肠外营养中脂肪乳剂对红细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响

利用大鼠胃肠外营养(PN)模型观察长链脂肪乳剂(LCT),中链/长链脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT),以及不含脂肪乳剂对红细胞(RBC)膜磷脂肪酸组成的影响。PN总热量为300kcal.kg~(-1).d~(-1),非蛋白热卡:氮为182:1,LCT组,MCT/LCT组分别由10％的Intralipid和10％的Lypofundin提供30％的非蛋白热卡。7天后,分析RBC膜磷脂酰二极管胆硷(PC)脂肪酸组成。结果发现,不含脂肪乳剂组18:1n-9明显高于对照组;LCT组18:2n-6升高,而20:4n-6却下降;MCT/LCT组与对照组相比,脂肪酸组成变化不明显。结论:无脂肪乳剂TPN导致必需脂肪酸缺乏;LCT组由于18:2n-6的过量供给,抑制Δ6去饱和酶的活性,MCT/LCT组由于50％LCT被MCT替代,减低了对此酶活性抑制。     

糖尿病患者中链和长链甘油三酯乳剂的清除比较

比较胰岛素非依赖性糖尿病患者中/长链甘油三酯(MCT/LCT)混合乳剂和长链甘油三酯(LCT)乳剂的清除率。每组各6例,在4小时输入脂肪期间,MCT/LCT组血甘油三酯达稳定状态。动力学参数表明MCT/LCT乳剂有着明显较小的表观分布容积和较短的半衰期。两种乳剂对血糖浓度也有不同的影响。在葡萄糖和脂肪代谢紊乱时,如需行含脂肪的肠外营养,应优先选择MCT/LCT混合乳剂。     

结构脂肪乳剂对胃肠肿瘤病人静息能量代谢和脂质过氧化的影响

目的:观察结构脂肪乳剂(STG)和物理混合的中长链脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT)对胃肠肿瘤病人静息能量代谢和脂质过氧化的影响. 方法:对择期手术的胃肠道肿瘤病人64例,随机分为STG组和MCT/LCT组,于术后第2～6天分别使用STG和MCT/LCT构成的等氮、等热量PN支持,共5d.术后第1至第6天检测病人静息能量代谢、氮平衡和血清超敏C-反应蛋白,术后第6天抽取静脉血行脂质过氧化水平检测. 结果:两组病人术后静息能量代谢均较术前明显升高,STG组病人明显低于MCT/LCT组(JP＜0.05)；两组病人采用STG和MCT/LCT的PN治疗后氮平衡均有改善,而STG组病人累计氮平衡值明显高于MCT/LCT组病人(J＜0.05).STG组病人血清中丙二醛和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶水平亦明显低于MCT/LCT组(P＜0.05). 结论:对胃肠肿瘤病人,在减轻脂质过氧化损伤和维护能量代谢稳定方面,STG比MCT/LCT更为优越.     

脂肪乳的特点及临床应用

脂肪乳剂是构成TPN中非蛋白质能量的来源之一。传统的以大豆油为基础的长链脂肪乳,由于长链脂肪乳存在导致脂质过氧化、免疫抑制、诱发炎症和损伤内皮系统作用的潜在风险,因此,研究出了中／长链脂肪乳剂、鱼油、橄榄油、结构脂肪乳剂、SMOF等。不同脂肪乳剂的差别主要在于甘油三酯的不同,即结合于甘油的脂肪酸的不同,而脂肪酸的不同代谢特点决定了各种脂肪乳剂在临床中的不同应用。     

新生儿肝功能障碍时不同脂肪乳剂对血脂和肝功能影响的比较研究

目的 :比较中 /长链和长链脂肪乳剂对肝功能障碍新生儿血脂和肝功能的影响。　方法 :将 40例血清胆红素水平≥ 5 1.3μmol/L(3mg % )的新生儿随机分成两组 ,分别应用中 /长链脂肪乳剂 (MCT/LCT组 ,2 0 %Lipo fundin)和长链脂肪乳剂 (LCT组 ,2 0 %Intralipid) ,剂量均为 2 g/ (kg·d) ,持续 1周。在实验前、后分别抽血测定血脂和肝功能。　结果 :两组总胆固醇无显著变化 ,甘油三酯在LCT组升高 ,在MCT/LCT组下降 ,与实验前相比均无显著差异 ,组间比较MCT/LCT非常显著地低于LCT组。胆红素在两组均显著下降 ,但MCT/LCT组下降比LCT组更加显著。γ GT和ALP在LCT组无明显改变 ,但在MCT/LCT组却有显著降低 ,并显著低于LCT组。　结论 :在危重新生儿合并有肝功能障碍时 ,应用中 /长链脂肪乳剂显著优于长链脂肪乳剂。     

吞噬细胞介导的不同脂肪乳剂的脂质过氧化以及维生素E的抗氧化作用

评估维生素E在体外的抗氧化、预防脂质过氧化的作用,比较各种不同类型脂肪乳剂对氧自由基产生及脂质过氧化的影响。取18倒健康志愿静脉血,采用Boyum法提取多核白细胞(PMN)并在体外培养PMN。实验分单纯PMN组,Intralipid组(100％LCT),Vasolipid组(50％LCT,50％MCT)Structolipid组(63％LCT,37％MCT)。各组均分为静止和刺激(用热灭活白色粘株菌刺激PMN)两种状态。采用NBT还原试验测定氧自由基产生量。根据以上分组在体外孵育PMN,并再分为添加Vit E组和无Vit E组。采用比色法-LPO-586测定脂质过氧化的终产物Malonaldehyde(MDA)和4-hydroxyalkenal来计算脂质过氧化程度。刺激组的氧自由基产生量明显高于静止组(0．795±0．180vs.0.405±0．090,P<0．001)。脂肪乳剂可明显降低各组的NBT值,脂肪乳剂浓度与NBT值之间呈负线性相关(r=-0．83,P<0．001)。三组不同脂肪乳剂之间,其NBT值无统计学差异(P>0.05)。刺激组的脂质过氧化产物明显高于静止组(3．15±1.12vs1．34±0．72,P<0.001)。各脂肪乳剂组的脂质过氧化产物明显高于单纯PMN组,而Intratipid组脂质过氧化值高于Vasolipid组和Structolipid组,差异有显性。隧着PMN孵育时间的延长,各组的脂质过氧化值增加,6小时后接近最大值。在体外,维生素E可明显抑制脂质过氧化的产生,8μg／d的维生素E可抑制70-80％PMN所致的脂质过氧化。脂肪乳剂在体外可增加由吞噬细胞介导的脂质过氧化,所增加的脂质过氧化可通过添加维生素E而得到有效的抑制。     

脂肪乳在肠外营养中的应用进展

脂肪乳作为肠外营养支持中主要的能量来源,数十年来,已发展出多种不同配方的制剂.LCT脂肪乳由于代谢方面的缺陷,目前在临床上已被MCT/LCT脂肪乳逐步取代.较新的配方是由结构三酰甘油或橄榄油构成,此种新型脂肪乳更为安全,耐受性更好.含鱼油 ( n-3脂肪酸)的脂肪乳,可改善不同病人危重情况下的组织灌注.最新的脂肪乳SMOF,由添加维生素E的大豆长链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸、橄榄油和鱼油混合配制而成,已在一项双盲试验中获得良好的应用,其效能尚有待进一步的临床验证.     

结构脂肪乳剂改善腹部手术后病人的氮平衡和蛋白质代谢

目的:观察结构脂肪乳剂(STG)和物理混合的中、长链脂肪乳剂(MCT/LCT)对腹部中等及中等以上手术创伤病人氮平衡和蛋白质代谢的影响.方法:腹部中等及中等以上手术病人随机分为两组,术后第2天开始分别使用STG和MCT/LCT构成的等氮、等热量肠外营养支持5天,术后第1天至第6天留取标本检测氮平衡,术前、术后第1天及术后第6天抽取静脉血检测血清前清蛋白水平,术前及术后第6天称取体质量,记录住院日.结果:围手术期使用STG和MCT/LCT的静脉营养,均可以纠正创伤病人的负氮平衡,促进血清前清蛋白的合成.其中STG可以更明显地改善手术创伤病人的负氮平衡,增加血清前清蛋白水平,但在维持病人体质量和缩短住院日上,STG与MCT/LCT脂肪乳相比差异并不明显.结论:在改善手术创伤病人的蛋白质代谢上,STG比物理混合的MCT/LCT脂肪乳剂更加优越.     

结构脂肪乳对老年急性胆道感染代谢及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨结构脂肪乳的肠外营养对老年急性胆道感染患者代谢指标及免疫功能的影响。方法选取2014年7月-2016年6月月内接受治疗的老年胆道感染患者86例,根据治疗方案的不同将患者分为结构脂肪乳(STG)组和中/长链脂肪乳(MCT/LCT)组。比较两组患者治疗后的蛋白质水平变化、免疫功能变化及胆固醇变化。结果治疗后STG组各项蛋白质水平均明显大于MCT/LCT组;治疗后除Ig A外STG组免疫功能指标水平均显著高于MCT/LCT组;STG组胆固醇水平明显低于MCT/LCT组,但胰岛素显著水平显著高于MCT/LCT组。结论在改善老年急性胆道感染患者的蛋白质、脂肪代谢方面,结构脂肪乳较中长链脂肪乳效果更好,不良反应更小,值得应用。     

脂肪乳新进展

作为肠外营养组成成分之一的脂肪乳可为机体提供能量并能防止体内必需脂肪酸的缺乏,这在临床实践中已成为人们的共识.脂肪乳一般是用从大豆油中提取的长链甘油三酯和蛋黄磷脂制备的.与长链甘油三酯(LCT)相比,中链甘油三酯(MCT)用于肠内营养时,其溶解性好,可较快的吸收入血浆,氧化快,且不需要肉毒碱就能进入线粒体.MCT可与LCT混合经静脉输入,也能以结构型脂肪乳的形式输入.在结构型脂肪乳中,其甘油三酯单个分子内就含有中链及长链脂肪酸.与LCT一样,输入MCT后会伴有脂蛋白微粒的形成,因     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.