嗽。结论胸外科围手术期气道管理术前强调戒烟、肺功能评估及肺康复训练;术中强调麻醉药物合理应用和肺保护性通气策略;术后加强气道管理、疼痛管理和引流管管理,同时重视术后咳嗽评估与处理。     

人工智能在气道管理中的应用

人工智能技术的发展促进了气道管理方法和设备的更新,具有优化、解决气道管理中延迟插管、气道困难和气管导管位置的评估等问题的潜力。本文总结了气道管理领域常用的人工智能模型,从患者气管插管需求的预测、困难气道患者的识别、气管导管定位、气管插管设备的自动化和智能化进行总结阐述,为围术期气道管理工作提供参考。     

Emergency use of a size 1 laryngeal mask airway in a ventilated neonate with an undiagnosed type IV laryngotracheo-oesophageal cleft

The perioperative management of a neonate with a type IV laryngotracheo-oesophageal cleft and exomphalos major is described. Following an otherwise uncomplicated exomphalos repair, this baby became increasingly and inexplicably difficult to ventilate through an endotracheal tube. The emergency use of a laryngeal mask airway as a rescue maneuver allowed positive pressure ventilation, and subsequent diagnosis of the airway abnormality. The difficulties in management of the two co-existing conditions are discussed.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者围术期气道管理的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是一种常见的睡眠呼吸障碍疾病,其发生发展与多种因素有关。此类患者由于大多具有颈短粗、舌体肥大及口咽腔空间狭窄等异常解剖结构,会导致面罩通气以及插管困难,困难气道的发生率高。为降低此类患者围术期气道相关并发症的发生,本文就阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者围术期气道管理的研究进展进行综述,以期为临床提供参考。