椎弓根钉内固定治疗不稳定性胸腰椎骨折

1992~2004年,我科应用椎弓根内固定系统治疗胸腰椎不稳定性骨折39例,取得良好疗效。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组39例,男31例,女8例,年龄18~59岁。损伤部位:T112例,T128例,L1113例,L210例,L35例,L41例。脊髓神经损伤Frankel分级:A级2例,B级1例,C级19例,D级14例,E级3例。伤后5~12     

AF内固定结合椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折

笔者自2001～2004年对30例胸腰椎骨折脱位应用AF内固定结合伤椎椎体内植骨进行治疗，取得了良好效果。报告如下。1 临床资料 1．1一般资料本组30例，男19例，女11例；年龄21～56岁，平均36．3岁。高处坠落伤8例，车祸伤18例，重物压伤4例。损伤部位：T11 4例，T12 10例，L1 13例，L2 2例，L3 1例。完全截瘫3例，不完全截瘫10例，无神经症状17例。骨折类型：屈曲压缩型4例，爆裂型18例，骨折脱位型8例。     

胸腰椎严重爆裂骨折伴不全瘫的治疗

胸腰椎爆裂型骨折好发于下胸及上腰段,多为脊柱不稳定性骨折,时常伴有脊髓马尾神经损伤。本院自1998年1月至2002年6月间,收治28例胸腰椎严重爆裂骨折合并下肢不全瘫,采用AF系统治疗,疗效满意。现报告如下。1资料及方法1.1临床资料:本组共28例,男性22例,女性6例年龄18～57岁,平均35.5岁;损伤原因:高处坠落伤18例,交通伤4例,挤压伤4例,跌伤2例;受伤椎体:T11为2例,T12为8例,L1为12例,L2为4例,L3为2例。其中1例为多发性椎体损伤,同时伴有T9及T4损伤;3例伴有骨盆骨折或颅脑损伤;28例均伴有不完全性截瘫,排便(大小便)功能不全性障碍。按神经损…     

AF椎弓根系统治疗胸腰椎骨折148 例体会

胸腰椎骨折脱位常伴有神经功能障碍,严重影响患者的劳动能力与生存质量,应及时复位、减压、内固定。我院自2003年3月至2005年8月,采用AF椎弓根系统治疗148例,效果满意,现报告如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料本组148例,男128例,女20例;年龄17~52岁,平均29.6岁。受伤原因:井下砸伤96例,交通事故伤28例,高处坠落伤24例。受伤部位:T93例,T103例,T1118例,T1224例,L129例,L220例,L316例,L424例,L511例。其中5例为双节段骨折。神经功能按Frankel分级:A级18例,B级26例,C级32例,D级28例,E级44例。合并伤:多发肋骨骨折12例,腹腔脏器损伤8例,四肢骨…     

LUQUE棍手术治疗胸腰椎骨折合并截瘫的体会

临床资料　自1989年～1998年期间共收治爆裂性骨折39例,其中男28例,女11例,年龄21～58岁,平均为39.5岁。致伤因素:交通事故18例,砸伤13例,坠落伤8例。骨折部位:T4、6、8、9、10各1例,T112例,T129例,L113例,L25例,L32例,L41例,T11-12同时骨折脱位2例。CT及MRI影像观察:CT观察突入椎管的骨折的几种类型:1大块型,伤椎后壁呈一整块被挤入椎管。2粉碎型,伤椎后壁呈2块以上的碎骨块被挤入椎管,可伴有骨块的反转。3混合型,除有1和2型外,椎弓根椎板有骨折。39例损伤平面以下均伴有不完全性及完全性截瘫。MIR影像观察,脊髓神经损伤程度、部位…     

克氏针外固定架联合固定治疗Lisfranc损伤

<正>2002年2月~2011年7月,笔者应用克氏针外固定架联合固定治疗32例Lisfranc损伤患者,疗效确切,报道如下。1材料与方法 1.1病例资料本组32例,男22例,女10例,年龄18~65岁。闭合伤28例,开放伤4例。单纯Lisfranc损伤24例,合并Chopart关节损伤8例;按照Myerson分型[1]:单纯内侧柱损伤14例,内侧柱合并中柱损伤12例,三柱损伤6     

骨盆牵引对胸腰椎骨折复位的意义

胸腰椎骨折是临床常见的损伤,其治疗方法分非手术治疗和手术治疗两大类。自2 0 0 1年1月～2 0 0 3年4月对收治的87例以压缩改变为主的胸腰椎骨折常规行骨盆牵引,其中4 1例在骨盆牵引1～1 2d后再行手术复位内固定、植骨,另4 6例单纯行骨盆牵引复位,均取得较好疗效,报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本组87例,男5 9例,女2 8例。年龄1 8～72岁,平均4 3岁。损伤部位:T1 0 2例,T1 1 5例,T1 2 1 7例,L1 30例,L2 1 3例,L3 7例,L45例,L53例,同时损伤2个椎体5例。损伤原因:高处坠落伤2 7例,交通事故伤39例,压砸伤1 4例,滑倒跌伤7例。骨折类型…     

椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折

自1997年至2006年采用椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸、腰椎骨折68例，取得了优异疗效。报告如下。 1资料与方法 1．1一般资料：本组68例，男48例，女20例，年龄18。65岁，平均40．2岁。致伤原因：高处坠落伤30例，车祸伤24例，重物砸伤14例。损伤部位：T11 6例，T12 20例，L1 28例，L2 10例，L3 4例。根据Denis理论骨折分型：前柱损伤5例，前中柱损伤28例，三柱损伤35例。受伤至手术时间1～14d,平均3．5d。均行X线检查及CT扫描。均行椎弓根螺钉系统内固定，RF 10例，AF 44例，USS 14例。     

单纯后交叉韧带止点胫骨嵴撕脱骨折的手术治疗体会

自2000年~2004年10月共收治单纯后交叉韧带止点胫骨嵴撕脱骨折22例,得到随访20例,其诊治情况报告如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料本组22例,男15例,女7例,年龄15~57岁,平均30岁。致伤原因:车祸伤16例,其他伤6例。伤后至手术时间为2~21d,平均7d,新鲜损伤18例,陈旧性损伤4例。合并半月板损伤2例,平台骨折3例。1·2手术方法硬膜外麻醉,俯卧位,屈膝30°~40°,上止血带。早期8例使用后正中S形切口,在腓肠肌内外侧头之间进入,牵开动静脉、胫神经,显露后关节囊。后期14例均采用后内侧倒L形切口,从腓肠肌内侧缘与半腱肌之间分离进入,将腓肠肌内侧头…     

方向盘伤38例诊治体会

我院自1999年4月至2006年6月收治方向盘伤并行手术治疗38例,现报告如下。临床资料1.一般资料:本组男30例,女8例,年龄20~46岁。损伤分类:单一脏器损伤26例,多脏器损伤12例。其中脾损伤13例,肝损伤8例,胰腺损伤3例,胃、食管损伤8例,十二指肠损伤4例,小肠破裂4例,肠系膜损伤6例,腹     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.