社区原发性高血压患者中医体质辨识与分析

目的：探讨高血压及高血压前期患者的中医体质类型,为临床中医辨证治疗提供参考。方法：对2014年1月—2015年12月收治的2000例高血压及高血压前期患者进行体质类型调查,从中找出这些患者的中医体质类型与其发生高血压的关系。结果：2000例患者的中医体质类型以阴虚质、痰湿质、血瘀质居多。女性患者阳虚质、血瘀质明显高于男性患者,而男性患者痰湿质明显高于女性患者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。年龄与中医体质分型有关,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。各种不良生活习惯与中医体质类型发病密切相关。结论：中医体质研究对于预防和改善高血压及高血压前期状况是有价值的。     

某区老年人群的中医体质辨识分析

目的通过对朝阳区高碑店地区934例65岁以上老年人进行中医体质辨识调查,分析本地区老年人群体质特点,探索中医体质辨识在老年人慢病防治、健康管理方面的作用。方法按照2013年7月中华中医药学会发布的《老年版中医体质分类与判定》设定的问卷进行中医体质辨识。结果 1阳虚质、阴虚质和痰湿质为此次调查人群的主要体质类型。2男性平和质、痰湿质明显比女性高;女性阳虚质明显高于男性。3阳虚、阴虚、痰湿体质是高血压、脑卒中、糖尿病的易患体质;痰湿质、阴虚质是高血脂的易患体质。结论通过对高碑店地区老年人群的中医体质辨识调查与分析,揭示了高碑店地区不同性别、不同疾病的老年人体质类型分布规律,对防治疾病具有重要的意义。     

2378例广州市海珠区五社区高脂血症人群中医体质分布研究

目的探讨65岁以上高脂血症患者中医体质的分布特点,以期发挥中医"治未病"优势,为临床防治提供客观依据。方法对2016年1月~2017年1月广州市海珠区五社区内65~95岁9706例高血压、糖尿病慢性基础疾病的人群进行健康管理,检测其血脂水平,运用《中医体质分类与判定表》,以中医体质辨识为主导,排除高血压及糖尿病等慢性疾病患者及拒绝进行中医体质辨识调查患者,筛选并随机抽取高脂血症患者2378例,分析其中医体质分布特点。结果经血脂水平检测,HLP检出率为35.93%;经问卷调查筛选,有效回收率为68.37%;经中医体质类型鉴定,HLP患者偏颇体质痰湿质、气虚质及阳虚质多见,而血瘀质、特禀质及湿热质中医体质少见;从不同性别判定:男女双方偏颇体质均以痰湿质、气虚质及阳虚质多见,但男性偏颇体质以气郁质、特禀质少见,女性则以血瘀质、特禀质少见;从不同年龄段判定:65~69岁、70~74岁HLP患者以痰湿质、气虚质多见,75~79岁、80~84岁、85~89岁、90~95岁HLP患者以气虚质为多见。结论痰湿质、气虚质、阳虚质均是广州市海珠地区人群高脂血症的危险因素,密切关注此类中医体质人群血脂变化,对预防高脂血症的发生及发展具有重要意义。     

长风社区老年高脂血症患者与其中医体质的相关性分析

目的:对老年高脂血症患者进行中医体质辨识,探讨高脂血症患者的中医体质特点。方法:采用横断面研究,从2013-2014年长风社区健康体检居民6 638例中,抽取老年高脂血症患者638例作为观察组,无血脂异常470例作为对照组,对两组患者进行中医体质辨识,比较两组患者的体质分布情况。结果:观察组痰湿质(25.86%)、平和质(10.34%)、阳虚质(9.71%)、阴虚质(5.33%)4种体质类型与对照组(分别为11.19%、18.74%、16.52%、13.24%)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中痰湿质与高脂血症相关。结论:老年高脂血症患者中医体质辨识中的痰湿体质与高脂血症相关。     

糖尿病视网膜病变300例中医体质调查

目的 调查0～3期糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的体质类型,以发现其体质规律,为早期DR防治提供理论依据.方法 收集某市多个社区300例早期DR患者,通过问卷调查,参照《中医体质分类与判定表》标准计算各体质分型积分,判定体质类型.结果 中医体质分布由高到低分别为阴虚质(73例)、痰湿质(63例)、阳虚质(53例)、瘀血质(37例)、气虚质(34例)、湿热质(30例)、气郁质(17例)、平和质(1例)和特禀质(0例);阴虚质、痰湿质与平和质、气虚质、阳虚质、瘀血质、气郁质、特禀质其他类型差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 早期DR中医体质主要为阴虚型和痰湿型.     

慢性心衰患者中医体质特点及其与BNP、RAAS激活关系的初步观察

目的：观察慢性心力衰竭患者（简称慢性心衰,CHF）中医体质特点及其与B型钠尿肽（BNP）及肾素（PRA）-血管紧张素（AT）-醛固酮（ALD）系统（RAAS）激活的关系。方法：对60例CHF患者进行中医体质辨识并获取BNP、RAAS作为神经内分泌激活指标,探讨不同中医体质间,年龄、病程、中医症候积分、BNP、RAAS各指标的差异性。结果：60例CHF患者,均为偏颇体质中的气虚质,其中有阳虚质倾向者34例（56.67%）,与痰湿质（12例）、血瘀质（14例）倾向比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。不同体质类型倾向间年龄、病程、中医症候积分的比较中,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;在神经内分泌激活指标BNP、RAAS的比较中,除ALD外,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：慢性心衰患者中医体质类型相对集中,且各体质类型中,神经内分泌激活程度相似。     

杭州市富阳区2022—2023年6～12岁超重儿童或肥胖儿童中医体质类型分析

目的 分析杭州市富阳区6～12岁超重儿童或肥胖儿童的中医体质类型,为该地区制定个体化防治、建立中医健康管理系统等对策提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取杭州市富阳区2022年1月至2023年1月富春第一小学、富春第七小学、富春第二小学等10所小学6～12岁儿童1 260名,依据《中医体质分类与判定量表》进行体质测试,分析超重或肥胖儿童的中医体质类型。结果 超重或肥胖儿童共675例（53.6%）,男童占比均高于女童。在超重儿童中,气虚质、阳虚质、湿热质者占比排前三;在肥胖儿童中,气虚质、湿热质、痰湿质者占比排前三。单一体质超重儿童和肥胖儿童中,平和质192例（49.1%）,单一偏颇体质199例（50.9%）。兼杂体质超重儿童和肥胖儿童284例（42.1%）中,以2～5种兼杂体质多见。结论 当地6～12岁儿童中超重或肥胖儿童占比超过半数,男童多见,以气虚质、阳虚质、湿热质、痰湿质的中医体质类型为主,且多数为兼杂体质,建议针对不同中医体质儿童制定干预措施。     

广东139名中老年人血压与中医体质类型的相关性研究

目的:观察中医体质类型与中老年人血压状况的相关性,探讨中医体质因素在高血压形成过程中的影响。方法:对139名广东地区中老年人进行血压检测,按《中医体质分类与判定》进行体制分类,分别统计高血压人群和血压正常人群在各类型体质中的分布比例,用SPSS 20.0做非参数检验及二元logistic回归分析。结果:共收集有效样本139例,其中高血压60人,血压正常79人。高血压组与正常组的体质分布有显著差异(P<0.05),二元logistic回归分析提示Sig值由低到高排名前3位的是痰湿质、血瘀质和气虚质。结论:痰湿质、血瘀质和气虚质与中老年人的高血压形成有较大的相关性。     

宫颈HPV感染高危型与中医体质与证型的分析研究

目的探讨分析宫颈高危型HPV感染与中医体质和证型之间的关系。方法选择在我院门诊就诊的未进行中医体质辨识的103例宫颈高危型HPV感染患者作为研究对象,对其进行体质辨识,收集并分析其体质类型和证型。结果 103例高危型宫颈HPV感染患者的中医体质类型主要为气虚质、湿热质、痰湿质,三者所占比例共计57.28%,其中70例持续感染者均为偏颇体质,主要为气虚质、湿热质、阳虚质和痰湿质。103例患者的证型分布以脾虚湿阻证最为常见,有31例,湿热内蕴证21例,气血亏虚证14例,肾阳虚证14例,气滞血瘀证10例,肾阴虚证13例。分析中医体质和证型之间的相关性,结果显示两者差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论宫颈高危型HPV感染与感染者的中医体质类型及证型存在相关性,其体质多为痰湿质、湿热质、气虚质,其中脾虚湿阻证为最常见的证型分布,因此临床医师在临床预防和治疗中应重视根据其体质辩证用药治疗,以提高疾病的治疗效果。     

中医体质辨识和干预对冠心病预后的临床研究

目的观察对冠心病患者进行中医体质辨识和干预的预后影响。方法200例经冠状动脉造影检查确诊的冠心病患者作为研究对象,采用电脑随机分为对照组和观察组,每组100例。对所有患者均进行中医体质辨识,对照组按照冠心病二级预防方案进行规范化治疗,观察组在对照组基础上根据患者体质辨识后的体质类型进行中医干预治疗。观察200例冠心病患者的体质类型,比较两组患者临床疗效,治疗前后心绞痛发作频率、心电图ST段下移幅度、单硝酸异山梨酯片使用量,患者心绞痛复发、再住院及需要支架介入治疗情况,不良反应发生情况。结果200例患者均非平和质,其中痰湿质占比最高,其次为阳虚质、血瘀质、气虚质、气郁质、湿热质、阴虚质、特禀质。其中,前四种体质患者占总数的75.5%(151/200)。观察组患者治疗总有效率为96.0%,高于对照组的88.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后6个月、1年,两组患者心绞痛发作频率、心电图ST段下移幅度、单硝酸异山梨酯片使用量均较本组治疗前降低,且观察组患者降低幅度优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者心绞痛复发率2.0%、再住院率10.0%、需要支架介入治疗率1.0%均低于对照组的9.0%、22.0%、7.0%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者不良反应发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论冠心病的体质类型以阳虚质、痰湿质、血瘀质、气虚质居多,中医体质辨识和干预能有效改善冠心病患者的预后,安全可靠。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.