上好综合实践活动课的点滴体会

综合实践活动课近年来在国家颁布《基础教育改革纲要》中明确规定为小学到高中的必修课程，是我国新一轮课程改革的一项重要举措，因为综合实践活动课是一门基于学生直接经验，密切联系学生自身生活和社会生活，体现对知识综合运用，强调学生通过实践增强探究和创新意识的能力和方法为宗旨所在的课程，而我有幸成为了这一学科的专职教师，同时也为我的教学生涯提出了新挑战。起初在教学中，很多学生认为综合实践活动课没有直接的学习成果，因此开展起来很困难。那么，如何焕发小学综合实践活动课的生机呢？我在几年的教学实践中有以下几点体会。     

病毒性肝炎糖代谢、C肽及生长抑素变化的临床意义

[目的]阐明病毒性肝炎及肝硬化患者胰岛β细胞功能及糖代谢状况.[方法]在基础状态下同时测定了血糖(GS)、胰岛素(INS)、C肽(CP)、皮质醇(F)、生长激素(GH)、生长抑素(SS)和胰岛素血糖素(GN),并分别作了静脉法糖耐量试验(ivGTT)和胰岛素、C肽释放试验(IRT、CPRT).血糖用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测,其他内分泌激素皆用放免法检测.[结果]75例中17例糖耐量减退,其中慢性肝炎(CH)组2例,代偿性肝炎肝硬变(HLC-I)组5例,失代偿性肝炎肝硬变(HLI-H)组10例,急性肝炎(AH)组无.凡糖耐量正常(NGT)者基础血糖、胰岛素、C肽均在正常范围,但其中大多数度患者胰岛素、C肽释放曲线低平,峰值低于对照组;糖耐量减退(IGT)者空腹血糖、胰岛素大多升高,C肽大多正常,但胰岛素、C肽释放曲线以及胰岛素释放指数比NGT组还要低.各族血浆皮质醇基本正常,仅少数病情较重的CH和失代偿性HLC患者稍高于正常水平.约1/4的患者血浆生长激素(GH)升高,3/4的患者血浆胰岛素(GN)升高.5例肝硬变患者服心得安以后血栓/胰岛素比值显著下降.[结论]糖耐量减退在慢性肝炎特别是肝硬变患者中相当常见.其发病机制与肝功能减退、胰岛β细胞受损、胰高血糖等生糖激素增加、周胰岛素抵抗等因素有关.心得安治疗可提高胰岛素的敏感性.     

台湾发现首例屈公热境外移入病例

2006年11月23日,疾病管制局证实首例屈公热境外移入病例。该个案为13岁学生,2005年起在新加坡求学,2006年11月19日出现发热症状,11月20日在桃园机场入境时,过红外线测体温仪侦测有体温过高现象,经采血检验确定为屈公热。屈公热(chikungunya fever)是感染屈公病毒(chikungunyavi     

浅谈颈椎病患者的体疗保健法

1 颈椎病的致病原因 长时间的伏案工作、操作电脑等,会造成供应脊髓、椎骨和相关肌肉氧气和养料的血管受到压迫,导致头部的血液、组织液代谢受阻,长时间保持紧张状态,也会损伤肌肉、肌腱及腱膜受损.     

食品安全与食品安全恐怖

买肉类怕有"疯牛病"和病死猪,买鸡鸭鱼类怕有"禽流感"和含激素,买果蔬担心"转基因"和农药残留,买米面怕用了抛光矿物油和掺有增白剂……媒体曝光的新闻几乎涉及人们需要吃的各种食物……     

不让O157往事重现

1996年夏秋季节,此起彼伏的食物中毒吓坏了东洋人。在短短两个多月的时间内,就有1万多人中毒,12人死亡。元凶是一种肠道病原菌,全名叫O157:H7肠出血性大肠杆菌,简称“O157”。病菌通过食物和饮水     

应对孕期三大棘手问题

70%以上的准妈妈,孕期会遭遇痔疮的烦恼;几乎是所有的准妈妈在孕期前3个月或轻或重都会产生恶心呕吐的状况,严重的甚至会持续更长时间;一旦怀孕后,准妈妈常常有昏昏欲睡的感觉,很容易疲惫。痔疮、疲劳、孕吐,是准妈妈孕期非常棘手的三大问题,让孕妈妈想说轻松不容易。     

产褥感染

产褥期是产妇体质恢复和新生儿开始独立生活的阶段。产妇分娩时经历了较大的精力和体力消耗,抵抗力有所减弱,加上妊娠期疾病和分娩损伤的影响,体质更差。这期间,产妇不仅要适应全身各系统所发生的明显变化,还要担负起哺育婴儿的重任,若不注意,容易发生产后并发症,影响正常康复,甚至危及生命。有资料显示,孕产妇死亡多数发生于产褥期。很多人重视妊娠期保健,却忽视产褥期保健。其实,虽然分娩已经结束了妊娠期,但是随之而来的产褥期仍是妇女保健的重要一环。本刊特组织产褥期常见问题的专题笔谈,以飨读者。     

夏季清补四宜

宜以清为补:夏季气温高,人体喜凉,应以清补为宜,进食寒凉食物为主,如大麦、小麦、绿豆、百合、黄瓜、菠菜、白菜、豆芽菜、芹菜、水萝卜、竹笋、茄子、荸荠、兔肉、鸭肉、羊肝、牛乳、鸡蛋及新鲜水果;多吃凉拌菜、成鸭蛋、成鸡蛋、松花蛋、豆制品、芝麻酱等.     

Effects of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in diluents on cryopreserved bull epididymal sperm

Objective:To evaluate the supplementation effects of vitamin E,vitamin C,superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase to diluents on bull cryopreserved epididymal sperm.Methods:Sperm were retrieved from 20 bull testes and were then supplemented with 0.1 mM vitamin E,5.0 mM vitamin C,100.0 IU/mL SOD,and 100.0μg/mL catalase alone,or in a combination.The control treatment contained no addition.After supplementation,samples were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen.The sperm parameters including motility,progressive motility,viability,acrosome integrity,plasma membrane integrity,kinematics and DNA damage were evaluated following the thawing process.Results:Vitamin E alone significantly increased the parameters of acrosome and membrane integrity compared to the control treatment(P<0.05).While compared to the control treatment,vitamin C had no improvement effect on sperm characteristics except for membrane integrity.Treatment of vitamin E+vitamin C had a significant improvement in total motility,progressive motility,viability,membrane and acrosome integrity compared to the control and other treatments(P<0.05).Compared to the control treatment,addition of SOD or catalase alone significantly improved the percentages of total motility,progressive motility,viability,membrane and acrosome integrity(P<0.05).Furthermore,SOD+catalase significantly increased total motility,progressive motility,viability,acrosome and membrane integrity characteristics compared to the catalase treatment(P<0.05).Vitamin E alone,vitamin E+vitamin C,and SOD in diluents decreased DNA damages and thereby improved the rate of intact sperm heads.Conclusions:Addition of 100.0 IU/mL SOD alone and 0.1 mM vitamin E+5.0 mM vitamin C,and also 5.0 mM vitamin C+100μg/mL catalase in a combination improves the quality of cryopreserved bull epididymal sperm and could be used for cryopreservation.     

Influence of dietary carbohydrates upon the metabolism of lipids and minerals in rabbits

Rabbits were fed purified diets containing either corn starch, sucrose, glucose or fructose as 39.5% of the caloric content, or were fed a commercial diet. At the end of the 12-week trial period, glucose tolerance tests did not reveal a difference by treatment, and males had a lower tolerance than females. The serum cholesterol concentrations of the various density lipoproteins varied by treatment as determined weekly; often the HDL cholesterol was higher in the rabbits fed corn starch, and the VLDL cholesterol was higher in the rabbits fed corn fructose. Cholelithiasis at the end of the trial was prevalent in rabbits fed sucrose, glucose or fructose, was infrequent in the rabbits fed corn starch, and was absent in the rabbits fed the commercial diet. Lipid and cholesterol concentrations in the liver were greater in the rabbits fed the purified diets than in those fed the commercial diet. Cholesterol concentration in the thoracic aorta was greater in the rabbits fed the commercial diet than in those fed the purified diet. Analyses of liver and kidneys for Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn revealed treatment differences only in the case of the kidneys where Cr concentration was greater in the kidneys when the commercial diet was fed.     

Intérêts et limites du Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) en faveur de l’éducation nutritionnelle: Enquête d’opinion auprès de patients diabétiques de type 2 et de type 1

A survey among 104 type 2 and 81 type 1 diabetic patients has explored their opinions on two major national educationnal programs on nutrition launched by the french health authorities: the “Program National Nutrition Santé” (PNNS1) (2001-2005) and the PNNS2 (2006-2010). The majority of the patients has acquired knowledge on the PNNS through the media and at the care setting level. The messages they have the best recorded concern the daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and the obesity. On the other hand, they know nothing on the printed educationnal guides distributed by the PNNS, nor on the local PNNS initiatives. If the half of the type 2 diabetic patients considers that the PNNS helps them to carry out food choices, a little number of patients estimates that PNNS plays an important role in preventing nutritionnal problems among the young people. Few patients considers also that the food industries may have a possible “perverse” influence on the food consumption and eating behaviors. The half of the type 2 diabetics is in favor of alternatives ways to the hospital-based therapeutic patient education programs, for example programs organized by the Health Social Insurance or by Mutual insurance companies, while respecting criteria of quality. Lastly, the majority of the patients estimates that, due to their own experience, they have a role to play in the nutritional education.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

在多基因PCR中对dNTP与Mg^2＋的浓度关系的研究

目的　通过实验介绍在单一浓度下的Mg2 与在不同浓度情况下的dNTP及在单一浓度下的dNTP与在不同浓度下的Mg2 进行多基因PCR的反应过程。方法　通过多基因PCR分析比较Mg2 和dNTP在不同浓度下的反应结果。结果　PCR反应在 10×PCRBuffer为 0 0 2mol/LMg2 浓度时 ,随着dNTP浓度的增大 ,PCR反应增强 ,特别是较大片段PCR产物反映更为明显。但随着dNTP浓度的继续增大 ,PCR反应抑制 ,扩增条带度减弱 ,直至条带完全消失。而在0 0 0 2mmol/LdNTP浓度下 ,随着Mg2 浓度的不断增大 ,反应逐渐增强。但随着Mg2 浓度的继续增大 ,扩增条带亮度有减弱趋势。结论　在Mg2 单一浓度下 ,较大浓度dNTP有增强条带亮度的作用 ;在dNTP单一浓度下 ,过高的Mg2 浓度能抑制反应。     

Polluants environnementaux et troubles de la reproduction masculine : les phtalates au cœur du débat

Two major functions are assumed by the testis: the production of male gametes (i.e. spermatozoa), and the production of steroid hormones. Those two functions are established during fetal life and are essentials for the adult fertility and the masculinization of the internal tract and genitalia. For many years, our laboratory has been interested in the ontogeny of those two functions in rodents and since 2003, in collaboration with Gynecology and Obstetrics service of Professor R. Frydman in A. Béclère hospital, we have studied them in human. The first aim of this work was to improve the global knowledge of the human fetal testis development by using both our experimental data and the literature. Then we focused on the different defects that can occur during the fetal testis development. Indeed, male reproductive abnormalities have been steadily increasing since the last decades and are thought to be related to the concomitant increase of the concentration of contaminants and particularly of endocrine disruptors in the environment. Thus, we decided to study the effect of endocrine disruptors on human fetal testis, and more particularly the effect of phthalates, by using an organ culture system developed for human. In contrast to the data obtained in rat, mono (ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP), an active metabolite of the most widespread phthalate in the environment, does not disturb the steroidogenic function. On the other hand, it has a negative effect on the male germ cells number. This study is the first experimental demonstration of a negative effect of phthalates directly on human reproductive functions. Using a molecular approach, our aim is now to understand the mechanisms of phthalate's action.     

Place du diététicien dans l’équipe de soutien nutritionnel : évolution d’une profession

Recognised 30 years ago, hospital nutritional depletion remains a major problem of public health which concerns from 30% to 50% of all patients at admission. The circular DHOS/E 1 n? 2002-186 of the 29 March 2002, recommending the implementation of both the committee for food-nutrition (CLAN: Comité de Liaison Alimentation Nutrition) and the nutrition support team within the hospital, is the result of 10 years effort in regard to food-nutrition and the accreditation process in health care. The dietician, previously accountable for the quality of food and dietary services, has now the opportunity to play a leading role within the nutritional care team for the screening and treatment of nutritional depletion. However, the initial training and the present status of the dietician don’t allow him to follow this evolution effectively. Updating of his training and the redefinition of his missions seem indispensable to respond to today's health care needs. This will help to ensure that above legal recommendation can be applied.     

Lead exposure in the lead-acid storage battery manufacturing and PVC compounding industries

This study was conducted as part of the Human Exposure Assessment Location (HEAL) Project which comes under the United Nations Environment Programme/World Health Organisation (UNEP/WHO) Global environmental Monitoring System (GEMS). The objective of the study was to evaluate workers' exposure to lead in industries with the highest exposure. All subjects were interviewed about their occupational and smoking histories, the use of personal protective equipment and personal hygiene. The contribution of a dietary source of lead intake from specified foods known to contain lead locally and personal air sampling for lead were assessed. A total of 61 workers from two PVC compounding and 50 workers from two lead acid battery manufacturing plants were studied together with 111 matched controls. In the PVC compounding plants the mean lead-in-air level was 0.0357 mg/m3, with the highest levels occurring during the pouring and mixing operations. This was lower than the mean lead-in-air level of 0.0886 mg/m3 in the lead battery manufacturing plants where the highest exposure was in the loading of lead ingots into milling machines. Workers in lead battery manufacturing had significantly higher mean blood lead than the PVC workers (means, 32.51 and 23.91 mcg/100 ml respectively), but there was poor correlation with lead-in-air levels. Among the lead workers, the Malays had significantly higher blood lead levels than the Chinese (mean blood levels were 33.03 and 25.35 mcg/100 ml respectively) although there was no significant difference between the two ethnic groups in the control group. There were no significant differences between the exposed and control group in terms of dietary intake of specified local foods known to contain lead. However, Malays consumed significantly more fish than the Chinese did. There were no ethnic differences in the hours of overtime work, number of years of exposure, usage of gloves and respirators and smoking habits. Among the Malays, 94.3% eat with their hands compared with 9.2% of the Chinese. Workers who ate with bare hands at least once a week had higher blood lead levels after adjusting for lead-in-air levels (mean blood lead was 30.2 and 26.4 mcg/100 ml respectively). The study indicated that the higher blood lead levels observed in the Malay workers might have been due to their higher exposure and eating with bare hands.     

An Outbreak of Pruritic Skin Lesions in a Group of Laboratory Workers A Case Report

In May 1993, an outbreak of pruritic skin lesions occurred amonga group of employees located in tour laboratories in the basementof an office building. Medical interviews with the affectedworkers were performed and an industrial hygiene survey of thesite was conducted. Workers commonly reported a prickling sensationon exposed skin. Four of the workers had small (<5mm) erythematouspapules on their forearms. Just prior to the outbreak, the installationof fibrous glass insulation had commenced in the mechanicalrooms which provided air to the basement of the building. Becauseof the nature of the symptoms and the temporal relationshipwith the nearby insulation work, direct skin contact with fibrousglass fibres was thought to be the cause of the outbreak. Thepoorly maintained air handling unit supplying air to the laboratoriesprobably contributed to this outbreak by inefficient filteringof the circulating air.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.