某县木材装饰贴面加工业冬季作业环境调查

目的了解木材装饰贴面加工业的冬季作业环境和主要职业危害,为改善工人的作业环境提供参考。方法选取3家木材装潢贴面加工厂为调查对象,在冬季晴朗天气分别测定其不同车间环境中的气象条件、噪声、照度、甲醛和木尘,连续3 d。结果装饰贴面加工业冬季作业环境中,不同车间气温为(8.7±1.2)℃~(12.0±1.0)℃,气湿为(70±1)%~(71±1)%,风速为(0.08±0.02)m/s~(0.45±0.40)m/s,热压车间热辐射为(0.24±0.03)kw/m2~(0.26±0.04)kw/m2;噪声为69 dB~110 dB,作业面照度为(162±51)lx~(229±169)lx,布胶、贴面、修补及热压车间甲醛浓度为(0.19±0.03)mg/m3~(0.22±0.04)mg/m3,砂光、修补车间木尘浓度为(2.31±1.54)mg/m3~(2.90±2.71)mg/m3。结论该县装饰贴面加工业冬季作业环境车间温度偏低、甲醛和噪声污染为主要的职业危害。     

装饰面板企业生产车间空气中甲醛检测结果及其影响因素分析

目的探索装饰面板制造企业生产车间空气中甲醛含量及其影响因素。方法检测并收集了1999~2007年浙江省德清县内所有装饰面板企业生产车间空气中甲醛含量监测资料,监测方法均按国家相应标准。结果德清县9年间装饰面板生产车间甲醛样品(共709份)总合格率为55.4%;2002年以后甲醛总合格率(89.2%)显著高于2002年及以前(18.3%,P0.01);热压工段与贴面工段检测结果均显著高于修补工段(P0.05)。结论装饰面板企业热压工段和贴面工段空气中甲醛浓度较高;国家质量标准出台、职业卫生限值下调等促使了甲醛含量的下降。     

木材装饰贴面作业女工腰背痛分析

目的研究木材装饰贴面作业女工的腰背痛及其原因。方法对某地木材装饰贴面加工作业中3种主要工种的女工进行问卷调查、腰部检查和弯腰状态分析。结果选板、修补和贴面3个工种女工疲劳主诉率分别为68．8％、66．7％和59．0％，最易疲劳部位是腰背。选板和修补工的腰背痛发生率明显高于贴面工，分别是53．8％、58．7％和30．1％；棘间和腰大肌压痛与腰背痛结果一致。姿势分析结果表明，选板和修补工最大弯腰幅度（80°）大于贴面工（60°），且日弯腰次数[分别为（4396±817）、（1696±286）次]和日弯腰时间[分别为（6．5±0．6）、（6．2±1．3）h]也明显高于贴面工[分别为（1094±476）次、（4．5±0.9）h]，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论装饰贴面女工因现有作业方式而普遍存在弯腰姿势，尤以选板和修补工种突出，可能是其腰背痛高发的主要原因。     

甲醛接触者的嗅觉功能

[目的 ]探索甲醛对接触者嗅觉功能的影响。 [方法 ]选择接触甲醛的木材粘合业工人 2 3 3名 (木材组 ) ,病理科医师 94名 (病理组 ) ,以及非甲醛接触人员 62名 (对照组 )为研究对象。监测接触人群工作环境中的甲醛浓度 ,测定接触者的嗅觉阈和嗅敏度。 [结果 ]病理组工作环境中甲醛浓度明显高于木材组 (P <0 .0 1)。三组人员的嗅觉阈差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。与对照组比较 ,木材组和病理组人员的嗅敏度明显降低 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,病理组人员的嗅敏度也较木材组人员低 (P <0 .0 1)。高浓度组 ( >1mg/m3 )与低浓度组 (≤ 1mg/m3 )的甲醛接触者其嗅敏度明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,且高浓度组嗅敏度的降低较低浓度组更显著 (P <0 .0 1)。 [结论 ]甲醛对接触者嗅觉功能的影响 ,主要表现为嗅觉敏感度降低。并且随着接触浓度增高 ,嗅敏度降低愈明显 (P <0 .0 1)。     

新装饰办公环境对人体健康的影响

目的了解新装修的办公环境对人体健康的影响。方法对新装饰的办公环境进行检测,并对23名在此环境中工作的办公人员进行健康状况调查。结果新装饰的办公环境中甲醛、氨浓度严重超标,分别为(0.493±0.067)、(1.894±0.156)mg/m3,与对照组(0.182±0.052)、(0.661±0.089)mg/m3比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。这是引起办公人员头晕、眼干、流泪、视力下降、月经不调等症状的主要原因。其次,室内照度及正负离子指数低于对照组,也是引起上述综合征的原因之一。结论新装修的办公环境对人体健康有不利影响,选择环保的装饰材料和办公家具,保证空调正常通风及足够的新风量至关重要。     

装饰材料中甲醛对居室空气污染和健康危害研究

[目的]探讨装饰材料中主要污染物－甲醛对室内空气污染及其危害。[方法]通过现况调查,研究了装饰材料在装饰后不同时间室内空气中甲醛的污染水平和居留者的反应。[结果]装饰半年内室内空气甲醛平均含量为0．170mg/m^3,2-3年为0．071mg/m^3,仍显著地高于未经装饰的房间。有装饰的公共场所室内空气甲醛合格率仅22．7％－50．0％。装饰6个月内46％的居住者有眼部刺激症状,2－3年内仍有16．7％有眼部刺激症状,显著地高于无装修房间内的对照人群。[结论]装饰材料中主要污染物－甲醛对人群的健康危害较大,应加强该方面的调查研究,并加快装饰材料立法和标准的制定。     

某企业石雕作业工人疲劳度水平调查

[目的]调查某企业石雕作业工人的疲劳度水平。[方法]现场测定济宁某石雕加工厂职业危害因素,并对石雕作业工人（n=50）及对照组（n=40）进行劳动强度和疲劳度的调查。[结果]石雕作业中产生的粉尘浓度为23．33～125．33mg／m^3,呼吸性粉尘的构成比为66．0％。78．9％,噪声强度为90．0～104．0dB（A）。心率值测定显示石雕作业为中等强度体力劳动。研究组工人疲劳度总得分（18．78±7．02）分,A因子（身体症状）、B因子（精神症状）、C因子（神经感觉症状）得分分别为（7．36±2．66）、（6．46±2．19）、（5．28±2．08）分,疲劳度达到中等水平,均高于对照组（P〈0．01）。[结论]该企业石雕作业的粉尘及噪声危害较为严重,作业工人的疲劳度均达到中等水平。     

新装饰的空调办公环境对人体健康的影响

对新装饰的空调办公环境进行检测 ,并对 2 3名在此环境中工作的办公人员进行健康状况调查。结果表明 ,新装饰的空调办公环境中甲醛、氨浓度严重超标 ,分别为 (0 4 93± 0 0 6 7) ,(1 894± 0 1 5 6 )mg/m3 ,与对照组 [(0 1 82± 0 0 5 2 ) ,(0 6 6 1± 0 0 89)mg/m3 ]比较 ,差异有非常显著性 (P <0 0 1 ) ,是引起办公人员头晕、眼干、流泪、视力下降、月经不调等症状的主要原因。其次 ,空调室内照度及正负离子指数低于对照组 ,也是引起上述综合征的原因之一。提示 ,选择环保的装饰材料和办公家具 ,保证空调正常通风及足够的新风量至关重要     

中低强度噪声对作业人员心电图的影响

目的探讨中低强度高频噪声对作业人员心电图的影响。方法对某石油化工公司炼油车间作业环境进行卫生学调查及对249例接触中低强度噪声人员的心电图进行分析,并与92例对照组进行比较。结果作业现场共测95个噪声点,其中有15个点超过国家卫生标准,超标率为15．8％;噪声强度为(53．6-98．0)dB(A),均值为(81．7±5．8)dB(A),而控制室噪声强度为(53．6-64．5)dB(A),均值为(56．7±2．7)dB(A);作业组人员心电图总异常率为28．1％,明显高于对照组的16．3％(P<0．05),尤其是窦性心律不齐较明显(11．6％)。并且心电图异常率随着工龄的增长而增加。结论长期在平均噪声强度低于卫生标准下工作,仍可出现心电图的改变。     

某眼镜厂接触噪声工人听力损害的调查报告

职业性噪声聋是指劳动者暴露于生产过程中的噪声所致的一种进行性感音性听觉障碍[1] 。为了解长期在噪声环境下作业对劳动者听力的影响 ,我们于 2 0 0 2年 8月对某眼镜厂生产车间的噪声强度和接触噪声工人的听力损害情况进行了调查。1　对象与方法1 1　对象　选择该厂拉线、冲压、滚桶 3个车间的接触噪声工人 67人 ,其中拉线 2 0人 ,冲压 3 2人 ,滚桶 15人。年龄 19～ 45岁 ,平均 (2 5 72± 0 43 )岁 ;接触噪声工龄 0 5～ 8.0年 ,平均(2 75± 0 5 3 )年。每工作日接触噪声时间 8～ 10h。1 2　方法1 2 1　车间噪声测定　国产HS5 92 0…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.