连续性肾替代治疗中抗凝剂应用探讨

连续性肾替代治疗(CRRT)能否顺利进行,抗凝是体外循环中非常重要的环节,并发多器官衰竭(MOF)的患者使用抗凝剂风险增大,选择合理的抗凝方法进行CRRT,可降低出血的危险并提高治疗效果。我们对2001年6月～2003年2月32例在本院行CRRT患者的抗凝情况进行分析,报告如下。     

高危出血患者局部枸橼酸抗凝的护理

目前,血液透析中应用最广泛的抗凝剂为肝素,但肝素具有全身抗凝作用,对于合并出血、存在严重出血倾向及近期手术的尿毒症患者,常在血液透析过程中或透析后发生严重出血,甚至威胁生命。据报道[1],在高危出血患者肝素抗凝透析中,出血并发症的发生率高达10％-30％。我院自1995年起,开始研究局部枸橼酸抗凝(RCA)透析在高危出血患者中的应用,已成功地对20例急、慢性肾功能衰竭患者实施了64例次RCA透析,其中对17例高危出血患者实施了61例次RCA透析,积累了一定的护理经验。现分析报告如下。     

血仿膜肝素吸附法在高危出血液透析析患者中的应用

血液透析是一个体外循环过程,血液与管路、透析膜的接触,可触发机体的凝血系统,治疗中必须使用抗凝剂以防止血栓的形成。临床上经常遇到各种原因导致的急、慢性肾功能损害并出血患者,普通肝素抗凝治疗显然会加重患者的出血情况,无肝素透析是基层医院(不包括使用无肝素透析器)应用得最多的一种方法,但其操作步骤多,护理工作量大,治疗中频繁的生理盐水冲洗对患者血流动力学影响大；近几年来低分子肝素以其抗凝效果确切、对     

脓毒症患者行局部枸橼酸抗凝持续肾脏替代治疗过程中钙的管理

脓毒症是指机体对感染的宿主反应失调导致的威胁生命的器官功能障碍[1]。CRRT是ICU中治疗脓毒症的重要措施之一。它可以改善脓毒症患者的器官功能,精确控制体液平衡,清除炎症介质等[2-5]。合理的抗凝剂和抗凝方法是确保CRRT顺利进行的重要部分。2012年肾病改善全球预后(KDIGO)临床实践指南建议,无论患者的出血风险和凝血状态如何,只要患者没有枸橼酸使用禁忌证,枸橼酸是行CRRT患者的首选抗凝剂[6]。     

透析器肝素吸附法在高危出血患者中的应用

血液透析是一个体外循环过程。对具有出血倾向患者进行血液透析时，在使用肝素或低分子肝素等抗凝剂时可引起或加重出血，甚至危及患者生命。血液与管路、透析膜的接触，可触发机体的凝血系统，治疗中必须使用抗凝剂以防止凝血。临床上经常遇到各种原因导致的急、慢性肾功能损害合并出血患者，普通肝素抗凝治疗会加重患者的出血情况。低分子肝素的应用不能完全避免对凝血功能的影响，仍会加重出血危险。鱼精蛋白虽可中和肝素，但因两者半衰期的不同，中和不完全可致出血。无肝素透析虽无加重出血的风险，但其操作步骤多，护理工作量大，治疗中频繁的应用生理盐水冲洗滤器及管路，对患者的血流动力学影响大。     

无肝素技术在血液透析治疗中的应用及护理

血液透析(HD)过程中必须应用抗凝剂,在常规的血液透析中通常用肝素钠作为抗凝剂行体内肝素化,而合并出血或严重出血倾向的急慢性肾功能衰竭患者进行血液透析时如何进行安全有效抗凝是近年来该领域探讨的重要课题之一.随着血液透析技术的发展,无肝素透析技术使合并出血或严重出血倾向的急慢性肾功能衰竭患者透析疗效方面发挥了重要作用,我院自2001年1月～2003年12月对22例合并出血或严重出血倾向的急慢性肾衰竭患者进行无肝素透析治疗88例次,取得满意效果,现报道如下.     

无肝素连续性肾脏替代治疗中冲洗滤器两种方法的比较

在连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)时,患者如有肝功能衰竭或血小板计数降低(5×109/L)时不能使用抗凝剂[1].有活动性出血,有高危出血倾向或有肝素使用禁忌症患者的抗凝选择是无肝素治疗[2].     

低分子肝素与普通肝素对血液透析患者脂质代谢影响的临床观察

血液透析要顺利进行,必须使用抗凝剂进行体外抗凝。普通肝素(UFH)在透析过程中可引起出血、血小板减少等,而低分子肝素(LMWH)则由于其出血危险性小已较广泛地应用于临床。目前认为血液透析患者脂质代谢异常一定程度与长期使用UFH有关[1]。笔者将两者对脂质代谢的影响进行了临床     

枸橼酸钠溶液抗凝法对血液透析患者的影响

目的探讨枸橼酸钠溶液抗凝法对血液透析患者的影响。方法选择2004年1月至2010年8月在第二军医大学长征医院肾内科住院的围术期维持性血液透析患者90例,按随机数字表法分成两组:枸橼酸钠组(45例,169例次)和无抗凝剂组(45例,157例次)。枸橼酸钠组患者采用30%的枸橼酸钠溶液进行血透抗凝,无抗凝剂组患者采用无抗凝剂透析。观察两组患者透析器及管路凝血情况、检测透析前后部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、患者出血情况、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)及血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)浓度、血电解质浓度,测定尿素清除率(KT/V),并观察不良反应的发生情况。结果无抗凝剂组体外循环管路凝血率明显高于枸橼酸钠组(P<0.05)。血透过程中枸橼酸钠组患者透析过程中体外APTT的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。透析后两组患者血BUN及Scr值均较透析前明显下降(P<0.05),透析后枸橼酸钠组较无抗凝剂组BUN及SCr值明显降低(P<0.05),血HCO3-明显升高(P<0.05),血离子钙水平较透析前降...     

局部枸橼酸抗凝在CRRT治疗中的应用及护理

目的探讨局部枸橼酸抗凝在CRRT治疗中的应用及护理效果。方法选取本院血液净化中心2018年1月—6月收治的20例透析患者作为研究对象。患者行CRRT治疗给予局部枸橼酸抗凝,监测患者局部枸橼酸抗凝前后ACT、凝血时间及血钙浓度,调节枸橼酸用量及补钙量,观察透析器及血路管凝血情况及观察患者有无低钙反应。结果局部枸橼酸抗凝使透析患者体外枸橼酸抗凝后的血液活化凝血时间(ACT)和凝血时间明显延长,除钙效果良好,通过在回血端补钙,20例患者均未出现低钙反应,但枸橼酸抗凝前的血液活化凝血时间(ACT)和凝血时间及血钙浓度正常,P0.05。结论局部枸橼酸抗凝体外抗凝效果确切,无体内抗凝作用,能有效防止出血并发症的发生,是有出血风险的透析患者最理想的抗凝技术。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.