血清AFP、CEA、CA199、TPS联合检测对诊断原发性肝癌的临床价值

目的探讨甲胎蛋白（AFP）、癌胚抗原（CEA）、糖类抗原（CA199）、组织多肽特异性抗原（TPS）联合检测在原发性肝癌诊断中的应用价值。方法采用ELISA法测定41例原发性肝癌患者及40例正常人血清中的AFP、CEA、CA199、TPS含量，用SPSS软件包进行数据处理。结果肝癌组血清AFP、CEA、CA199、TPS含量与健康对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；AFP、CEA、CA199、TPS单项检测的阳性率分别为63．41％、31．71％、51．22％、82．93％，仅CEA与TPS的阳性率相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；而AFP分别联合CEA或CA199或TPS的阳性率分别为82．93％、80．49％、87．80％，它们与AFP单项检测相比无统计学差异（P〉0．05）；而AFP同时联合CEA、CA199、TPS4项的阳性检出率高达95．12％，与AFP单项检测相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论使用AFP、CEA、CA199、TPS4项联合检测有助于原发性肝癌的辅助诊断，值得在临床上推广应用。     

多肿瘤标志物蛋白芯片检测系统对肺癌诊断的临床应用

[目的]探讨多肿瘤标志物蛋白芯片检测系统对肺癌诊断的临床应用价值。[方法]用该系统检测138例肺癌患者、73例良性肺病患者、196例健康体检者血清中12种常见肿瘤标志物（CA199、NSE、CEA、CA242、CA153、CA125、Ferritin、β-HCG、HGH、AFP、F-PSA、PSA）的水平。[结果]肺癌组C-12检测阳性率为86．23％（119／138），显著高于良性肺病组（50．68％，37／73）和健康体检组（23．46％，46／196）（P〈0．001）；C-12的敏感性随肿瘤TNM分期的增加而增高，CEA、CA125对Ⅳ期高敏感，均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；NSE阳性率以SCLC组最高（P〈0．001）；CEA阳性率以AD组最高（P〈0．05）；联合检测对肺癌的阳性率均显著高于单一标志物检测（P〈0．01）。[结论]多肿瘤标志物蛋白芯片检测系统可以显著提高肺癌诊断的敏感性和有效性；联合检测对肺癌的辅助诊断有较高的临床应用价值。由于该法特异性及阳性预测值偏低，所以更适合于无明显症状的门诊患者和肺癌高危人群的筛查。     

检测CA199、CA125、CA153及CEA在肿瘤诊断中的意义

目的探讨血清癌抗原199（CA199）、癌抗原125（CA125）、癌抗原153（CA153）和癌胚抗原（CEA）检测在对不同类型恶性肿瘤的诊断价值。方法采用全自动化学发光免疫分析法,检测62例不同类型肿瘤患者、14例非肺癌患者组及30例正常对照组血清CA199、CA125、CA153及CEA水平。结果胰腺癌患者组CA199、CEA水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01、P〈0．05）,CA199的阳性率达100％;胃癌患者组CA199、CA125、CA153、CEA水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01或〈0．05）：乳腺癌组CA153、CA125、CA199水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01或〈0．05）;卵巢癌患者组CA125,CA153水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;肺癌患者组CA199,CA125及CEA水平明显高于非肺癌对照组及正常对照组（P均〈0．01）。CA199、CA125及CEA联检特异性92．9％、敏感性79．3％。结论CA199测定对胰腺癌的诊断提供可靠依据。CA199、CA125及CEA联合检测对肺癌的诊断有重要意义。CA199、CA125、CA153及CEA4项指标联检对胃癌和乳腺癌的诊断有一定价值。CA125、CA153对卵巢癌的诊断有一定价值。     

血清CA125、CA199、CEA及AFP水平检测对卵巢巧克力囊肿诊疗价值的探讨

目的 探讨血清肿瘤抗原125（CA125）、肿瘤抗原199 （CA199）、甲胎蛋白（AFP）及癌胚抗原（CEA）水平对卵巢巧克力囊肿临床的诊断、治疗的价值.方法 回顾性的分析和比较经手术确诊的卵巢巧克力囊肿疾病患者183例（患病组）、卵巢恶性肿瘤患者60例（病例对照组）以及进行健康体检的正常育龄妇女60例（正常对照组）血液中4种肿瘤标记物检测结果,并分析4种指标高低与疾病预后的关系.结果 对照组血清CA125、CA199、AFP及CEA检测值的中位数和阳性率分别为22.55 U/ml、5.2％,19.40 U/ml、11.1％,1.40 ng/mi、0、0.78 ng/ml、0.卵巢巧克力囊肿组血清CA125、CA199、AFP及CEA检测值的中位数及阳性率分别为37.95 U/ml、23.03％,29.67 U/ml、42.41％,1.95 ng/ml、2.14％,0.56 ng/ml、0.轻度（Ⅰ～Ⅱ期）患者血清CA125、CA199、AFP及CEA中位数和阳性率分别为25.25 U/ml、0,20.16 U/ml、23.53％,1.50 U/ml、0和0.58 U/ml、0;中重度（Ⅲ～Ⅳ期）卵巢巧克力囊肿患者血清CA125、CA199、AFP及CEA中位数和阳性率分别为41.55 U/ml、25.31％,31.29 U/ml、44.68％和2.05 U/ml、2.42％,0.56 U/ml、0.卵巢恶性肿瘤CA125、CA199、AFP及CEA检测值的中位数和阳性率分别为188.4 U/ml、81.70％,150.75 U/ml、51.67％,6.9 ng/ml、26.67％,4.40 ng/ml、16.7％.卵巢巧克力囊肿患者血清CA125、CA199和AFP的灵敏度、特异度及正确度分别为23.30％、95％及41.18％,42.41％、90％及55.50％,2.19％、100％及31.5％.卵巢巧克力囊肿患者血清CA125、CA199浓度和阳性率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,AFP的浓度与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,但是阳性率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.CEA差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.卵巢巧克力囊肿患者血清CA125、CA199、CEA及AFP水平和阳性率血清明显低于恶性卵巢肿瘤组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 测定血清CA125、CA199水平可协助卵巢巧克力囊肿的诊断、病情判断和指导治疗,二者联合测定可提高疾病诊断敏感性.同时AFP及CEA虽然对于协助卵巢巧克力囊肿的诊断无意义,但是对于鉴别诊断有明显意义.而且CA125和CA199水平是影响卵巢巧克力囊肿预后的因素之一.     

联合检测AFP、CEA和CA199对原发性肝癌的诊断价值及护理

目的探讨AFP、CEA、CA199联检对原发性肝癌的诊断价值。方法均采用化学发光法，测定40例原发性肝癌患者和50例健康对照组的血清AFP、CEA、CA199水平。结果原发性肝癌组血清AFP、CEA、CA199水平明显高于健康对照组（P〈0.01）。原发性肝癌组血清AFP、CEA、CA199单独检测时的敏感性分别为67.5％、27.5％和50％，联合检测AFP和CEA或CA199可使检测的敏感性提高到85.0％和90.0％，三者联合检测敏感性达95％，对血清AFP阴性的标本，CA199、CEA敏感性分别为53.8％、23.1％。结论AFP、CEA、CA199联检可以大大提高原发性肝癌尤其是AFP阴性的诊断率。同时加强护理尤为重要。     

胸苷激酶1对恶性肿瘤的早期诊断价值

目的探讨胸苷激酶1（thymidine kinase1,TK1）在恶性肿瘤早期诊断中的价值。方法选择健康体检组465例、对照组43例、良性增生组39例、恶性肿瘤组37例、癌前病变组34例作为受试对象．采用点印迹免疫酶化学发光法检测TK1水平,采用微粒子发光法检测传统肿瘤标志物CEA、AFP、CA199、CA153、CA125水平,并进行统计学分析。结果各组间血清TK1、CEA、AFP、CA199、CA153、CA125检测水平差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。对照组与恶性肿瘤组比较,各指标检测水平差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.01）,与良性增生组比较,各指标检测水平差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）,与癌前病变组比较,除TK1（P〈0．01）外,其余各指标检测水平差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）;恶性肿瘤组分别与良性增生组及癌前病变组比较,各指标检测水平差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）,良性增生组与癌前病变组比较,除TK1（P〈0．01）外,其余各指标检测水平差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。受试者工作特征曲线分析,TK1对于恶性肿瘤的诊断敏感度为93．1％,特异性为73.3％,曲线下面积为0．90;465例健康体检者中早期发现恶性肿瘤2例,均尚无临床症状及影像学改变。结论血清TK1检测对于恶性肿瘤的早期诊断具有重要诊断价值。     

子宫肌腺症和子宫内膜异位症患者血清CA125检测的临床意义

目的探讨血清糖类抗原（CA）125在子宫肌腺症和子宫内膜异位症中的临床价值。方法用化学发光免疫分析法检测子宫肌腺症、子宫内膜异位症、子宫肌瘤、卵巢囊肿患者及健康对照者血清CA125的水平，部分子宫肌腺症和子宫内膜异位症患者治疗后复测。结果子宫肌腺症和子宫内膜异位症组血清CA125水平[（69．5±32．0）IU／mL和（52．3±8．4）IU／mL]较子宫肌瘤组[（38．2±27．1）IU／mL]、卵巢囊肿组[（29．8±21．0）IU／mL]及健康对照组[（26．0±8．1）IU／mL]显著增高，差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）；子宫肌瘤或卵巢囊肿患者血清CA125水平与健康对照组差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。子宫肌腺症和子宫内膜异位症组治疗后血清CA125水平均较治疗前明显下降（P均〈0．01）。结论结合患者体征及影像学检查，血清CA125可作为子宫肌腺症与子宫肌瘤、子宫内膜异位症与卵巢囊肿鉴别诊断以及疗效评价的指标。     

血清肿瘤标志物检测诊断消化系统肿瘤的价值

目的探讨血清肿瘤标志物检测在消化系统肿瘤诊断中的价值。方法 692例消化系统疾病患者中恶性肿瘤204例（恶性组）、良性消化系统疾病488例（良性组）,应用化学发光法检测2组患者血清癌胚抗原（CEA）、甲胎蛋白（AFP）、糖类抗原153（CA153）、糖类抗原199（CA199）、糖类抗原125（CA125）水平。结果胃癌、食管癌、结直肠癌CEA的阳性率为52.8%,胰腺癌CA199阳性率为93.1%,肝癌AFP阳性率为89.5%。恶性组CEA、CA199、CA125均高于良性组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;肝癌、胃癌、食管癌和胰腺癌患者CA153高于良性组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;肝癌患者AFP明显高于其他疾病患者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 CEA、AFP、CA153、CA125、CA199可作为消化系统恶性肿瘤的诊断指标,联合检测可提高诊断的敏感性。     

血清AFP，CEA，CA199，SF联合检测对肝脏癌变的诊断价值

目的：应用化学发光标记免疫法联合检测四项肿瘤标志物对肝脏疾病的癌变诊断价值。方法：以化学发光标记免疫法对肝癌组40例，肝硬化组20例，肝炎组20例及正常对照组20例的血清甲胎蛋白（AFP），癌胚抗原（CEA），CA199和铁蛋白（SF）进行联合检测。结果：肝癌组AFP，CEA，SF，肝硬化组AFP，SF相应指标与正常对照组相应指标比较，均具有非常显差异或显差异（P＜0．01或PL＜0．05），但肝炎组无显差异（P＞0．05），同时血清CEA，CA199，SF联合检测对原发性肝 与转移性肝癌有显差异，结论：应用多项指标联合检测地肝脏疾病的癌变（尤其是原发性肝癌）的检出率可达95％以上，同时对原发性肝癌与转移性肝癌有很好的鉴别作用。     

血清肿瘤标志物检测在盆腔良恶性妇科肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断中的意义

目的探讨血清肿瘤标志物检测在盆腔良恶性妇科肿瘤诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。方法对108例健康女性、96例妇科良性肿瘤患者和60例妇科恶性肿瘤患者采用微粒子化学发光分析,检测癌胚抗原（CEA ）、甲胎蛋白（AFP）、糖类抗原（CA）125、CA153和CA199浓度,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果恶性肿瘤组CA125、CA199、CA153浓度明显高于健康对照组和良性肿瘤组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．01）,良性肿瘤组CA125、CA199浓度高于健康对照组,其中CA199差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。CEA、AFP在3组中浓度差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。CA125、CA199在良、恶性妇科肿瘤中均有较高的阳性率。结论联合检测CA125、CA199、CA153浓度有助于良、恶性妇科肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.