抗真菌药物作用机制及真菌耐药机制的研究进展

抗真菌药物的作用靶位包括真菌细胞壁、细胞膜、蛋白质合成和核酸合成.依据作用靶位分别阐述了抗真菌药物的作用机制.目前临床常用的抗真菌药物有唑类、多烯类、烯丙胺类、5-氟胞嘧啶和芬净类,从分子层面上分别介绍了真菌对以上药物的耐药机制.     

纤维素类肠溶包衣材料的应用

纤维素类聚合物是非常重要的药用辅料.本文介绍了近年来纤维素类肠溶包衣材料的研究概况,包括其结构、理化性质、合成策略以及在包衣中的简单和特殊应用,并介绍了一种新的包衣方法--干法包衣.     

五环胍类生物碱的结构、合成及生物活性

五元胍类生物碱是目前分离得到的结构最为复杂的胍类生物碱.该类化合物由于具有独特的结构、优良的理化性质和多样的生物活性,引起了科学家的极大兴趣.本文将重点介绍此类天然产物的合成方法及其生物活性,以期为今后设计合成此类活性化合物指明方向.     

纤维素肠溶包衣材料的应用

纤维素类聚合物是非常重要的药用辅料。本文介绍了近年来纤维素类肠溶包衣材料的研究概况,包括其结构、理化性质、合成策略以及在包衣中的简单和特殊应用,并介绍了一种新的包衣方法－干法包衣。     

有机硼化合物的药理活性及构效关系研究进展

综述具有药理活性的有机硼化合物及其构效关系的研究进展,包括硼酸类抗肿瘤化合物、含硼杂环类及硼烷类抗感染化合物、硼酸类凝血酶抑制剂以及硼酸类二肽基肽酶抑制剂等。并重点介绍了已上市抗肿瘤药物硼替佐米的药理作用机制、合成方法、药效及临床研究。     

几丁质合成抑制剂类杀虫剂的发展和应用

本文重点介绍了苯酰基脲类、噻嗪酮这两类几丁质合成抑制剂类杀虫剂的发展概况和应用的有关杀虫特性及其目前在防治几类农作物害虫方面的应用情况,分析了其在应用方面的主要问题,并对其前景进行了讨论。     

动物用广谱高效氟喹诺酮类抗菌药沛马沙星

氟喹诺酮类抗菌剂在欧、美及日本等许多国家已成为家禽家畜广泛应用的抗细菌感染的药物,本文介绍了新氟喹诺酮类抗菌剂沛马沙星的合成方法、抗菌作用。     

第三代大环内酯类抗生素的结构改造及合成方法

酮内酯类抗生素是具有大环内酯结构的红霉素衍生物。大量耐药病原菌的迅速出现使红霉素类半合成抗生素临床应用出现了挑战,也促使了针对耐药菌的第三代酮内酯类药物的研发并取得了丰硕的研究成果,其代表药物为泰利霉素和喹红霉素。本文综述了近年来对酮内酯类抗生素C-6位、C-5位糖环、三环类、C-11,12位及C-12位等处结构修饰方面的新进展,重点介绍了第三代酮内酯半合成抗生素合成的方法研究。     

铂类抗肿瘤药物的研究现状

自从顺铂作为第一代抗肿瘤药物被开发利用以来，人们一直在寻找广谱、高活性、低毒性和无交叉耐药性的铂类抗肿瘤药物，合成和筛选出各种铂络合物。分别介绍根据不同设计思路合成的四价铂络合物、具有活性配体的铂络合物、生物载体为配体的靶向铂络合物、反式铂络合物和具有立体位阻效应的铂络合物及其抗肿瘤活性，综述当前铂类抗肿瘤药物的研究现状。     

噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物的研究

噁唑烷酮类化合物是新一代全合成的抗菌药物，有着全新的结构和独特的作用机制。此类药物可阻止细菌蛋白质的早期合成反应，与其他蛋白质合成抑制剂类抗菌药物无交叉耐药性，体内外对许多临床耐药菌有强烈的抗菌活性。本文主要介绍口恶唑烷酮类作用机制、体内外抗菌活性及药效方面的研究情况。     

Percutaneous Penetration of Acyclovir Through Excised Hairless Mouse and Rat Skin: Effect of Vehicle and Percutaneous Penetration Enhancer

The effects of vehicle and percutaneous penetration enhancer on the penetration of acyclovir through excised hairless mouse and rat skin were investigated. Four solvents, propylene glycol (PG), ethanol (ET), isopropanol (IPA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM), were employed as vehicles, in combination with four enhancers, l-farnesylazacycloheptan-2-one (7FU), l-geranylazacycloheptan-2-one (7GU), l-geranylazacyclopentan-2-one (5GU), and l-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (Azone). Acyclovir was suspended in vehicles to avoid the effect of the thermodynamic activity of acyclovir in the vehicle. The penetration of acyclovir through hairless mouse skin from IPA was enhanced by 7GU, whereas that from IPM was not affected. All combinations of vehicle and penetration enhancer were examined using rat skin. No effect of the enhancers was observed in the IPM vehicle. The estimated solubility parameters of vehicles and enhancers indicated that the polarities of IPM and the enhancers are similar, which prevents effective penetration of the enhancers from IPM. However, the penetration of acyclovir from the other vehicles was increased by the enhancers. The combination of hydrophilic vehicle and hydrophobic enhancer resulted in a large enhancing effect. The disappearance of the enhancers from the vehicle correlated with their enhancing activity, but other factors also seemed to affect the penetration enhancement of acyclovir.     

An insight into the role of barrier related skin proteins

It is well-known that intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin play an important role in maintaining barrier function, and many types of penetration enhancers affecting lipids are used in topical products to improve transdermal drug permeability. Recently, it was reported that functional proteins in tight junctions of the epidermis are important for barrier function. In this study, the effects of penetration enhancers such as fatty esters, amines/amides, and alcohols on the barrier function of the skin were evaluated in rat skin and normal human-derived epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). All penetration enhancers decreased the electrical impedance (EI), however, the potencies of some penetration enhancers were not equal between rat skin and NHEK. The differences were clarified by immunohistochemical studies: some fatty esters decreased the immunoreactivity of involucrin and keratin 10 in the upper layer of the epidermis, while alcohols decreased the immunoreactivity of desmoglein-1, claudin-1, and E-cadherin located in the lower layer of the epidermis. From these results, it is suggested that penetration enhancers show new action mechanisms disturbing barrier-related proteins in epidermis, which are classified into two categories depending on their action sites.     

刺山柑果凝胶膏剂的体外透皮研究

目的研究不同促透剂对刺山柑果凝胶膏中有效成分体外透皮吸收的影响,筛选有效的促透剂。方法选择不同质量分数的氮酮、丙二醇以及氮酮与丙二醇的不同质量比例组合物为促透剂,采用改良的Franz扩散池,以离体小鼠皮肤为透皮屏障,用HPLC测定接收液中有效成分芦丁的含量,考察不同促透剂对刺山柑果凝胶膏中芦丁的单位面积累积透过量和透皮速率常数的影响。结果 20mg.g-1氮酮促渗效果较好,其促渗倍数为1.26倍,芦丁的透皮速率常数为5.45μg.cm-2.h-1。结论不同促透剂对刺山柑果凝胶膏中有效成分的透皮吸收的影响有差异,其中20mg.g-1氮酮能够有效促进凝胶膏中芦丁的体外透皮吸收,可作为刺山柑果凝胶膏的促透剂。     

不同促渗剂对盐酸芦氟沙星体外经皮渗透的影响

目的　研究几种常用促渗剂对盐酸芦氟沙星体外经皮渗透的影响。方法　用紫外分光光度法检测浓度 ,采用改进Franz扩散池 ,比较几种常用促渗剂对盐酸芦氟沙星渗透系数的影响。结果　1%氮酮和 1%氮酮 10 %丙二醇可显著增大盐酸芦氟沙星的渗透系数 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　 1%氮酮和1%氮酮 10 %丙二醇可作为促渗剂用于盐酸芦氟沙星的透皮吸收制剂     

罂粟碱凝胶的研制及不同透皮促进剂对其透皮作用的影响

目的：探讨透皮吸收促进剂对罂粟碱凝胶透皮吸收的影响。方法：采用简单扩散小室，用紫外分光光度测定了5种处方罂粟碱凝胶离体鼠皮透皮吸收药量。结果：罂粟碱透皮累积释药量与时间呈线性关系，与不含吸收促进剂的凝胶比较，吸收促进剂对罂粟碱透皮吸收的影响为油酸＞油酸＋月桂氨卓酮＞二甲亚砜＞月桂氮卓酮。结论：油酸能明显促进罂粟碱的透皮吸收，而水溶性的透皮吸收促进剂对罂粟碱的透皮吸收作用不明显。     

不同透皮促进剂对环孢素A纳米粒丝素蛋白膜剂经皮渗透的影响研究

目的:研究不同透皮促进剂对环孢素A纳米粒丝素蛋白膜剂(简称环孢素A膜剂)经皮渗透的影响,并优选出其最佳透皮促进剂。方法:以不同浓度的氮酮、油酸、月桂醇、丙二醇、尿素单用及氮酮与其他辅料联用作为透皮促进剂,制备环孢素A膜剂;采用药物透皮扩散试验仪,以离体大鼠腹部皮肤为渗透屏障,40%乙醇-生理盐水为接收介质,高效液相色谱法为接收介质中药物含量的测定方法,比较不同透皮促进剂作用下环孢素A累积透皮量(Q)、稳态透皮速率(Js)、增渗倍数(ER)等。结果:氮酮、月桂醇、丙二醇、尿素对环孢素A膜剂均有透皮促进作用,其中以1%氮酮+2%丙二醇的透皮促进效果最好,令24h内Q提高至2.81倍、Js为6.59μg·cm-2·h-1、ER为2.59。结论:1%氮酮+2%丙二醇更适合作为环孢素A膜剂的透皮促进剂。     

复合透皮促渗剂对氨氯地平的促渗透作用

目的：研究不同透皮促渗剂对氨氯地平混悬液的体外兔皮渗透作用.方法：以30%乙醇为溶媒,分别配制含不同透皮促渗剂的氨氯地平饱和混悬液,采用自制改良Franz’s扩散池测量其对体外兔皮的促渗透作用.结果：促渗剂对氨氯地平均有促渗透作用,不同透皮促渗剂促透作用的大小顺序为：丙二醇＜油酸＜阿佐恩＜阿佐恩＋丙二醇＜油酸＋丙二醇.与不含促渗剂相比,油酸＋丙二醇渗透系统稳态透皮渗透速率约为不含促渗剂的2.7倍.结论：复合透皮促渗剂对氨氯地平有良好的促渗透作用.     

复方儿茶止泻膜剂促透剂的筛选

目的:以最佳促透剂的筛选为研究目标,进行单品、联合促透剂的优化选择。方法:采用单因素法与正交设计法进行促透剂组方设计。通过体外透皮吸收实验,以膜剂外观质量和儿茶素累积透过量为检测指标,对复方儿茶止泻膜剂的促透剂进行筛选。结果:3种促透剂单用对其外观影响均较大,且儿茶素的累积透过量均低于联合促透剂应用时所得量。联合促透剂组中影响促透效果的因素为氮酮、丁香酚和薄荷醇;当选择联合促透剂组合为A3B2C1条件时,外观质量检查合格,促透效果明显。结论:应用联合促透剂,薄荷醇、丁香酚和氮酮在4%∶2%∶1%的比例下制备复方儿茶止泻膜剂时,膜剂的外观质量佳,对儿茶素的促透作用最明显。     

6种促进剂对西替利嗪体外经皮渗透的影响

目的 :研究 6种不同的促进剂对西替利嗪体外经皮渗透的促进作用。方法 :用Valia Chien水平扩散池 ,选择了丙二醇、月桂氮芯卓 酮 (azone)、柠烯 (dipentene)、水杨酸甲酯、含 10 %薄荷脑的丙二醇、含 10 %樟脑的丙二醇作为促进剂 ,采用离体SD大鼠腹部皮肤用促渗剂预处理的方式 ,建立以去氯羟嗪为内标的反相离子对高效液相色谱法 ,测定接收液中西替利嗪的含量。结果 :除丙二醇和水杨酸外其余几种促进剂对西替利嗪体外经皮渗透都有显著的促进作用 (P <0 .0 1)。以含 10 %薄荷脑的丙二醇的促渗效果最好。结论 :月桂氮芯卓 酮、柠烯、薄荷脑、樟脑可以作为促渗剂用于西替利嗪经皮吸收制剂     

A new colorimetric assay for studying and rapid screening of membrane penetration enhancers

PURPOSE: This work aims to demonstrate a novel chemical assay for rapid screening and analysis of the mode of action of membrane interaction by penetration enhancers. METHODS: The new bio-mimetic membrane assembly, consisting of supramolecular aggregates of lipids and conjugated polydiacetylene, undergoes visible and quantifiable blue-red color transitions upon interaction with penetration enhancers. RESULTS: The new colorimetric model has been employed to examine various classes of penetration enhancers, including 1-dodecylhexahydro-2H-azepin-2-one (Azone), oleic acid, propylene-glycol, menthol, ethoxyglycol-diethyleneglycol-monoethyl-ether (Transcutol), polysorbate-polyethylenesorbitan-monolaurate (Tween-20), and the drug 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (Diazepam). The assay enables to evaluate the validity of various observations and hypotheses proposed in previous studies regarding permeation enhancement activities. Our results suggest, for example. that propylene glycol (PG) by itself does not interfere with membranes, but rather exhibits synergistic effect in combination with other penetration enhancers. Similarly, our data demonstrate that Transcutol does not independently interact with membranes. The colorimetric system also indicates that interaction of penetration enhancers with membranes depend upon the lipid phase, as well as the self-assembly properties of the enhancer molecules. CONCLUSIONS: The new biomimetic model membrane system can be applied for rapid screening of the activities of penetration enhancers, and provides insight into the mechanisms of permeability of membrane-active compounds.