维药胡萝卜子质量标准研究

目的:建立维药胡萝卜子的质量控制标准,为其临床安全、可控应用提供科学依据。方法:于不同产地采集10批胡萝卜子样品,对其原植物进行鉴定,对其性状进行鉴别,对粉末进行显微鉴别;测定10批胡萝卜子药材的杂质、水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物;测定10批胡萝卜子药材的挥发油含量。结果:对胡萝卜子药材的来源、性状进行了描述,对粉末显微进行了鉴别;检查项中暂定胡萝卜子药材杂质不得过3.0%,水分不得过11.0%,总灰分不得过21.0%,酸不溶性灰分不得过6.0%,浸出物不得少于5%;根据挥发油测定结果暂定本品挥发油含量不得少于0.50%(mL/g)。结论:所制定胡萝卜子药材的质量控制标准可用于评价胡萝卜子药材的质量。     

维药芜菁子质量综合评价研究

目的:探讨维药芜菁子性状、显微和化学成分的特征,为制定其质量标准提供依据。方法:对不同产地10批药材,采用显微照相技术观察显微特征,根据《中国药典》标准方法检测水分、灰分、杂质、酸不溶物、浸出物含量,利用气相色谱-质谱联用分析油脂的化学组成。结果:可以作为显微鉴定的特征有子叶、栅状细胞、非腺毛和内胚乳,粉末特征有栅状细胞、子叶细胞和非腺毛;提出了药材水分不得多于6%、杂质不得多于4.5%、总灰分不得多于6%、酸不溶性灰分不得多于0.7%、水溶性浸出物不得少于11%的参考范围;油脂成分主要含芥酸、油酸、γ-谷甾醇。结论:实验方法准确可靠,以上检测指标和参数可以作为制定芜菁子质量标准的依据。     

维药洋葱子质量标准研究

目的:建立维药洋葱子的质量控制标准。方法:于不同产地采集10批洋葱子样品,对其原植物进行鉴定,对其性状进行鉴别;对其粉末进行显微鉴别;以β-谷甾醇为对照品对洋葱子药材进行薄层色谱鉴别;按照《中国药典》2010年版(一部)附录测定10批洋葱子药材的杂质、水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、过氧化值、浸出物;按照《中国药典》2010年版(一部)附录测定10批洋葱子药材的脂肪油含量。结果:对洋葱子药材的来源、性状进行了描述,对粉末显微进行了鉴别;以环己烷-乙醚-乙酸乙酯(20:5.5:2.5)为展开剂,对洋葱子中β-谷甾醇进行薄层色谱鉴别;检查项中暂定洋葱子药材杂质不得过1.4%,水分不得过10.0%,总灰分不得过12.0%,酸不溶性灰分不得过6.50%,过氧化值不得超过0.13;浸出物不得少于10.00%;根据脂肪油测定结果暂定本品脂肪油含量不得少于9.0%。结论:所制定洋葱子药材的质量控制标准可用于评价洋葱子药材的质量。     

维吾尔族药牛至药材质量标准

目的:建立牛至药材的质量控制标准,为其药用植物资源的开发利用提供科学依据。方法:于不同产地采集10批牛至样品,对牛至原植物进行鉴定,对其性状进行描述。按照2010年版《中国药典》(一部)附录对牛至的杂质、水分、灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物进行测定;进行生药学、薄层色谱定性鉴别,建立牛至中迷迭香酸含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定方法。结果:牛至药材杂质不得超过2.0%,水分不得超过10.0%,灰分不得超过10.0%,酸不溶性灰分不得超过2.5%,醇溶性浸出物不得低于19.0%,迷迭香酸的含量不低于0.9%。结论:该实验方法准确可靠,以上检测指标和参数可作为制定牛至质量标准的参考依据,为开发利用该药材提供依据。     

维药新塔花药材质量研究

目的:建立新塔花药材的质量控制标准。方法:于不同产地采集6批新塔花样品,对新塔花原植物进行鉴定,并对其性状进行描述;对新塔花的茎、叶、粉末进行显微鉴别;以胡薄荷酮对照品对新塔花药材进行薄层鉴别;测定6批新塔花药材的水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分;对新塔花挥发油测定方法进行考察,并测定6批新塔花药材的挥发油含量;采用HPLC法对新塔花药材中胡薄荷酮含量进行测定。结果:对新塔花药材的来源、性状、显微鉴别进行了描述,制订了新塔花中胡薄荷酮的薄层色谱鉴别方法;检查项中暂订新塔花药材水分不得过9%,总灰分不得过10%,酸不溶性灰分不得过2%。确定了新塔花中挥发油和胡薄荷酮含量测定方法,并根据测定结果暂订本品含挥发油含量不得少于0.60%(mL/g),含胡薄荷酮不得少于0.30%。结论:通过研究制定了新塔花药材的质量控制标准,为药用植物资源的开发利用提供科学依据。     

用高效离子交换色谱法分析使君子药材中胡芦巴碱成分

目的 :运用高效离子交换色谱法测定使君子药材中胡芦巴碱成分的含量。方法 :色谱柱为SpherisorbSCX(4.6mm× 150mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为 2 0mmol·L^-1磷酸盐溶液 (2 0mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠溶液用 20mmol·L^-1磷酸溶液调节pH至 3.2 ) ,检测波长 265nm ,流速 1.0mL·min^-1,柱温 25℃。结果 :选用SCX柱 ,使君子药材中胡芦巴碱成分可得到较好分离 ,胡芦巴碱进样量在 0 .059 6～ 1.788μg呈良好线性关系 ,方法平均回收率为 99.4 % (n =6 )。实验另发现使君子果皮中不含胡芦巴碱成分。结论 :本方法的建立可用于控制使君子药材的质量。     

壮药海南茄质量标准初步研究

目的:对海南茄药材质量标准进行初步研究。方法:对海南茄进行化学成分预试验和薄层色谱鉴别研究,并按2015年版《中华人民共和国药典》(四部)方法对海南茄的水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、醇溶性浸出物含量进行测定。结果:初步明确了海南茄化学成分类型并建立薄层色谱鉴别方法,确定海南茄药材水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物限量,初步拟定海南茄药材水分不得超过15.0%,总灰分不得超过9.0%,酸不溶性灰分不得超过1.0%,醇溶性浸出物不得少于2.5%。结论:所建立的方法可为海南茄药材质量标准的制定提供实验依据。     

民族药西瓜子质量标准研究

目的:对民族药西瓜子的质量进行研究,为其临床安全、可控应用提供科学依据。方法:采集不同产地的10批西瓜子样品,对原植物和性状进行鉴定;对粉末进行显微鉴别;测定10批西瓜子药材的杂质、水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物;测定10批西瓜子药材的脂肪油含量。结果:对西瓜子药材的来源、性状进行描述,对药材粉末进行显微鉴别;暂定芝麻菜子药材杂质不得过0.4%,水分不得过8.0%,总灰分不得过6.0%,酸不溶性灰分不得过1.8%,浸出物不得少于9%;暂定本品脂肪油含量不得少于38.0%。结论:所制定西瓜子药材的质量控制标准可用于评价西瓜子药材的质量。     

壮药赪桐质量标准初步研究

目的:对赪桐药材质量标准进行初步研究。方法:按2010年版《中华人民共和国药典》附录方法对赪桐的水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物进行测定,并对赪桐进行薄层色谱鉴别。结果:初步拟定赪桐药材水分不得超过9%、总灰分不得超过9%、酸不溶性灰分不得超过0.5%、浸出物不得少于16.0%,并建立薄层色谱鉴别方法。结论:建立的方法可为赪桐药材质量标准的制定提供实验依据。     

川麦冬药材的等级评价标准分析

目的:通过对川麦冬药材多种质控指标的检测和分析,探索该药材性状与内在质量之间的关联性,为川麦冬药材等级标准的制定提供参考。方法:对28批不同等级川麦冬药材(一等品、二等品、三等品和统货)开展性状检查、显微和薄层鉴别、水分、灰分、酸不溶性灰分、二氧化硫残留量、重金属和有害元素残留量、多效唑残留量、水溶性浸出物、总皂苷含量及3种主要成分(麦冬皂苷D,甲基麦冬黄烷酮A,甲基麦冬黄烷酮B)含量测定,分析各项指标与川麦冬药材等级之间的相关性。结果:川麦冬药材在性状、显微特征和薄层色谱方面均具有专属性特征,川麦冬药材的杂质、水分、灰分、酸不溶性灰分和水溶性浸出物在不同等级之间存在一定差异性。川麦冬一等品每50 g药材含80～120粒,水分11. 1%～14. 9%,灰分1. 6%～2. 1%,酸不溶性灰分0. 03%～0. 14%,水溶性浸出物77. 0%～86. 5%;二等品每50 g药材含120～160粒,水分13. 1%～14. 2%,灰分1. 3%～2. 2%,酸不溶性灰分0. 06%～0. 22%,水溶性浸出物75. 9%～83. 3%;三等品每50 g药材含160～300粒,杂质0. 2%～8. 4%,水分12. 6%～14. 0%,灰分1. 2%～1. 5%,酸不溶性灰分0. 06%～0. 22%,水溶性浸出物74. 0%～86. 5%;统货每50 g药材含80～300粒,杂质1. 2%～22. 6%,水分13. 0%～15. 4%,灰分1. 4%～2. 0%,酸不溶性灰分0. 03%～0. 15%,水溶性浸出物79. 8%～85. 2%。结论:川麦冬药材以每50 g所含粒数等外观性状并结合杂质、浸出物等内在指标进行等级划分具有一定合理性和可行性,可作为川麦冬药材等级标准的参考。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。