DMD、BMD患者骨骼肌、皮肤立毛肌肌营养不良蛋白同时欠损

目的研究、对比肌营养不良蛋白(dystrophin)在杜兴型肌营养不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD)和贝克型肌营养不良(Becker muscular dystrophy,BMD)患者活检骨骼肌、皮肤立毛肌中的表达。方法用肌营养不良蛋白三个不同区域的单克隆抗体(Dystrophin-N、-C、-R)对11例DMD患者,5例BMD患者和3例其他神经肌病患者同时行活检骨骼肌、皮肤免疫组织化学染色分析。结果与对照例相比,11例DMD患者抗Dystro-phin-N、-C、-R单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色显示:骨骼肌肌纤维膜Dystrophin-N、-C、-R呈完全欠损;皮肤立毛肌Dystrophin-N、-R完全欠损,Dystrophin-C轻微表达。5例BMD患者抗Dystrophin-N、-C、-R单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色显示:肌营养不良蛋白在骨骼肌肌纤维膜和皮肤均呈不完全欠损。结论DMD和BMD患者肌营养不良蛋白在骨骼肌肌纤维膜、皮肤立毛肌呈完全/不完全欠损,与骨骼肌活检相同,皮肤活检也是分子病理学诊断DMD、BMD简便、易行、可靠的方法。     

肢带型肌营养不良2B型的临床和病理特点

目的研究肢带型肌营养不良2B型的临床及病理特点。方法回顾性分析5例肢带型肌营养不良2B型患者的临床资料和骨骼肌病理检查结果。结果5例(3例四肢,2例双下肢)表现肌肉萎缩、肌无力,缓慢起病,进行性加重。病理检查5例骨骼肌均有不同程度肌纤维变性、坏死、再生,不同程度炎性细胞浸润;免疫组化染色:5例患者抗dysferlin单克隆抗体均无表达,抗Dystrophy、Sarcoglycan、dystroglycan单克隆抗体均表达正常,抗CD8+T细胞单克隆抗体均无表达,抗组织相容性复合体(MHC)-1单克隆抗体表达均上调。结论肢带型肌营养不良2B型的临床特点是缓慢起病,进行性加重的四肢(或双下肢)肌萎缩、肌无力;其病理学特点与多发性肌炎的改变相似。     

DMD/BMD肌细胞抗肌营养不良蛋白免疫荧光组化研究

目的:研究Duchenne/Becker型肌营养不良症(DMD/BMD)患者肌细胞中抗肌营养不良蛋白(dystrophin)的表达及其诊断意义。方法:采用免疫荧光抗体染色技术对5例DMD,2例BMD肌细胞中抗肌营养不良蛋白进行检测,以2例正常人的肌细胞作为以照。结果:对照组肌细胞膜上染色阳性,胞核及胞浆呈阴性;DMD患者肌膜完全无显色;BMD患者染色弱阳性,可见沿肌细胞膜分布的间断斑片状荧光带。结论:抗肌营养不良蛋白缺乏或表达异常是DMD/BMD基本病理基础。应用免疫荧光抗体染色法检测抗肌营养不良蛋白,有助于DMD和BMD的确诊及鉴别诊断     

Ezrin蛋白在肌病患者骨骼肌中的表达及意义

目的 研究Ezrin蛋白在肌病患者骨骼肌中的表达及意义.方法 取肌纤维再生活跃的假肥大型肌营养不良(DMD,9例)和多发性肌炎(PM,5例)患者的骨骼肌标本,冰冻连续切片,进行HE染色及抗-Ezrin、抗-神经细胞黏附分子(NCAM)单克隆抗体免疫组化染色,观察被检肌的病理改变和Ezrin蛋白的表达.结果 DMD、PM患者被检肌HE染色所见再生肌纤维直径较小、核位于中央、胞浆嗜碱性;NCAM染色再生肌纤维深染;再生肌纤维Ezrin呈阳性表达,伴随肌纤维成熟Ezrin表达逐渐减弱,成熟肌纤维无Ezrin表达;成肌细胞Ezrin呈阳性表达.结论 Ezrin蛋白与DMD、PM肌病患者骨骼肌纤维再生可能存在密切关系.     

微量标本Western blot在诊断肢带型肌营养不良2A型中的应用

目的 探讨微量标本Western blot在诊断肢带型肌营养不良2A型中的应用.方法 对73例以肢体近端肌肉受累为首要临床表现的进行性肌营养不良患者行开放式骨骼肌活体组织检查,标本行组织化学染色以及抗dystrophin-N、C、R,α、β、γ、δ-sarcoglycan,dysferlin,caveolin-3单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色.对其中已经除外dystrophin、sarcoglycans、dysferlin、caveolin-3蛋白异常的29例患者再行骨骼肌Western blot抗calpain-3、caveolin-3单克隆抗体免疫反应.结果 共有10例患者被确诊为肢带型肌营养不良2A型,其临床特点均为肢体近端肌无力起病,血清肌酸激酶不同程度升高,肌电图呈肌源性改变.组织化学染色见肌纤维大小不一,可见不同程度肌纤维变性、坏死和再生,结缔组织增生,6例见分叶状肌纤维;免疫组织化学染色见肌纤维中dystrophin、sarcoglycan、dysferlin、caveolin-3蛋白均正常表达.Western blot发现该10例患者相对分子质量94 000条带(calpain-3)与Duchenne/Becker型肌营养不良对照相比,呈完全(8例)或部分(2例)缺失;30 000区域附加条带均呈弱表达,22 000区域条带(caveolin-3)均正常表达.结论 骨骼肌微量标本Western blot是诊断LGMD2A的有效方法,适用于临床LGMD的分型诊断.     

肌营养不良蛋白表达对肌营养不良症的诊断意义

目的：探讨肌营养不良蛋白在肌营养不良症患者肌组织中表达的意义。方法：运用免疫组化法对12例Duchenne型肌营养不良症（DMD）患者及5例Becker型肌营养不良症（BMD）患者的肌组织中肌营养不良蛋白的表达进行分析。并用6例非神经肌肉疾病患者的肌组织作为对照。结果：对照组6例肌组织标本中均可见肌营养不良蛋白表达,其阳性染色勾画出肌细胞的边界,胸及胞浆呈阴性。在DMD中有10例（83．33％）肌细胞膜肌营养不良蛋白不表达。BMD中3例（60）可见沿肌细胞膜分的不连续斑片状弱阳性染色。结论：肌营养不良蛋白的缺失或异常表达,是DMD／BMD型较为特异的改变。运用免疫组化法检测患者肌组织中肌营养不良蛋白的表达,可为DMD／BMD型的病理诊断提供特异指标。     

Duchenne型进行性肌营养不良30例临床与病理分析

目的 探讨Duehenne型进行性肌营养不良(DMD)的临床与病理特征,为其早期诊断与治疗提供帮助.方法 对30例经免疫组化测定Dystrophin蛋白而确诊的患者的临床与病理资料进行回顾性分析.结果 本组患者平均年龄6.9岁,5例有家族史,2例伴有智力障碍.25例患者可见典型双下肢腓肠肌肥大,Cower征阳性25例,鸭步21例,翼状肩胛18例.30例患者血清肌酶升高,以肌酸激酶(CK)升高为主.28例行肌电图检查提示肌源性损害,肌肉活检示典型肌营养不良病理表现,其中5例可见肌纤维分裂及漩涡状肌纤维,4例NADH染色可见虫噬状肌纤维,ATP染色2例Ⅰ型肌纤维优势,1例Ⅱ型肌纤维优势,ORO染色部分肌纤维脂肪成分轻度增高9例.结论 DMD起病年龄较早,肌无力为其主要临床症状,血清酶学与肌电图检查有助于诊断,结合肌肉活检可明确诊断.     

Duchenne型肌营养不良的临床和病理及抗肌萎缩蛋白表达

目的：归纳总结Duchenne型肌营养不良（DMD）的临床表现,组织病理特点及抗肌萎缩蛋白表达情况。方法：通过临床、病理及免疫组化染色方法,对16例DMD患者的临床表现,肌肉病理改变和肌肉抗肌萎缩蛋白表达情况进行观察分析。结果：年龄〉4岁的14例患儿均有比较典型的DMD临床表现;而年龄〈4岁的2例患儿症状较轻。肌肉病理显示2例为早期改变、11例为中期改变、3例为晚期改变,病理改变严重程度与年龄相关。免疫组化染色显示16例患者的肌肉标本抗肌萎缩蛋白均完全缺失。结论：DMD患者的临床和病理表现的严重程度与年龄有关,检查抗肌萎缩蛋白在肌纤维膜上表达是诊断DMD的金标准。     

dysferlinopathy患者40例临床和病理分析

目的 回顾性分析40例dysferlinopathy患者临床及活检骨骼肌组织化学、免疫组织化学染色病理变化,探讨dysferlinopathy的临床、病理诊断价值.方法 对40例dysferlinopathy患者临床资料进行分析;并对活检骨骼肌进行组织化学、免疫组织化学染色病理分析.结果 患者一般临床表现:进行性加重的肌无力、萎缩;根据病初受累肌群分为:肢带型肌营养不良2B型27例,Miyoshi远端型肌营养不良12例,以及胫骨前肌起病的远端肌病1例;血肌酸激酶水平呈不同程度的升高(134～ 19 795 U/L);全部患者肌电图呈肌源性损害;12例行骨骼肌MRI,其中9例行双侧大、小腿MRI检查,3例行双侧小腿MRI检查;近端肌受累为主4例、腓肠肌受累为主7例、胫骨前肌受累为主1例.骨骼肌活检组织化学染色病理表现:肌纤维变性、坏死和再生活跃,结缔组织不同程度增生,16例可见肌内膜、肌束膜和小血管周围炎性细胞浸润;抗-dysferlin单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色结果显示,30例dysferlinopathy患者肌纤维膜上dysferlin蛋白完全缺失,10例重度减低.结论 本病典型临床表现为进行性加重肌无力、肌萎缩,根据病初受累肌群区分临床表型;血肌酸激酶显著增高,符合膜蛋白破坏型肌营养不良特点;骨骼肌MRI可清晰判断受累肌群范围、程度,帮助判断临床表型及选择合适的骨骼肌活检部位;病理特点为肌营养不良改变,部分患者有炎性细胞浸润,需要结合临床与炎性肌病相鉴别;肌纤维膜dysferlin蛋白缺失或重度减低,是dysferlinopathy分子病理诊断的重要依据.     

磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶在人骨骼肌纤维的表达

目的 研究磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶在肌病患者骨骼肌纤维的表达及其意义.方法 选择Duchenne型肌营养不良(Duehenne muscular dystrophy, DMD)9例、Becker假肥大型肌营养不良(Becker muscular dystrophy, BMD)6例、先天性肌营养不良(congenital muscular dystrophy, CMD)3例、多发性肌炎(polymyositis, PM)5例,开放式骨骼肌活检,连续冰冻切片,苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, HE)、三磷酸腺苷酶(adenosin triphosphatase, ATPase)组织化学染色;抗-磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)、抗-神经细胞粘附分子(neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM)、抗-结蛋白(desmin)单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色,病理分析.结果 [1]PI3K在再生早期小径肌纤维膜上表达,伴随再生肌纤维的成熟PI3K表达消失;[2]PI3K在幼儿肌纤维膜上表达显著;[3]PI3K在动静脉平滑肌上表达显著.结论 PI3K可能在人骨骼肌纤维再生早期起重要作用.     

Duchenne型肌营养不良患者肌肉组织myostatin mRNA的表达

目的 探讨肌肉生长抑制素myostatin基因mRNA在Duchenne型肌营养不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD)肌肉组织中的表达变化.方法 以甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氧酶基因mRNA表达水平作为内参照,采用逆转录·聚合酶链反应方法扩增7例DMD患者和4例非肌肉病对照者肌肉组织的myostatin mRNA,计算myostatin mRNA表达指数,进行半定量分析.结果 两组肌肉组织均有myostatin mRNA表达;DMD患者肌肉组织中myostatin mRNA的表达指数为0.56±0.16,对照组为0.34±0.15,两组间差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.268,P=0.023).结论 DMD肌肉组织myostatin基因mRNA表达高于对照组水平,myostatin表达水平增高可能与DMD发病机制有关.     

Light and electron microscopic studies on localization of myoglobin in skeletal muscle cells in neuromuscular diseases

The localizations of myoglobin in skeletal muscle cells of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), myotonic dystrophy (MyD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) were studied by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. In normal skeletal muscle cells, myoglobin was localized mainly in the I-band region. In degenerating muscle cells of patients with DMD and MyD, myoglobin was also demonstrated in the distended lumen of the internal membrane system and in the intermyofibrillar space, through which it seemed to pass into the extracellular space. No myoglobin was detected in opaque fibers or in some of small-sized fibers in DMD muscle. In patients with ALS the staining intensities of myoglobin varied in different muscle cells, but myoglobin was restricted to the I-band region in many muscle cells. These findings suggest that changes in the localization of myoglobin in skeletal muscle cell sensitively reflect the pathologic status of muscle cells.     

Tenascin-C expression in dystrophin-related muscular dystrophy

The mdx mouse has a mutated dystrophin gene and is used as a model for the study of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We investigated whether regenerating mdx skeletal muscle contains the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C (TN-C), which is expressed in wound healing and nerve regeneration. Prior to the initiation of muscle degeneration, both normal and mdx mice displayed similar weak staining for TN-C in skeletal muscle, but by 3 weeks of age the mice differed substantially. TN-C was undetectable in normal muscle except at the myotendinous junction, while in dystrophic muscle, TN-C was prominent in degenerating/regenerating areas but absent from undegenerated muscle. With increasing age, TN-C staining declined around stable regenerated mdx myofibers. TN-C was also observed in muscle from dogs with muscular dystrophy and in human boys with DMD. Therefore, in dystrophic muscle, TN-C expression may be stimulated by the degenerative process and remain upregulated unless the tissue undergoes successful regeneration. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Clinical significance of serum cardiac myosin light chain I in patients with muscular dystrophy

We examined serum cardiac myosin light chain I (LCI), serum creatine kinase (CK) levels and left ventricular function in patients with muscular dystrophy and secondary cardiac involvement. LCI levels were determined by a two-site immunoradiometric assay method in 25 patients with muscular dystrophy and 10 normal subjects. This study included 15 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 8 patients with Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) and 2 sisters with non-Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy (nFCMD). We measured the value of left ventricular fractional shortening (FS) using echocardiography. All patients with DMD and FCMD showed moderate or severe skeletal muscle weakness. The mean values of LCI were significantly higher in patients with DMD (11.0 +/- 8.3 ng/ml, p less than 0.01) and in patients with FCMD (1.6 +/- 1.4 ng/ml, p less than 0.05) than in normal subjects (0.3 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). In patients with DMD, LCI level correlated closely with CK level (r = 0.81, p less than 0.01) but not with FS (r = 0.35, n.s.). In patients with FCMD, LCI level correlated significantly with CK level (r = 0.75, p less than 0.05) but not with FS (r = 0.44, n.s.). Close correlation between LCI and CK levels was thought to result from the cross reaction between cardiac LCI and myosin light chains of skeletal muscle in the assay method we used. Two siblings with nFCMD showed mild skeletal muscle weakness. A 22-year-old sister with mild left ventricular dysfunction (FS = 0.41) showed high level of CK (4794/U/L) and mild elevation of LCI (7.3 ngml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Transcriptional activation of the non-muscle, full-length dystrophin isoforms in Duchenne muscular dystrophy skeletal muscle.

Despite promoter tissue specificity, up-regulation of the brain and Purkinje cell type dystrophin isoforms was described in skeletal muscle of X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLDCM) and BMD affected individuals. An extended population of 11 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 11 Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) patients was investigated to determine whether ectopic muscle expression of the two full-length non-muscular isoforms is a common event in dystrophinopathies and if it has functional significance. Up-regulation of the two non-muscle-specific isoforms was detected in four DMD patients but in none of the BMD affected individuals or non-dystrophic controls. This is the first report of an expression of these two isoforms in DMD skeletal muscle. Ectopic expression is not confined to regenerating or revertant fibers and does not correlate with age at biopsy, clinical phenotype, cardiac involvement, deletion size or location.We consider that muscle ectopic expression of the brain and Purkinje cell-type isoforms has no favorable prognostic significance in DMD and BMD patients.     

强直性肌营养不良症19例骨骼肌病理分析

目的探讨强直性肌营养不良症(DM)骨骼肌病变的病理学特点。方法选择19例经临床和肌电图确诊的强直性肌营养不良症患者为研究对象,骨骼肌标本采用恒冷冰冻切片和酶组织化学染色方法,在光镜下观察骨骼肌组织的病理学变化特点。结果在HE染色,19例患者的骨骼肌标本均可见不同程度的肌纤维萎缩,但变性坏死肌纤维较少见,有7例患者在肌纤维中可见到肌质块。在组织化学MGT染色中,6例患者肌纤维中可见数量不等的破碎红边纤维(RRF),肌质块在MGT染色上呈深绿色,在NADH染色中肌质块呈深蓝色,较HE染色更易识别。在ATP酶染色中,19例患者有11例存在Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维分布异常现象,其中9例以Ⅰ型纤维明显占优势,2例以Ⅱ型纤维稍占优势,8例患者肌纤维分布基本正常。结论强直性肌营养不良症的骨骼肌病理改变,除常见的肌核增多内移,肌核聚集成核袋及核链现象以外,肌质块的出现和Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维分布异常应视为强直性肌营养不良症重要的特征性病理改变,肌肉活检对本病的诊断与鉴别诊断有一定的临床意义。     

Transforming growth factor-beta1 and fibrosis in congenital muscular dystrophies

We evaluated transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) expression in the muscle of four laminin alpha2-negative, four laminin alpha2-positive and seven partial laminin alpha2-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) patients, and compared it to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and controls. TGF-beta1 mRNA levels in skeletal muscle from laminin alpha2-negative and laminin alpha2-positive CMD patients were significantly greater than in controls (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively), while in partial laminin alpha2-deficient muscular dystrophy patients the amount was not significantly higher than in controls (P > 0.1). The TGF-beta1 values were lower than those found in DMD, although the extent of fibrosis was greater in CMD than in DMD and controls. Our findings suggest that TGF-beta1 is involved in CMD muscle fibrosis, but differently from what we observed in DMD muscles as it seems not to be the major player in connective tissue proliferation.