浙江省农村卫生技术人员基本素质调查

目的分析浙江农村卫技人员的年龄、学历、职称、专业等基本素质,探讨其存在的主要问题.方法随机调查浙江省农村基层卫技人员,采用Access建立数据库、SPSS10.0进行统计处理.结果浙江乡镇卫生院卫技人员40岁以下占62.5%,乡村医生中50岁以上者占一半以上.农村卫技人员中本科学历仅占2.8%,人专学历28.8%,中专学历占43.4%,其余为无正规学历者.职称结构中,主治及以上占11.8%,医师占29.6%,医士37.0%,其余为卫生员和无职称人员.专业结构中临床医学占52.9%,护理占20%左右.结论浙江省乡镇卫生院卫技人员年龄较轻,乡村医生年龄过大,其专业以临床医学为主,学历和职称过低,不能满足社会需求,应加强其培养与考核.     

广州市全科医学教育社区卫生服务实践基地卫技人员调查分析

目的:了解广州市全科医学教育社区卫生服务实践基地卫技人员队伍现状,为促进全科医学教育师资队伍建设提供依据.方法:采用问卷调查的方式对广州市全科医学教育社区卫生服务实践基地的在岗卫技人员进行普查.结果:广州市19家全科医学教育社区卫生服务实践基地共有卫技人员1849名,平均每家拥有卫技人员97人,公卫医师占6.00%;卫技人员中25～54岁占80.53%;大专以下学历人员占66.47%;高级职称、中级职称、初级、无职称人员分别占5.25%,17.85%,67.65%,9.25%;医(仅全科医师)护比为1∶0.95.结论:广州市全科医学教育社区卫生服务实践基地卫技人员队伍中,护士和公卫医师数量不足,学历、职称偏低,人力资源结构有待改善.     

淮安市卫生技术人员继续医学教育认知情况调查

目的调查淮安市卫生技术人员对医疗卫生机构继续医学教育情况的了解程度以及对继续医学教育的认知情况。方法采用分层和单纯随机抽样相结合的方法,对淮安市乡镇及以上卫生机构在职卫技人员开展继续医学教育自填式问卷调查。结果卫技人员所在单位继续医学教育管理情况中除了网络医学教育的实施情况较差外（24.0%）,其余情况尚可;教育经费的支付方式以单位部分支付为主,占46.4%;单位负责继续医学教育学分管理的机构主要是医务/科教科,占59.9%。卫技人员继续医学教育认知程度得分平均为63.75分,认知情况受性别、学历、现从事专业、技术职称、所在单位级别的影响。结论全市医疗卫生机构继续医学教育管理情况在总体上还存在很多缺陷,卫技人员对继续医学教育的重要性认识不够,各级卫生机构应继续加强继续医学教育的宣传力度,为卫技人员提供各种培训方式和机会,提高全市卫技人员整体医技水平。     

边远少数民族地区农村防保队伍现状调查

[目的]分析边远少数民族地区基层预防保健队伍人力资源现状,为优化配置农村卫生人力资源提供参考。[方法]在百色市12个县中随机抽取48个乡镇防保机构进行问卷调查,采用SPSS13.0软件对资料进行分析。[结果]预防保健专职卫技人员数仅0.45人/万人;卫技人员以中专及以下学历为主(67.85%);无高级职称者,初级职称者占58.67%,无职称者占27.55%;预防医学专业知识结构者仅19.39%;具有公共卫生执业资格者仅17.86%,无执业资格者占21.43%。[结论]防保人员数量不足,学历、职称偏低,专业人才缺乏,具备公共卫生执业资格人员少。应落实防保人员编制;制定人员培养规划和适合农村的职称评定标准、办法;大力引进专业人才和强化依法执业。     

泸西县疾病预防控制中心卫生专业技术人员人力资源浅析

[目的]了解和掌握泸西县疾病预防控制中心(以下简称疾控中心)卫生专业技术人员(以下简称卫技人员)的现况,为进一步合理配置和开发利用现有卫技人员提供科学依据。[方法]对泸西县疾控中心卫技人员现况进行分析。[结果]全中心现有在职职工75人,卫技人员54人(占72%),其中女性32人(占59.26%),年龄结构以31岁～50岁组为主(占75.93%),平均年龄为42.65岁;学历以大专为主(占53.70%);职称结构以初级职称为主,占51.85%。[结论]泸西县疾控中心卫技人员人数不足,学历整体偏低,高级职称偏少,执业医师人数不足,应进一步加强卫技人员队伍建设,全面提升人力资源素质。     

淮安市卫生技术人员继续医学教育认知情况分析

[目的]了解淮安市卫生技术人员继续教育认知情况。[方法]对该市乡镇卫生院及以上卫生单位在职卫技人员开展继续医学教育情况自填式问卷调查。[结果]共调查卫生技术人员5 119人,继续医学教育认知程度得分平均为63.75分。不同性别、不同学历、不同专业、不同职称、不同级别单位的人员继续医学教育认知程度差异有统计学意义。[结论]全市卫生技术人员对继续医学教育的重要性认识在总体上还存在不足,继续医学教育工作的发展也存在不均衡性,各级卫生单位应进一步加强继续医学教育的宣传力度,提供多形式、多渠道、多途径的培训方式和机会,以进一步提高全市卫生技术人员整体水平。     

四川省农村卫生人员继续医学教育需求调查

目的 了解四川省农村卫生人员继续医学教育的需求,为制定适合农村的继续医学教育学习方案提供依据.方法 采用文献调研、专家咨询、问卷调查和小组访谈等方法 ,对四川省射洪县和仪陇县的12个乡镇卫生院163名卫技人员和224个村卫生站的240名乡村医生进行调查.结果 被调查对象的学历、职称、收入均偏低;认为最适合的继续医学教育活动方式分别为单位组织自学、临床病例讨论和参加学术会议;最喜欢的继续医学教育内容是学习新技术、新知识和新进展、新业务、基础医学理论和人际沟通;最需要的继续医学教育保障条件是解决学习培训经费;85.7%的乡卫技人员和96.1%的乡村医生都认为建立继续医学教育效果的定期评价制度可行.结论 四川省农村卫生人员素质偏低,应加强继续医学教育工作;农村继续医学教育要注重学习方式的可及性和学习内容的实用性;应加大国家对农村继续医学教育的投入;尽快建立科学的继续医学教育考评制度和指标体系.     

鹰潭市疾病预防控制机构人力资源现状分析

[目的]了解鹰潭市疾病预防控制机构人力资源现状,为今后人力资源的合理配置提供参考依据.[方法]对鹰潭市疾病预防控制机构的人力情况调查资料进行整理,用Excel进行数据录入,SPSS10.0进行数据分析.[结果]鹰潭市各级疾病预防控制机构人力资源配置为0.33人/万;学历中专及以下学历占62.71%;职称以初、中级为主,无职称比例大,其中初级占42.86%,中级占25.51%,无职称占24.49%;专业构成以预防医学占39.79%;年龄以36～45岁为主.[结论]鹰潭市疾病预防控制机构普遍存在人员配置较少,尤其是月湖区无疾控机构.专业技术人员素质不高,年龄构成相对合理.建议今后合理配置人力资源,按照有关的要求配置足够的人员,加强继续医学教育,严格人员准入制度,以人事体制改革为契机引进高层次的人才.     

强化在职教育 实现“技术脱贫”

强化在职教育实现“技术脱贫”匡建华作者单位：４４３５０１湖北省长阳县津洋口镇卫生院１９９０年，我院６６名卫技人员中无副高级职称，中级职称仅８人，无学历人员达１４％。院党支部为提高卫技人员的业务素质，制定了在职卫技人员医学教育的具体措施：①定任务，规定...     

卫生防病人员业务培训与继续医学教育

为了进一步适应卫生防病工作需要 ,提高卫技人员业务素质 ,推动继续医学教育深入开展 ,我们于 1997、1999年对本单位的卫技人员培训时间与学分情况作了调查。1　对象与方法1.1　对象主要是上海市卫生局卫生监督所和上海市疾病预防控制中心业务科室 (含业务职能科室 )的卫技人员 ,1997年为 3 17人 ,1999年为 42 7人。1.2　方法采用登记的形式。内容主要包括卫技人员参加培训的时间 ,包括单位外、单位内和科室培训 3档 ,具体填写培训时间 ,求3者之和即为每人参加培训的时间 ;中级及以上职称 (以下简称中级以上职称或继教对象 )在 1999年还包括…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.