自然人群乙型肝炎平均传播速度的理论拟合

目的　为掌握自然人群乙型肝炎的平均传播速度 ,以更好地控制该病。　方法　选用可逆催化模型对自然人群乙型肝炎的平均传播速度作了定量的分析　结果　所建立的可逆催化模型理论拟合良好 ,其理论估计值与实际观察值总体拟合精度达 96 .5 5 % ,最高可达 99.85 % ,经配合适度检验 χ2 =1.96 0 ,P >0 .0 5 ,说明用可逆催化模型作自然人群乙型肝炎的平均传播速度测量有其独特的优势。　结论　在每年每 10 0 0人约有 94人表现为血清抗 -HBs阳性或显性感染 ,同时又有 5 3人转为阴性 ,当地人群乙型肝炎流行率最高可估计为 6 4 .6 % ,这种低流行率被认为与乙型肝炎疫苗广泛应用有关     

接种流行性出血热家鼠型灭活疫苗的临床观察

本文报告了用流行性出血热（ＥＨＦ）家鼠型灭活疫苗，对１０７１名公安干警进行免疫接种的临床观察。结果表明，接种后出现发热者４例，散在性皮疹６例，局部红肿１７例，其余无明显不良反应，实践证明，大面积人群免疫接种ＥＨＦ家鼠型疫苗是安全的。     

临沂市流行性出血热流行病学调查

临沂市流行性出血热（ＥＨＦ）发病经历了散发、流行和稳定控制３个阶段。１９７３￣１９８４年间，为姬鼠型ＥＨＦ。１９８５年起，出现家鼠型ＥＨＦ流行。本市有鼠类２目６种，野外优势种为黑线姬鼠，室内为褐家鼠，两者带毒率均较高，是主要传染源。健康人群隐性感染率为３．７８％，以２０￣４９岁为高。     

福建省不同类型疫区HFRS流行趋势及正常人群血清抗体水平分析

肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）在我省自１９６３年首例报告以来,已有３０多年历史,全省共有４８个县市报告病例,是危害我省人民健康的重要自然疫源性疾病之一。该病在我省经历年调查证实,可分为家鼠型及混合型（家鼠型为主的混合型疫区、姬鼠型为主的混合型疫区）二类三种疫区。为了解我省不同类型疫区ＨＦＲＳ流行趋势及正常人群血清抗体状况,我们对１９８４～１９９７年共１４年间各地市ＨＦＲＳ疫情与正常人群血清抗体水平监测结果进行分析,希望透过表面的资料数据揭示其内在规律,为防治工作提供科学依据。１　材料与方法１．１　…     

接种Ⅰ型流行性出血热疫苗人群免疫效果观察分析

流行性出血热 (ＥＨＦ)疫苗刚刚大面积应用于人群接种 ,为了进一步评价接种Ⅰ型ＥＨＦ疫苗后人群抗体阳转率与抗体水平情况 ,观察流行病学效果 ,指导免疫接种工作 ,我们选择既往ＥＨＦ发病率较高的姬鼠型疫区黑河市宋集屯煤矿作为观察点 ,进行了专题观察 ,现将结果总结分析如下。一、材料与方法1.免疫观察人群及时间选择 :调查点选自继往ＥＨＦ高发姬鼠型疫区宋集屯煤矿。观察人群为中、小学生、工人 (主要为露天采煤工人 )、机关干部、医护人员和当地居民 ,总计178名。于 1996年 9月 6日在当地ＥＨＦ高发季节前 1个月采免前血清并接种疫苗 …     

微量元素与家鼠型肾综合征出血热发病的关系

以ＲＰＨＩ和ＨＩ试验对ＩＦＡＴ阳性的ＩＩＦＲＳ病人血清进行分型，对８３例家鼠型ＨＦＲＳ病人和１６６名ＩＦＡＴ阴性的正常人血清，用ＤＣＰ－ＡＥＳ分析测定了１３种元素的含量。单因素分析显示病例组与对照组的血清锌、血清铜、血清钴及血清锂的含量有显著性差异。条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析表明，血清锌、血清铜含量低是家鼠型ＩＵＲＳ发病的危险因素。     

用双价肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗加强接种HNT型单价疫苗免疫者的效果观察

对１９８８年经过ＨＮＴ型疫苗初免３针，并于１９８９年加强１针的７名志愿者，于１９９７年加强１针双价疫苗后１４天采血，测定对ＨＮＴ型和ＳＥＯ型ＨＦＲＳ病毒的中和抗体。结果经加强双价疫苗的７名志愿者血清中，均检出ＨＮＴ型和ＳＥＯ型病毒的中和抗体，其中对ＨＮＴ病毒的中和抗体较高，对ＳＥＯ型病毒的中和抗体也能达到规定的要求，表明双价ＨＦＲＳ灭活疫苗可用于过去接种ＨＮＴ型疫苗人群的加强，加强接种一针可达到预防两型病毒感染的目的     

用双价肾综合征出血热灭活疫苗加强接种HNT型单价疫苗免疫者？…

对１９８８年经过ＨＮＴ型疫苗初免３针，并于１９８９年加强１针的７名志愿者，于１９９７年加强１针双价疫苗后１４天采血，测定对ＨＮＴ型和ＳＥＯ型ＨＦＲＳ病毒的中和抗体。结果经加强双价疫苗的７名志愿者血清中，均检出ＨＮＴ型和ＳＥＯ型病毒的中和抗体，其中对ＨＮＴ病毒的中和抗体较高，对ＳＥＯ型病毒的中和抗体也能达到规定的要求，表明双价ＨＦＲＳ灭活疫苗可用于过去接种ＨＮＴ型疫苗人群的加强，加强接种一针可达到预     

肾综合征出血热Ⅰ型灭活疫苗免疫后4年效果观察

肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）Ⅰ型鼠脑纯化灭活疫苗免后４的上（加强后３年）,抗体维持水平观察和流行病学效果研究,结果１２２份血清有３９份抗体仍阳性,阳性率为３１．９６％。同时有６份血清的免后３年ＩＦＡ抗体阳性的血清ＥＬＩＳＡ－ＩｇＭ阳转,１份由ＩＦＡ抗体阴性以ＥＬＩＳＡ－ＩｇＭ抗体阳性,表明在疫苗接种人群中存在隐性感染和免疫回忆反应。没有发现免疫增强和感染增强现象。     

logistic回归分析在处理家鼠型EHF微小疫源地范围中的应用

ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析在处理家鼠型ＥＨＦ微小疫源地范围中的应用济南市卫生防疫站（２５００１３）孙延斌谢忠元王建敏朱福林本文用ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线拟合法，探讨了济南市家鼠型ＥＨＦ微小疫源地处理范围问题，为制订预防措施提供科学依据。资料与方法所用资料系...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.