Plasma shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones in vitro. Animal experiments and clinical application.

It is sometimes very difficult to extract a huge impacted stone through the T-tube fistulous tract by conventional techniques with choledochoscope. To simplify the procedure, a lithotriptor PSW-G type using plasma shock wave to disintegrate the stone was designed. The efficacy to fragmentate stone was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Stones can be shattered into pieces less than 3 mm in diameter in about 30 times of spark with lower energy ranging from 1.7-3.4 kV and 1-3 J. Animal experiments were carried out to prove the safety of the lithotriptor. There was neither interference with the cardiovascular and respiratory systems nor obvious damage to the adjacent tissue where plasma shock wave applied to break stones. Six patients with retained calculi impacted both in extra- and intra-hepatic duct were successfully treated by plasma shock wave lithotripsy. It appears very useful in dealing with a huge impacted stone in the biliary tract.

     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Experience in treating 245 patients with gallbladder stones.

An EDAP LT-01 lithotripter was used to treat 245 patients with functioning gallbladders containing one to three radiolucent stones of less than 20 mm in diameter. Ursodeoxycholic acid was administrated as adjuvant litholytic therapy. The gallbladder stones disintegrated in 98.8% of patients and disappeared completely in 21.2% within 1 month after lithotripsy, in 26.5% within 2 months, in 33.9, 40, 46.5, 48.6 and 53.9% within 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively. Adverse effects after lithotripsy were dull abdominal pain (49.4%), biliary colic (13.1%), jaundice (1.2%), and pancreatitis (0.4%). Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy combined with litholytic therapy is a non-invasive, painless, safe, and effective treatment in selected patients. Patients with solitary radiolucent stone less than 20 mm in diameter are considered candidates for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). The key to success of ESWL lies in the strict selection of patients, careful monitoring throughout the lithotriptic procedure, and enough litholytic therapy. The disadvantages of this method include strict selection of patients and high costs, poor curative effect, and recurrence of stones (11.4% of patients).

     

Vicissitude of management of ureteral stones.

Following the use of rigid ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URS) in 1984 and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 1987, the treatment for ureteral stones has undergone significant changes. Our experience showed that the successful rate of URS for 132 patients was 89.4% and for the upper third was rather low, percutaneous antegrade URS should be considered. 376 patients treated with ESWL in prone position with a successful rate of 96.8%. The applicability of open surgery was reduced to 17.8% in 1987 and 14.5% in 1988.

     

Therapeutic effects of potassium sodium hydrogen citrate on melamine-induced urinary calculi in China

Background In 2008, a sharp increase of the number of children diagnosed with urinary calculi was observed in China, 9433 children were diagnosed as having melamine-induced urinary calculi at outpatient clinic in Beijing Children＇s Hospital. This study examined the therapeutic efficacy of potassium sodium hydrogen citrate （PSHC） used to treat melamine-induced urinary stones in Chinese children who consumed melamine-containing infant formula. Methods Seventy-two infants and children （average age （18.2±7.7） months） who were diagnosed with urinary calculi were icuidomly divided into three treatment groups using the SAS Plan program. Group 1 was given a low dose （1 g/d） of PSHC, group 2 was given high dose of PSHC （2 g/d） and group 3 was given no PSHC （control group）. The dose of drug was adjusted according to the baseline urinary pH. This study analyzed the influence of the dose of PSHC, the age of patients, stone size and position, and urinary pH on the level of efficacy of PSHC （cured, effectively treated or not cured）.Results After 1-6 months of therapy, 19 patients from group 1, five patients from group 2 and six patients from group 3 were cured. Five patients from group 1, five patients from group 2 and four patients from group 3 were effectively treated. There were significant differences in therapeutic efficacy between the two treatment doses after 3 and 6 months as measured by the increase in the successful expulsion rate and time of melamine-induced urinary calculi. After 6 months the mean time of expulsion of urinary calculi in groups 1 and 2 was significantly shorter than in the control group. Conclusions PSHC can significantly increase the successful expulsion rate and time of melamine-induced urinary calculi. The therapeutic efficacy is affected by PSHC dose, treatment duration, calculi position, and urinary pH. There is no relationship between the therapeutic efficacy and the stone size or patient age.     

Piezo-electric lithotripter in the treatment of pediatric renal calculi.

EDAP LT-01 lithotripter was used to treat 23 stone events in 17 pediatric patients. The mean age of the patients at treatment was 7.2 years, the youngest being 18 months. The mean stone size was 1.22 cm. Thirty-six sessions of extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment were necessary for the 23 stones. The focal point pressure power was 60-100% (540-900 Bar), the treating period 0.5-1 hour and the frequency 1.25-2.5 Hz. The patients were stone free in 2 months. IVU or ultrasonography showed that there was no renal dysfunction and retardation of renal growth after ESWL. Appropriate ESWL monotherapy in pediatric patients may produce results comparable to those in adults. Factors known to affect treatment results in adults also influence the results in children and should be considered in terms of the applicability of ESWL to any particular pediatric patient.

     

微创治疗输尿管结石3种不同方法比较（附326例报告）

目的 比较体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)、输尿管镜碎石(URL)、经皮肾镜碎石术(PCNL)治疗输尿管结石疗效及优缺点.方法 回顾分析2006年1月至2008年10月分别采用ESWL、URL、PCNL术治疗输尿管结石326例的临床资料.结果 三种方法碎石成功率分别为78.5%(146/186),91.2%(93/102)和100%(38/38).ESWL组结石直径分别为0.5～0.99 cm,1.0～2.0 cm,>2.0 cm三组,碎石成功率分别为90.8%(89/98)、69.3%(52/75)、30.8%(5/13),3组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);URL组3例入镜困难,5例结石上移肾盂,1例结石残留,发生输尿管穿孔2例;PCNL组均1期建立经皮肾通道并碎石成功,结石清除率为100%,无气胸、腹腔脏器损伤等严重并发症发生.结论 ESWL最佳适应症是<1 cm输尿管结石;URL适合大多数输尿管结石,特别是中下段结石,入镜成功是碎石成功的前提,结石返肾是导致失败的主要原因;PCNL处理输尿管上段大的梗阻性结石有优势,特别是ESWL、URL失败病例.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the therapeutic effect of 3 minimally invasive approaches for ureteral calculi removal and analyze their respective advantages and limitations. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 326 patients receiving extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL),ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URL) or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL)for ureteral calculi.The clinical data including the stone-free rate and complications were analyzed. Results The stone free rate was 78.5%(146/186),91.2(93/102)and 100%(38/38)in the 3 groups,respectively.According to the stone size,the ESWL group were divided into 3 groups with stone sizes of0.5-1.0 cm,1.0-2.0 cm and beyond 2.0 cm,and the stone-free rates were 90.8%(89/98),69.3%(52/75),and 30.8%(5/13),respectively,showing significant difference between them(P<0.01).In URL group,surgical failure occurred in 9 cases,including 3 cases with difficult entry of the ureter,5 with stone displacement to the kidneys,and 1 with residual stones over 4 mm.In PCNL group,the percutaneous renal access was successfully established and immediate phase Ⅰ lithotripsy was performed in all the patients without severe complications recorded during nephrolithotripsy.Conclusion ESWL iS the best option for cases with stone smaller than 10 mm.URL suits most of ureteral calculus cases,but successful entrance of the ureterscope is a prerequisite and retrograde stone displacement is the primary reason for surgical failure.PCNL is effective in the management of complex upper ureteral stones,especially in cases of failed ESWL or ureteroscopy.     

PRIMARY IN SITU ESWL FOR THE TREATMENT OF URETERAL STONES

One hundred and sixty-six patients with 180 ureters suffering from symptomatic ureteral stones were treated with extracor poreal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL)in situ from The mean age of the 108 men and 58 women was 39.9 years(range 20～77).Stone size varied between 6mm and 25mm in maximal dimension. Of the stones 88% were less than 20mm. There were 83(46%)upper, 16(9%)mid and 81(45%) lower ureteral stones. All patients were treated first by in situ ESWL without anesthesia. Of the treatments 78.8% were provided on an outpatient basis. All stones were treaed on a Meizhi JT-3 Lithotripter(home made), receiving a mean of 2022 shock waves at a mean voltage of 11.3KV per treatment. The number of treatments required per stone was directly related to the stone size. Mean numbet of ESWL sessions was 1.     

Dissolution of ureteral uric acid calculi with local litholytic irrigation

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of local litholytic irrigation (LII) in the treatment of ureteral uric acid calculi. Fourteen cases of ureteral uric acid calculi were diagnosed by abdominal plain radiography (KUB), retrograde urography, ultrasonography( B-mode ultrasound) spiral computerized tomography(CT) and blood biochemical examinations. A ureteral catheter was passed retrogradely across ureteral calculi by cystoscopy,LLI with tromethamine E(THAM-E) was performed via the ureteral catheter after the improvement of renal function and general situation and the control of urinary tract infection under the condition of intravenous application of antihiotics. The irrigation rate varied from 1000 to 1500 ml per day. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated complete dissolution of all the stones,13 cases within 10 days and I within I2 days. Mild hematuria was observed in the majority of the cases and temporary aggravated lumbago in 1 case, with no other side effects. It is concluded that LLI is a practical and effective method in the treatment of ureteral uric acid calculi for its advantages of shorter duration,lower cost,less physical suffering and no severe complications。     

Role of Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula in Clearance of Proximal Ureteral Calculi after Ureteroscopic Ho:YAG Laser Lithotripsy: A Prospective Randomized Study

Objective To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula in accelerating calculus clearance and improving lower urinary tract symptoms of patients with proximal ureteral calculi after ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy. Methods A total of 138 patients with proximal ureteral calculi underwent ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy by a single endocrinologist. Stone size varied from 10 to 15 mm. After operation, the patients were randomly divided into three groups: the control group(group A), tamsulosin group(group B), and Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula group(group C). The treatment lasted for 4 weeks or until stone clearance. The primary and secondary outcomes of the three groups at follow-up were assessed. Results Of the 131 patients available for follow-up, 44 cases were in the group A, 45 in the group B, and 42 in the group C, respectively. The stone free rate at 2 weeks in the groups B and C were significantly higher than that in the group A(95.56%, 97.62% vs. 79.55%; all P<0.05). The ureteral colic rate and mean time of fragment expulsion were significantly reduced in the groups B(4.44% and 7.86±4.99 days) and C(2.43% and 6.76±4.37 days) compared with the group A(22.73% and 11.54±9.89 days, all P<0.05). On the day of double-J ureteric stent removal, the group C differed significantly from the group A in the total International Prostate Symptom Score, irritative subscore, obstructive subscore, and quality of life score(all P<0.05). Conclusion Removing Stasis and Reducing Heat Formula in the medical expulsive therapy might be an effective modality for patients with calculus in the proximal uretera after ureteroscopic Ho:YAG laser lithotripsy.     

A survey of extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy in China.

Extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a significant advancement in the treatment of urolithiasis and has now been widely used clinically in China. It has showed satisfactory efficacy and been well accepted by both doctors and patients.     

体外冲击波碎石治疗肾及输尿管结石的疗效分析

目的 总结我院15年来体外冲击波碎石治疗肾及输尿管结石的经验及体会。方法 按美国食品与药品管理局(FDA)标准对肾结石进行分类，按输尿管结石部位分类及逆行插管，急诊体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)和手术发现，同时对肾结石的复发和ESWL与高血压的关系作一总结。结果 肾结石治疗成功率：A类为91．2％，B类为86．5％，C类为72．3％，输尿管结石治疗成功率为84．5％。逆行输尿管插管配合ESWL可提高治疗的成功率。1．1％的输尿管结石ESWL失败需外科手术治疗。肾结石复发率为6．1％，高血压发生率为7．9％。结论 体外冲击波碎石是肾及输尿管结石首选的治疗方法。     

合用阿托品输尿管逆行造影联合IVU定位行ESWL治疗输尿管阴性结石疗效观察

目的探讨合用阿托品输尿管逆行造影联合静脉肾盂造影(IVU)定位行体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗输尿管阴性结石的临床效果。方法对138例患者经B超、IVU、CT检查确诊输尿管阴性结石。采用IVU联合应用阿托品针、碘海醇针合剂经输尿管导管持续微泵泵入,行逆行造影(RGU)辅助,经X线定位后,明确结石的部位及大小后行ESWL治疗。留置输尿管导管综合排石治疗3～5天,观察临床碎石效果。结果本组138例患者经1次ESWL治疗后2～4周,121例(87.8%)完全排净;第2次ESWL治疗结石排净10例(7.2%);第3次ESWL治疗结石排净2例(1.4%);2例(1.4%)形成"石街",需行输尿管镜取石;无效3例(2.2%),行开放手术取石,证实结石有炎性肉芽包裹。结论合用阿托品输尿管逆行造影联合IVU定位行ESWL治疗输尿管阴性结石临床疗效确切,术后留置输尿管导管逆行灌注冲洗利于排石。     

ESWL与输尿管镜下碎石术治疗肾及输尿管上段结石疗效比较

目的 比较体外震波碎石（ESWL）与输尿管镜下碎石术（URSL）治疗肾及输尿管上段结石的疗效和不良反应.方法 选择2010年1月～2012年12月间951例肾及输尿管上段结石的患者,786例采用ESWL治疗,165例采用URL治疗,对两组患者的结石清除率、发热及血尿并发症等进行分析比较.结果 ESWL组结石清除率显著高于URL组（80.9% vs 55.8%,P＜0.01）;在发热及血尿并发症方面,ESWL组显著低于URL组.结论 体外冲击波碎石对于治疗肾及输尿管上段结石疗效明确.     

输尿管上段结石的三种处理方法及疗效分析

目的:探讨微创经皮肾镜碎石术(MPCNL)与经尿道输尿管镜碎石术(URL)以及体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗输尿管上段结石疗效。方法:对我院2006年3月至2011年7月收治的557例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中男318例,女239例;年龄18-74岁,平均年龄38.45±8.63岁。结果:各组手术时间有统计学差异(P=0.000),MPCNL组手术时间66.45±12.23 min最长,URL组35.60±8.96 min和ESWL组32.36±7.31 min较短,两组间无统计学差异(P=0.086);MPCNL术成功率97.79%(311/318),手术后1周内结石清除率88.42%(275/311),术后1-2个月复查结石清除率为97.10%(302/311);URL术成功率85.95%(153/178),URL手术后1周内结石清除率74.50%(114/153),术后1-2个月复查结石清除率为82.35%(126/153);ESWL术成功率83.72%(72/86),术后1周内结石清除率16.66%(12/72),术后1-2个月结石清除率为50.00%(36/72);术后血红蛋白下降值MPCNL显著高于其他两组(P=0.000,P=0.000),URL和ESWL无统计学差异(P=0.318)。结论:MPCNL治疗输尿管上段结石取石成功率高,结石残留率低,URL成功率较低,结石残留率高,ESWL创伤小,患者容易接受,但对于较大及复杂性结石疗效较差,MPCNL明显优于URL和ESWL,有条件医院应作为首选,对于位置偏低比较固定的输尿管上段结石可以考虑URL,对于单发结石(直径小于1.5cm),或多个小结石可以尝试ESWL。     

6种微创方法治疗598例输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的:分析输尿管镜碎石术（URL）、输尿管软镜碎石术（fURL）、URL+N-Trap、体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）、微创经皮肾镜取石术（mPCNL）和后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术（RLU）6种微创方法治疗输尿管上段结石的临床效果,以突出显示微创治疗输尿管上段结石的作用,为最佳微创治疗方法的选择提供参考。方法:对行URL 186例、fURL 39例,URL+N-Trap 149例、ESWL 131例,mPCNL 58例和RLU 35例输尿管上段结石病人的临床资料进行分析。结果:URL、fURL、URL+N-Trap、ESWL、mPCNL和RLU治疗输尿管上段结石碎石成功率分别为60.2%、92.3%、89.9%、93.9%、96.6%和97.1%。fURL、URL+N-Trap、ESWL、mPCNL和RLU对输尿管上段结石治疗成功率类似（P>0.05）,均明显高于URL （60.2%）（P<0.01）。但URL、fURL、URL+N-Trap、不适合结石下方输尿管呈N形弯曲或进镜困难者。ESWL对≤10 mm结石病人一次成功碎石率高于>10 mm结石病人（P<0.01）,但ESWL也不适合结石下方有息肉或狭窄者。结论:单用URL治疗输尿管上段结石碎石成功率低,可采用fURL或URL前预置N-Trap来提高碎石的成功率。各种微创手术治疗输尿管上段结石各有利弊,对微创方法治疗输尿管上段结石的选择应根据结石所在输尿管部位、结石大小、合并输尿管病变和具备输尿管镜辅助设备情况来决定。     

386例输尿管上段结石合并轻、中度肾积水的微创治疗方法比较

目的 比较体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)、输尿管镜碎石(URL)联合ESWL、微创经皮肾镜取石(MPCNL)治疗输尿管上段结石伴轻、中度肾积水的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年6月本院治疗的输尿管上段结石伴轻中度肾积水386例,其中ESWL 266例(ESWL1,结石直径不超过1 cm,166例;ESWL2...     

两种体位体外冲击波碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 通过比较同侧俯卧位、患侧倾斜仰卧位在体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗输尿管上段长径≥1.0 cm结石的疗效、安全性,探寻体外冲击波碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的有效体位。方法 收集30例输尿管上段结石患者,随机分为同侧俯卧位组、患侧倾斜仰卧位组两组,随访2周,统计这些患者碎石后24 h内疼痛VAS评分、2 d内的排石率,1、2周后结石排净率,碎石后并发症发生率,分析比较两种体位体外冲击波碎石治疗输尿管上段结石的有效性、安全性。结果 两组患者的性别、年龄、体重、结石左右侧、碎石冲击次数、结石长径差异无统计学意义。碎石后2组24 h内疼痛VAS评分、术后2天内排石率差异无统计学差异。但2组患者碎石后1周、2周结石排净率差异有统计学意义,2组患者碎石后血尿等并发症发生率差异有统计学意义。结论 ESWL治疗长径≥1.0 cm输尿管上段结石,患侧倾斜仰卧位术后并发症发生率少于同侧俯卧位,远期结石排净率高于同侧俯卧位,是一种有效、安全的治疗体位。     

2种体外冲击波碎石方法治疗输尿管结石108例对比分析

目的评价2种体外冲击波碎石方法治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效．方法回顾性分析2011年3月至2013年4月急性肾绞痛合并输尿管结石（结石直径〈2cm）患者108例．随机分2组其中A组69例行急诊输尿管插管定位尿路造影下体外冲击波碎石,B组39例急诊行体外冲击波碎石．结果A组：一次碎石成功63例（69例）,成功率为91．33％（63／69）,二次碎石成功率65例（69例）成功率为94．2％（65／69）．2例输尿管镜逆行插管失败,2例插管后结石自行排出,再发肾绞痛率14．3％（9／63）,再使用镇痛药物率11．1％（7,63）,B组：一次碎石成功29例（39例）,成功率为74．4％（25／39）,二次碎石成功率34例（39例）成功率为87．2％（34／39）,5例行输尿管镜碎石取石术,再发。肾绞痛率20．5％（8／39）,再使用镇痛药物率15．4％（6／39）．将A、B两组数据比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）．结论输尿管结石患者采用逆行输尿管插管尿路造影辅助定位行体外冲击波碎石治疗疗效满意．     

Treatment of lower urethral calculi with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and pneumatic ureteroscopic lithotripsy:a comparison of effectiveness and complications

Extracorporealshock wavelithotripsy (ESWL )andpneumaticureteroscopiclithotripsy (URSL)wereperformedontwogroupsofpatientswithloweruretericcalculiinastudyconductedbetweenAugust 1997andJune 1999 Thispaperpresentsthetreatmentefficacyandcomplicationsofthatstudy METHODSClinicalbackgroundsTheESWLgroupconsistedof 2 10patients ,12 5malesand85females ,aged 17- 72years,averaging 5 1years Stoneswithdiameterrangingfrom 0 5 - 2 1cmwerelocatedunilaterallyin 182patientsandbilaterallyin 2 8patients …     

输尿管下段结石气压弹道碎石与体外冲击波碎石术的比较

目的 比较输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（PL）与体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗输尿管下段结石的疗效。方法 对经PL（PL组）和ESWL（ESWL组）治疗的输尿管下段结石患者的临床资料进行比较。结果 PL组单次碎石成功率为95．2％。EWSL组为62．5％（P〈0．05），PL组术后4周结石排净率为98．4％，EWSL组为67．6％。两组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管下段结石的疗效明显优于EWSL。