肝炎病毒感染、饮酒与肝细胞癌病例对照研究

目的　研究乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒及饮酒与肝细胞癌的关系。方法　应用成组病例对照研究设计 ,选择 1999年 10月～ 2 0 0 2年 8月间住院初诊为肝细胞癌患者 16 4例作为病例组 ;选择性别、年龄、入院时间等与病例组均衡可比的眼科、皮肤科、泌尿科、心脏内科、呼吸内科患者 2 6 8例 ,作为对照组 ;通过非条件Logistic回归分析 ,探讨肝炎病毒感染、饮酒与肝细胞癌的相关性及病毒感染与酒精之间的协同作用。结果　肝细胞癌病例组HBsAg阳性率为 6 5 .2 % ,HCVRNA阳性率为 4 .9% ;对照组HBsAg阳性率为 10 .1% ,HCVRNA阳性率为 0 .7% ;病例组中有重度饮酒史 (每天酒精摄入量 >80 g ,至少 5年 )者占 5 8.5 % ,对照组中占 36 .9%。HBsAg阳性、HCVRNA阳性及重度饮酒的优势危险比 (OR)值分别为 16 .76 (95 %CI :10 .0 5～ 2 7.93) ,6 .92 (95 %CI :1.4 5～ 33.0 1)和 2 .4 1(95 %CI:1.6 2～3.5 9) ;HBsAg和HCVRNA均阳性与重度饮酒之间有协同增效作用。HBV感染是肝癌的最主要的相关原因 ,人群归因危险度 (AR)为 94 ,0 3% ,其次是HCV感染 ,AR为 6 8% ,以及重度饮酒 ,AR为 5 8.5 %。结论　肝炎病毒感染及饮酒与肝细胞癌的发生有关 ,对肝癌发生的危险度有叠加作用。     

Association of hepatitis C virus with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma compared with hepatitis B virus in Egyptian patients

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and carries a poor prognosis. Documentation of the wide geographical variation in its incidence has led to clear identification of several risk factors. These include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in endemic areas. The present study investigated the association of HBV with HCV and cirrhosis, the latter is regarded as a premalignant lesion and underlies most cases with HCC. Serum samples from 94 patients with HCC (n=25) and cirrhosis (n=69) were tested for hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and serum alphafetoprotein (AFP). Of the 94 patients, 71 (75.5%) had anti-HCV, 6 (6.4%) were positive to HBsAg, while 64 (68.1%) were positive to anti-HBc. These viral markers were more prevalent among HCC patients, 19 (76.0%) had hepatitis C antibody, 3 (12.0%) were positive to HBsAg and 22 (88.0%) were positive to anti-HBc compared with 52 (75.4%), 3 (4.3%) and 42 (60.9%), respectively in patients with cirrhosis. Regarding serum AFP measurement, 14 (56%) of patients with carcinoma and 35 (50.7%) of patients with cirrhosis demonstrated levels above 7 ng/ml. In patients with cirrhosis, elevated serum AFP and presence of anti-HCV in serum were significantly associated. In conclusion, this study shows that viral hepatitis is strongly associated with the development of cirrhosis and HCC in Egyptian patients. Hepatitis C virus seems to play a predominant role compared with hepatitis B virus.     

Plasma carotenoids, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: independent and interactive effects

This study was conducted to assess the role of carotenoid and glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 84 incident cases of HCC and 375 matched controls selected from a cohort of 7,342 men (4,841 chronic hepatitis B carriers and 2,501 noncarriers) who were recruited between 1988 and 1992 in Taiwan were studied. Neither GST M1/T1 polymorphisms nor plasma levels of various carotenoids were independently associated with HCC, but they modulated smoking- and/or drinking-related HCC risk. Cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke significantly increased HCC risk in a dose-dependent manner among subjects with low plasma beta-carotene levels (p for trend = 0.047) but not among those with high levels. A statistically significant effect of habitual alcohol drinking on HCC risk was observed only for those with low plasma levels of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, or lycopene and for GST M1 null subjects. There was evidence suggesting an interaction between the GST M1/T1 genotype and certain carotenoids in HCC associated with smoking and drinking. The strongest effect of smoking and drinking was noted among GST M1 null subjects with low plasma levels of beta-carotene (smoking: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-11.83; drinking: OR = 8.28, 95% CI 2.40-28.61).     

Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma: the effect of lifetime intake and hepatitis virus infections in men and women

The authors investigated the dose-effect relation between alcohol drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in men and women separately, also considering hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. They enrolled 464 subjects (380 men) with a first diagnosis of HCC as cases and 824 subjects (686 men) unaffected by hepatic diseases as controls; all were hospitalized in Brescia, northern Italy, in 1995-2000. Spline regression models showed a steady linear increase in the odds ratio of HCC for increasing alcohol intake, for values of >60 g of ethanol per day, with no substantial differences between men and women. Duration of drinking and age at start had no effect on the odds ratio when alcohol intake was considered. Former drinkers who had stopped 1-10 years previously had a higher risk of HCC than current drinkers did. The effect of alcohol drinking was evident even in the absence of hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection. In addition, a synergism between alcohol drinking and either infection was found, with approximately a twofold increase in the odds ratio for each hepatitis virus infection for drinkers of >60 g per day.     

The role of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infections in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Sudan.

In Sudan, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is high and increasing. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are important risk factors of HCC. This study aims to assess the role of HBV and HCV infections in the incidence of HCC in 2 regions of Sudan. A case-control study was conducted in 1996-98 among 150 HCC patients and 205 controls from 2 regions in Sudan. Their demographic characteristics as well as food habits and chronic conditions have been investigated. In this study, 115 cases and 199 controls were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and for HCV antibodies. Strong positive associations were found between HBV or HCV, and HCC with odds ratios (ORs) 9.8 (95% CI 5.1-18.9) and 8.3 (95% CI 2.3-29.9), respectively. After adjustment for age, by logistic regression, the ORs for HBV and HCV were 16.1 (95% CI 7.4-34.9) and 4.5 (95% CI 1.1-18.6), respectively. Further adjustment for region, education level and job type did not appreciably affect the results. Given a prevalence of HBV and HCV of 7.0% and 1.5% among controls, about 57% of all HCC cases can be attributed to these viral infections. Hepatitis infections seem to be important risk factors for HCC in Sudan.     

Birth order, as a proxy for age at infection, in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma

First-born and second-born children are exposed to common infections after enrollment at school, whereas later-born children are exposed to these infections earlier through their older siblings. We have evaluated whether birth order is a risk factor for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related, hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related, and apparently virus-unrelated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a large case-control study that included 333 HCC cases and 632 controls. In comparison with controls who were carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HBsAg-positive HCC cases were more likely to have been later-born children (odds ratio per increase in birth order = 2.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-3.6). There was no such evidence for anti-HCV-positive cases compared with anti-HCV-positive controls or for virus-negative HCC cases compared with virus-negative controls. We conclude that early infection with HBV increases the risk of HBV carriers to develop HCC, over and beyond its role in facilitating the establishment of a carrier state.     

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and mortality from non-liver causes: results from the Haimen City cohort study

BACKGROUND: Studies of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in endemic populations have rarely documented causes of mortality other than liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: We analysed all-cause mortality related to HBV infection, focusing on the deaths not related to liver disease in a prospective cohort of adults living in Haimen City, China, who were followed from 1992 to 2002. Death certificate data from 4590 deaths among 83 794 individuals were analysed. At cohort entry, 15.0% of the 58 454 male subjects and 10.7% of 25 340 female subjects were hepatitis B surface antigen positive [HbsAg(+)]. HCC and chronic liver disease were the major causes of death in both men and women in this population. The analysis focused on non-liver causes of death. RESULTS: When liver-related causes of death were excluded, there was still a significantly higher age-adjusted death rate among HBsAg(+) individuals. The relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all non-liver deaths among HBsAg(+) subjects were 1.2 (1.1-1.3) in men and 1.4 (1.1-1.7) in women. Non-liver causes were further subdivided into cancer and non-cancer groups. For all non-liver cancers, the RR was 1.2 (1.0-1.4) for males and 1.7 (1.2-2.3) for females. Non-liver, non-cancer deaths had RRs of 1.2 (1.1-1.4) and 1.2 (0.9-1.6) in males and females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HBV-infected individuals may be at increased mortality risk from non-liver causes. Possible reasons include a direct effect of HBV infection, changes in the host immune system as a cause or effect of chronic infection, and behavioural factors associated with HBV infection. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding.     

Delta hepatitis virus infection in China

To assess the prevalence, epidemiological features and prognostic implications of hepatitis D (Delta) in Sichuan Province, The People's Republic of China, 649 sera (515 from HBsAg positive patients and 134 from HBsAg negative subjects) were tested by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for antibody to the hepatitis D virus (anti-HD). Forty-seven sera (7.2%) showed some degree of reactivity. Serial dilutions of these sera indicated that prozoning was not responsible for the equivocal results. Thirty-four of the 47 sera were submitted under code to a second laboratory for independent analysis. According to those results anti-HD antibodies were detected in four of these sera. The overall prevalence of anti-HD in the HBsAg positive patients therefore was 0.8% (4/515). On the basis of clinical, biochemical and histological data 427 HBsAg positive sera were further divided into acute Type B hepatitis, chronic Type B hepatitis, healthy carrier state and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subgroups. Two of 65 (3.1%) anti-HD positive sera belonged to the acute Type B hepatitis group; one of 104 (0.9%), the chronic Type B hepatitis group and one of 246 (0.4%), the healthy carrier group. No antibody was detected in sera from 12 HBsAg positive HCC patients. All HBsAg negative patients were negative for anti-HD antibody. The results of this study indicate that despite a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection, positive serology for delta virus is uncommon in Sichuan Province, The People's Republic of China.     

张家港市流动人口乙肝病毒感染现况调查

目的 掌握张家港市流动人口乙型肝炎病毒感染状况,为今后乙型肝炎防治工作提供科学依据。方法 采用单纯随机抽样,利用酶联免疫吸附试验方法检测乙肝表面抗原（hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg）和乙肝表面抗体（hepatitis B surface antibody,HBsAb）。结果 共调查张家港市流动人口1 516人,男性占69.0%,中青年居多。HBsAg总阳性粗率为9.6%,性别差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.06,P=0.851）,而不同年龄组间差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.37,P=0.015）。HBsAb总阳性率为50.9%,男性高于女性（χ2=7.31,P=0.007）。不同性别、不同年龄组间乙肝疫苗接种率差异有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）;有乙肝疫苗接种史者,其HBsAg阳性率降低（OR=1.64,95% CI:1.15~2.34,P=0.006）。结论 张家港市流动人口感染状况调查在乙型肝炎的传播流行上具有重要意义。加强乙型肝炎的健康教育,提倡良好的卫生习惯,推行免疫接种,是预防乙型肝炎传播流行的必要和切实可行的措施。     

A case-control study on the association of hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in northeast Brazil.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers were investigated in 40 incident cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in two age and sex matched control groups, comprising 40 patients with other cancers and 80 healthy individuals, resident in Bahia, Brazil. Serologic tests were done by radioimmunoassay. The study observed high proportion of seropositivity to HBsAg (42.5%) and of those presenting HBsAg or antiHBc (65.0%) among HCC cases, higher in men than women and in those aged 17 to 30 years old. HBsAg seropositivity among HCC patients was greater than in the control group with other cancers (7.5%) and in healthy controls (2.5%), corresponding to odds ratio estimates of 15.0 (95% CI 3.29, 68.30) and 33.0 (95% CI 9.13, 119.28), both statistically significant. HBeAg was not observed and antiHBe was present in 41.2% of cases, suggesting the absence of viral replication, possibly with viral DNA integration into the hepatocyte genome. The presence of cirrhosis was associated with HBsAg seropositivity among HCC cases. A history of chronic alcoholism is shown to be more frequently related to those cases with cirrhosis. This study highlights the relevant association between HCC and HBV in Northeast Brazil, particularly for young individuals, and the high risk of development of HCC for HBsAg carriers.     

Hepatitis B and Delta virus infection among heterosexuals,homosexuals and bisexual men

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) infection rates were estimated in patients attending a venereal disease outpatient clinic: 759 heterosexuals and 154 homosexual-bisexual men. The anti-HBC prevalence was higher in homo-bisexual men (68.8 per 100) than in heterosexuals (41.8 per 100), whereas HBsAg was roughly the same in the two groups (about 6 per 100). The anti-HBc prevalence rate among heterosexuals was higher than that estimated in hospital personnel from the same geographical area. A positive association between anti-HBc prevalence and present or past sexually transmitted diseases (STD) was found among homo-bisexual men. Anti-HBc was also positively associated with herpes simplex type 2 antibodies in both heterosexuals and homo-bisexual men. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that sexual behavior also plays a role in the spread of infection among heterosexuals. Ten of the 46 HBsAg-positive subjects were anti-HDV positive: 6 of the 36 heterosexuals and 4 of the 10 homosexuals. All HDV-positive subjects had present or past STDs. These findings suggest sexual transmission of HDV infection.     

学龄前儿童乙型肝炎疫苗无应答者HBV感染风险的前瞻性队列研究

  目的  评估学龄前儿童乙肝疫苗无应答者未来感染乙肝病毒（hepatitis B virus，HBV）的风险。  方法  采用前瞻性队列研究的方法，选取南宁市江南区64家幼儿园内、已经按照0、1、6程序全程接种了三针乙肝疫苗的2~5岁儿童，在2015年3~5月期间抽血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原（hepatitis B surface antigen，HBsAg）和乙肝病毒表面抗体（hepatitis B surface antibody，抗-HBs），HBsAg阴性儿童为本次研究对象。根据儿童抗-HBs是否阳性，分成暴露组（抗-HBs阴性）和对照组（抗-HBs阳性）。研究开始于2015年6月1日，结束于2016年6月1日，在2016年6月1~30日对儿童进行随访检测血清HBsAg阳性率，比较两个组的HBsAg阳性率。  结果  纳入队列的无应答组人数1 907名，排除随访期间再次接种乙肝疫苗的83人，该队列人数实际为1 824，研究结束时失访151人，实际随访到的人数是1 673人，期间共有5名小孩HBsAg转成阳性，感染率为0.30%（5/1673）；纳入队列的应答组人数2 054名，研究结束时失访140人，随访到人数为1914，他们均未检测出HBsAg；研究结束时无应答组HBsAg阳性率高于应答组（P=0.023）。  结论  乙肝疫苗无应答者未来存在感染HBV的风险。     

接种乙肝疫苗对人群HBVM模式的影响

目的 :了解乙肝疫苗接种以来 ,山东省人群中乙肝感染指标和感染模式的变化情况 ,为评价疫苗免疫预防效果 ,制订乙肝防治策略提供依据。方法 :采用多级分层整群随机抽样的方法 ,抽取全省 11个县 (市区 )的 74 19人进行了乙肝疫苗接种情况的调查 ,并用固相放射免疫法检测其乙肝血清学指标。结果 :人群乙肝疫苗接种率为 2 8.2 1%。 HBs Ag、抗- HBs总阳性率分别为 5 .0 5 %、 4 5 .2 6 % ,其中未接种组为 5 .88%、 36 .14 % ,接种组为 2 .96 %、 6 8.4 7%。两组差异均有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 1)。抗 - HBs阳性率城市均高于农村 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :接种乙肝疫苗能有效的提高抗 - HBs阳性率 ,减少乙肝病毒感染率 ,是控制乙肝发病的有效措施。     

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in the Philippines

Hepatitis B virus markers were studied in 2,842 Philippine rural subjects from four villages in 1979-1982. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and all markers for hepatitis B virus averaged 12% and 58%, respectively, in these rural populations. It is estimated that five million Filipinos are HBsAg positive. The rural age-specific HBsAg prevalence shows an "early peak" (in persons 3-4-years-old) in two communities and a "late peak" (in persons 30-40-years-old) in the other two communities. Family studies suggest that the prevalence of HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) among parents of the young children in an "early peak" and a "late peak" village cannot fully account for the difference in the patterns of prevalence of all markers, or the HBsAg marker. Horizontal intrafamilial and extrafamilial transmission may also be significant. Further research is needed on risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection.     

Increased risk for hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis in relatives of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in northern Taiwan

BACKGROUND: There is a tendency for familial aggregation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aims of this study were to assess the degree to which familial aggregation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers accounts for familiality of HCC in families of hepatitis B-related HCC patients, and whether HCC shares a familial predisposition with liver cirrhosis among HBsAg carriers. METHODS: A total of 671 first-degree relatives of HBsAg-positive HCC cases were recruited using abdominal ultrasonography and tests for HBsAg and serum aminotransferases. They were from 165 simplex families defined as having only one HCC case and 72 multiplex families with more than one case. In analyses of family history of HCC and cirrhosis, the data set consisted of 4,471 unrelated asymptomatic HBsAg carriers recruited in a prospective study. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the HBsAg-positive rate among relatives between multiplex (55.7%) and simplex (48.1%) families. Sonographic evidence of liver cirrhosis was present in 14.4% of HBsAg-positive relatives from multiplex families but in only 7.8% of HBsAg-positive relatives from simplex families (multiplex versus simplex families: adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.10-4.77). Among unrelated asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, the adjusted OR of liver cirrhosis associated with a first-degree family history of HCC was 2.80 (95% CI: 1.68-4.66). This association was stronger in HBsAg carriers <50 years. No association was seen between family history of HCC and hepatitis activity based on elevated levels of aminotransferases. CONCLUSIONS: Familial aggregation of HCC in HBsAg carriers is associated with familial clustering of liver cirrhosis.     

江苏省海门市原发性肝癌队列随访结果分析

目的 分析海门原发性肝癌队列（海门队列）中死亡情况及其危险因素。方法 海门队列自1992年建立,共纳入25~69岁健康人群89 789人。对入组研究对象进行基线调查并采集外周静脉血10 ml,检测HBsAg,并对生存状况及肝癌死亡情况每年进行1次随访。计算肝癌死亡率,采用Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析。结果 截至2014年12月31日,海门队列共随访1 299 611人年,其中2 583（男性2 149,女性434）例死于肝癌。肝癌死亡病例中HBsAg阳性者占73.87%。男女性肝癌死亡率分别为247.80/10万人年和100.38/10万人年。多因素分析显示,HBsAg阳性是海门队列男女性原发性肝癌最为主要的危险因素（男性：HR=15.97,95% CI：14.29~17.85;女性：HR=21.63,95% CI：16.16~28.96）。年龄、吸烟史、既往肝炎史以及肝癌家族史均与原发性肝癌发病风险有关。结论 海门地区成年人原发性肝癌死亡率处于较高水平,HBV感染仍为该地区最主要的危险因素。     

5797名克拉玛依市成年人乙型肝炎病毒感染率及影响因素调查

为了解克拉玛依市成年人乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒感染情况,在克拉玛依区、白碱滩区及乌尔禾区,随机抽取5797名成年人进行了乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染率及影响因素的调查。结果显示:调查人群HBsAg总阳性率为7.47%。其中乙肝疫苗接种者的HBsAg阳性率、抗-HBc阳性率及HBV感染率分别为1.80%、15.54%、17.34%,显著低于未接种者(P<0.01);男性HBsAg阳性率高于女性,有显著差异(P<0.01);汉族与维族HBsAg阳性率比较,无显著差异(P>0.05);不同职业HBsAg阳性率比较,有显著差异(P<0.01);不同行政区HBsAg阳性率比较,无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,接种乙肝疫苗是控制乙肝最有效措施;借助医生和媒体的力量开展广泛宣传是提高接种率的有效方法;将成人纳入扩大免疫人群是十分必要的。     

Low plasma selenium as a risk factor for cancer death in middle-aged men

In a population study, 10,000 men (aged 46-48 years) were invited to a health screening program. At follow-up, which was up to eight years later, 61 subjects had died from cancer; from 35 of these subjects, plasma samples were available that were obtained at the initial screening. These samples, together with samples from two living controls for each case, were analyzed for selenium, retinol, cholesterol, triglyceride, and a number of plasma proteins. Plasma selenium was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in cases than in controls (means: 1.06 vs. 1.12 mumol/l). The proportion of cases increased significantly from the highest to the lowest quintile of plasma selenium, and the relative risk for cancer death was 3.8 times higher in the lowest quintile compared with the highest. Mean plasma retinol was similar in cases (2.53 mumol/l) and controls (2.56 mumol/l). Cases and controls also had similar values for plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, apolipoprotein B, orosomucoid, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, and beta 2-microglobulin. Apolipoprotein AI in plasma was lower among cases (p less than 0.025). Cases smoked significantly more than controls did (p less than 0.05). Data indicate that low plasma selenium was a risk factor for cancer death in middle-aged men who lived in the same area. Further studies are necessary to establish whether differences in selenium intake, selenium metabolism, or other factors related to selenium are responsible for the relations observed. At present, the available data do not justify selenium supplementation programs in the whole population.     

乙型肝炎母婴传播阻断成功儿童乙型肝炎病毒突破性感染的特征

目的了解乙型肝炎(乙肝)母婴传播阻断成功儿童乙肝病毒(HBV)突破性感染及其影响因素。方法选取江苏省淮安市淮安区2009年9月-2011年1月乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性母亲所生儿童,且乙肝母婴传播阻断成功。阻断成功定义为儿童按国家免疫程序在完成出生时乙肝疫苗(HepB)和乙肝免疫球蛋白以及1、6月龄HepB接种后7-12月龄HBsAg阴性,HBV突破性感染定义为阻断成功儿童在12月龄后HBsAg阳性或24月龄后乙肝核心抗体(HBcAb)阳性。至2019年9月进行5次随访并检测HBV血清标志物,分析HBV突破性感染及其影响因素。结果本研究共纳入儿童390名,其中12名29-117月龄儿童发生HBV突破性感染,发生率为3.08%(12/390),均为乙肝核心抗体(HBcAb)阳性和HBsAg阴性。乙肝疫苗(HepB)初次免疫无、低、正常、高应答儿童HBV突破性感染率分别为25.00%、6.67%、2.61%、0.95%;母亲HBeAg阳性、阴性的儿童分别为9.76%、0.00%;母亲高、低HBV病毒载量的儿童分别为11.96%、0.34%。儿童HBV突破性感染发生密度为0.36/100人年;多因素Cox回归分析显示,HepB初次免疫低或无应答、母亲高病毒载量是儿童HBV突破性感染的危险因素(HR=5.91,95%CI:1.87-18.71;HR=45.81,95%CI:5.88-356.96)。结论乙肝母婴传播阻断成功儿童的HBV突破性感染发生率较低;母亲HBeAg阳性、母亲高HBV病毒载量、HepB初次免疫低或无应答的儿童更易发生突破性感染。     

Is serum selenium a risk factor for cancer in men only?

The association of serum selenium with the subsequent risk of death from cancer was investigated in a case-control study that was nested in a prospective nine-year follow-up study in the Netherlands. In 1975-1978, 10,532 persons in the Dutch town of Zoetermeer who were aged five years or more participated in a medical survey. Serum samples were collected and stored at -20 C. For the 82 persons who died of cancer since the baseline examination, 164 cohort members still alive by the end of 1983 were selected as controls and matched for age, sex, and smoking. Cancer deaths that occurred in the first year of follow-up were excluded, leaving 69 cases for statistical analyses. The mean serum selenium level of 116.7 +/- 4.0 micrograms/liter among male cancer deaths (n = 40) was significantly different (p = 0.04) from that in the control subjects (126.4 +/- 3.1 micrograms/liter). In females, selenium levels were similar among cases and controls. The adjusted risk of death from cancer for men in the lowest quintile of serum selenium (below 100.8 micrograms/liter) was more than twice that of subjects with higher levels (relative risk = 2.7,90% confidence interval = 1.2-6.2). These data support recent findings of an increased cancer risk associated with low serum selenium levels in men but not in women.