国产雷米普利胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究健康受试者口服雷米普利胶囊(抗高血压药)的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法20名健康受试者随机服用雷米普利受试和参比制剂各10mg,用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中雷米普利和雷米普利拉的浓度。结果主要药代动力学参数,试验与参比制剂中雷米普利的tmax分别为(0.60±0.17),(0.63±0.25)h;Cmax分别为(40.11±14.48),(41.78±13.18)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(2.75±1.36),(2.28±1.28)h;AUC0-12分别为(42.09±11.22),(41.81±12.89)ng·h·mL-1;试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.47±16.02)%。试验与参比制剂中雷米普利拉的tmax分别为(2.70±0.47),(2.60±0.60)h;Cmax分别为(42.02±12.53),(41.80±14.65)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(17.99±6.28),(18.51±5.81)h;AUC0-72分别为(310.65±91.42),(310.21±102.74)ng·h·mL-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.09±15.28)%。结论参比与试验制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口氨磺必利片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的评价国产和进口氨磺必利片(抗精神病药)在中国健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性。方法20名健康受试者按体质量配对后,随机分为2组,单剂2周期交叉口服氨磺必利试验制剂和参比制剂200 mg,取肘静脉血4mL,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中氨磺必利浓度。用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性。结果氨磺必利片试验制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数:AUC0-48分别为(3.01±0.86),(2.94±0.88)μg.h.mL-1,Cmax分别为(392.19±135.35),(419.84±154.25)ng.mL-1,t1/2分别为(9.42±3.02),(8.89±3.05)h,tmax分别为(3.70±0.80),(3.80±0.77)h,试验制剂氨磺必利片相对生物利用度F为(104.00±17.10)%。结论国产与进口氨磺必利片具有生物等效性。     

洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性研究

目的:考察两种洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂,采用LC/MS/MS法测定全血中药物浓度,用DAS2.1软件计算药代动力学参数.结果:试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(4.67±2.34),(5.30±2.62)h;tmax分别为(1.90±0.50),(2.13±0.39)h;Cmax分别为(8.37±0.84),(8.29±1.00)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(32.25±6.49),(32.71±7.59)ng.h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(33.62±6.94),(34.71±8.62)ng·h·mL-1.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F=(99.60±8.30)%.结论:受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

扎鲁司特胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的评价扎鲁司特胶囊与扎鲁司特片(均平喘药)在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法 20名健康男性志愿受试者随机分为2组,用双周期自身交叉、单剂量口服扎鲁司特胶囊(受试制剂)和扎鲁司特片(参比制剂)各20 mg后,用HPLC/MS-MS法测定扎鲁司特的血浆浓度,并计算药代动力学参数。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(1.50±0.76),(1.63±0.48)h;Cmax分别为(505.34±208.73),(449.62±191.80)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(7.60±4.87),(7.36±4.50)h;AUC0-48分别为(1362±534),(1260±581)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(1371±537),(1268±588)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(113.6±29.7)%。结论扎鲁司特胶囊与扎鲁司特片具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口赖诺普利片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的 评价国产与进口赖诺普利片(降血脂药)在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性受试者随机分组,按自身交叉、单剂量口服赖诺普利受试和参比制剂各20 mg后,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中赖诺普利的浓度,非房室模型法计算各主要药代动力学参数,并进行方差分析和生物等效性评价.结果 赖诺普利片受试制剂和参比制剂的tmax分别为(6.00±0.46),(6.35±0.88)h;Cmax分别为(81.47±40.92),(80.91±37.45)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(10.99±6.12),(10.71±3.40)h;AUC0-48分别为(784.90±379.40),(815.40±377.60)ng·h · mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(838.50±392.00),(868.00±392.20)ng·h·mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度F为(97.1±11.9)%.结论 国产与进口赖诺普利片具有生物等效.     

普伐他汀片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 建立测定血浆普伐他汀的高效液相色谱一串联质谱法,并评价普伐他汀钠片(降血脂药)试验制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 按两种制剂双周期自身对照交叉试验设计,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服2种普伐他汀钠片(参比制剂和受试制剂)40 mg后,用高效液相色谱一串联质谱法测定血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服普伐他汀钠片参比制剂及受试制剂40 mg后的主要药代动力学参数:tmax分别为(0.79±0.28),(0.88±0.32) h; Cmax分别为(55.06±22.09),(57.75±30.47) mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(2.38±0.69),(2.31±0.49) h;AUCO-t分别为(110.49±45.25 ),(108.81±52.16)ng·h·L-1; AUC0-∞分别为(115.58±47.08),(113.60±54.38) mg·h·L-1.受试制剂对参比制剂平均相对生物利用度为(103.76±16.70)%.结论 2种普伐他汀钠片生物等效.     

阿奇霉素软胶囊在健康志愿者的药代动力学与相对生物利用度

目的建立人血浆中阿奇霉素(大环内酯类抗生素)的高效液相色谱-质谱测定方法,用于研究阿奇霉素软胶囊在人体的药代动力学及相对生物利用度。方法18例健康男性志愿者单剂量口服阿奇霉素软胶囊受试制剂或参比制剂500mg后,用建立的方法测定阿奇霉素的血药浓度,用3P97药代动力学软件求算药代动力学参数,以双单侧t检验进行生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(676.6±283.1),(663.4±298.3)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.9±0.5),(2.0±0.6)h;t1/2分别为(50.4±14.3),(49.1±14.5)h;AUC0-144分别为(5025.1±881.9),(4857.5±946.8)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5827.3±898.0),(5638.9±998.5)ng·h·mL-1。相对生物利用度为F0-144=(105.8±22.8)%。结论2制剂为生物等效制剂。     

国产复方缬沙坦片人体相对生物利用度研究

目的评价国产复方缬沙坦片在健康人体的相对生物利用度,并与参比制剂比较其生物等效性。方法将18名男性健康志愿者随机分组,依照自身交叉、对照方案单剂量口服国产复方缬沙坦片及参比制剂各2片(含缬沙坦160mg/氢氯噻嗪25mg),采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)-荧光法及离子对色谱法测定血浆中缬沙坦、氢氯噻嗪的质量浓度,并用BAPP2.0软件计算药代动力学参数。结果国产复方缬沙坦片和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数,缬沙坦达峰时间(Tmax)分别为(2.75±0.55)h和(2.75±0.31)h,峰浓度(Cmax)分别为(4496.44±1453.66)ng/mL和(4387.46±1445.47)ng/mL,0～24h药时曲线下面积AUC0-24分别为(28955.11±8122.35)ng/(h.mL)和(29783.15±9706.08)ng/(h.mL);氢氯噻嗪Tmax分别为(2.44±0.66)h和(2.25±0.35)h,Cmax分别为(136.68±33.91)ng/mL和(128.12±37.35)ng/mL,AUC0-24分别为(1018.54±200.73)ng/(h.mL)和(1008.44±292.30)ng/(h.mL)。国产复方缬沙坦片中的缬沙坦和氢氯噻嗪的相对生物利用度(F)分别为(99.8±15.5)%和(107.9±30.6)%。结论受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 比较国产与进口盐酸特比萘芬片(广谱抗真菌药)在健康人体的生物利用度和生物等效性.方法 20名健康受试者随机分组,双交叉单次口服国产(试验制剂)与进口(对照制剂)盐酸特比萘芬各250 mg,清洗期为1周.服药后于各时间点采血3 mL,用高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价.结果 对照制剂和试验制剂的主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(17.26±7.60),(17.94±7.94)h;AUC0-t分别为(5.20±2.06),(4.90±1.50)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5.70±2.24),(5.40±1.74)mg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(1.15±0.48),(1.03±0.36)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.56±0.74),(1.36±0.50)h.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F为104.4%.结论 国产和进口盐酸特比萘芬片生物等效.     

国产与进口盐酸多奈哌齐片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究国产与进口盐酸多奈哌齐片在健康人体的生物等效性.方法 20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉给药,分别单剂量口服国产(受试制剂)与进口盐酸多奈哌齐片(参比制剂),用高效液相飞行时间质谱(HPLC/TOF/MS)联用技术,测定人血浆中多奈哌齐的浓度,计算2者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并评价2制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服国产及进口盐酸多奈哌齐片5mg的主要药代动力学参数:t_(1/2)分别为(62.56±9.76),(65.70±12.80)h;t_(max)分别为(3.15±0.67),(3.10±0.55)h;C_(max)分别为(10.42±2.52),(10.06±2.02)ng·mL~(-1);AUC_(0-192)分别为(489.37±154.32),(484.76±150.13)ng·h·mL<-1>;AUC_(0-∞)分别为(566.52±193.84),(564.38±176.10)ng·h·mL~(-1).用AUC_(0-192)、AUC_(0-∞)估算多奈哌齐供试片的相对生物利用度分别为(100.7±9.2)%,(99.2 ±11.9)%.结论 2种盐酸多奈哌齐片为生物等效制剂.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.