Effects of tai chi exercise on bone health in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Tai chi exercise may have positive effects on bone health in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. This systematic review is the first to summarize evidence to clarify the efficacy of tai chi exercise in bone health. The benefits of tai chi exercise on bone health remain unclear; further studies are needed. Emerging randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exploring the efficacy of tai chi exercise on bone health among older women, but yielded inconclusive results. Our objective is to conduct a systematic review to evaluate evidence from RCTs to clarify the efficacy of tai chi exercise on bone mineral density (BMD), and bone turnover markers (BTM) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Six electronic databases were searched, and reference lists of systematic reviews and identified studies from the search strategy were also screened. We included all RCTs that investigate tai chi exercise for bone health in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Data selection, extraction, and evaluation of risk of bias were performed independently by two reviewers. Ten trials detailed in 11 articles were included. Six of the 11 studies reported positive outcomes on bone health. Results of our meta-analysis showed a significant effect of tai chi exercise on BMD change at the spine compared with no treatment in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. When tai chi exercise combined with a calcium supplement was compared with the calcium supplement alone, the result of BMD change at the spine showed no significant effect. Because the measurable effect observed was minimal, and due to the low quality of methodology of the studies, we conclude that the result is of limited reliability. Tai chi exercise may have benefits on bone health in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, but the evidence is sometimes weak, poor, and inconsistent. Consequently, only limited conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficacy of tai chi exercise on bone health. Further well designed studies with low risk of bias are needed.     

维生素K2防治绝经后骨质疏松症作用的荟萃分析

目的 为了确定维生素K2对绝经后骨质疏松症(postmenopausal osteoporosis, PMOP)患者的预防和治疗作用,我们对22项随机对照试验进行了荟萃分析。方法 在PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase数据库和三个中文数据库(CBM、CNKI和万方)检索了2020年6月1日之前发布的相关随机对照试验(RCT),以维生素K2与安慰剂或其他抗骨质疏松药物预防和治疗PMOP进行比较。使用固定效应或随机效应模型计算合并风险比(RR)、平均值(MD)和95％置信区间(CI)。结果 包括7 154名绝经女性参与的22项随机对照试验符合纳入标准。补充维生素K2 12个月后改善绝经后女性腰椎骨密度优于对照组(P = 0.03),PMOP亚组腰椎骨密度改善较对照组差异有统计学意义 (P = 0.03)。补充维生素K2预防绝经后女性椎体骨折发生率优于对照组(RR = 0.52, 95 % CI: 0.36~0.74, P = 0.003),PMOP亚组椎体骨折发生率低于对照组(P = 0.006)。补充维生素K2显著降低低羧化骨钙素(ucOC)(P <0.001)。补充维生素K2药物不良反应略高于对照组(RR=1.29, 95 % CI:1.03~1.63, P = 0.03)。结论 补充维生素K2 12个月后有效改善绝经后女性腰椎骨密度,预防椎体骨折,降低ucOC,PMOP患者获益更大。口服维生素K2被认为是安全的。     

The Effect of Exercise Training Programs on Bone Mass: A Meta-analysis of Published Controlled Trials in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women

With the aging of the population, the medical and social costs of skeletal fragility leading to fractures will cause an immense burden on society unless effective prophylactic and therapeutic regimens can be developed. Exercise is suggested as a possible regimen against involutional bone loss. The purpose of the present meta-analysis is to address a quantitative review of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized controlled trials (CTs) on the effects of exercise training programs on bone mass, measured as bone mineral density (BMD) or bone mineral content (BMC), of the lumbar spine (LS) and the femoral neck (FN) in pre- and postmenopausal women. The literature from 1966 through December 1996 was searched for published RCTs and CTs. Study treatment effect is defined as the difference between percentage change in bone mass per year in the training group and the control group. Overall treatment effects (OTs) with the 95% confidence intervals of these study treatment effects were calculated using inverse-variance weighting. Of the 62 articles identified, 25 met the inclusion criteria and were maintained for further analyses. The weighted OTs for the RCTs showed very consistently that the exercise training programs prevented or reversed almost 1% of bone loss per year in both LS and FN for both pre- and postmenopausal women. The two OTs that could be calculated for strength training programs did not reach significance. The OTs for the CTs were almost twice as high as those for the RCTs, which gives an indication of the confounding introduced by the nonrandom allocation of the subjects to groups. Received: 15 September 1997 / Accepted: 27 April 1998     

Effect of raloxifene on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in Japanese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial

The safety and efficacy of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), has been studied extensively in large, global clinical trials. However, the effect of raloxifene on bone mineral density (BMD) and on biochemical markers of bone turnover in Japanese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis has not been rigorously evaluated. This study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of raloxifene in Japanese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis following 1 year of therapy. Participants in this multicenter trial were randomly assigned to receive placebo, raloxifene 60 mg/day (RLX60), or raloxifene 120 mg/day (RLX120). Lumbar spine BMD was measured at baseline, 24, 40, and 52 weeks, and biochemical markers of bone turnover were assessed at baseline, 12, 24, and 52 weeks. Serum lipids were assessed at baseline, 12, 24, 40, and 52 weeks, and breast examinations and transvaginal ultrasound of the endometrium were performed at enrollment and 52 weeks. Compared with baseline, women taking RLX60 had significant increases in lumbar spine (L2-L4) BMD at 24 weeks (+3.3%, p<0.001) through 52 weeks (+3.5%, p<0.001) of therapy, and similar results were observed in the RLX120 group. Markers of bone turnover and total cholesterol and LDL-C were significantly reduced, and no significant treatment-group difference was observed for patients reporting at least one adverse event following randomization. In addition, there were no reported venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in any treatment group. The results of this study demonstrate that raloxifene is associated with early increases in lumbar spine BMD, has favorable effects on biochemical markers of bone turnover and lipid profile, and is well tolerated in postmenopausal Japanese women.The named authors wrote this article on behalf of the Japan Clinical Trial Research Group.     

唑来膦酸盐与骨质疏松症

目的 双膦酸盐是目前抗骨质疏松治疗最常用药物.唑来膦酸盐是每年1次静脉注射用双膦酸盐,探讨唑来膦酸盐对骨质疏松的治疗作用及安全性分析.方法 PubMed上检索应用唑来膦酸盐治疗骨质疏松及其他疾病的相关文献并进行分析.结果 HORIZON-PFT 3年研究表明唑来膦酸盐与安慰剂比较,能明显降低椎体、非椎体骨折风险,增加骨密度,降低骨转换标志物水平,增加骨小梁容量.在90 d内行髋部骨折外科治疗的患者中进行的HORIZON-RFT研究发现唑来膦酸盐与安慰剂比较能够明显降低再发骨折风险,降低全因死亡率,增加髋部及股骨颈骨密度.绝经后低骨密度妇女从阿伦膦酸钠改为唑来膦酸盐3个月内平均骨转换标志物水平先下降,后逐渐增至绝经前妇女正常范围,且可维持腰椎骨密度值12个月.另一研究表明与阿伦膦酸钠比较,唑来膦酸盐能更迅速的降低骨吸收标志物,抑制骨吸收.在安全性方面唑来膦酸盐可能的副作用包括急性一过性不良反应,如发热、肌痛、流感样症状,主要为轻到中度,常发生在静脉输注后3 d内,3～7 d左右缓解.研究表明唑来膦酸盐短期内可能引起肾功能的变化,但长期对肾功能未发现明显影响.颌骨骨质疏松性坏死可能与唑来膦酸盐相关,但发生率较低,且多发生在恶性肿瘤如多发性骨髓瘤和转移癌的患者中,尚未证实颌骨骨质疏松性坏死风险增高与用于治疗骨质疏松症批准剂量的唑来膦酸盐有关.其他少见的副作用包括房颤,无症状及一过性低钙血症,尚需要大样本长期研究证实.结论 每年1次唑来膦酸盐是治疗绝经后骨质疏松新的选择.     

Meta-analysis of walking for preservation of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

Whilst exercise is recommended for optimum bone health in adult women, there are few systematic reviews of the efficacy of walking as singular exercise therapy for postmenopausal bone loss. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of prescribed walking programmes on bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip and spine in postmenopausal women and to determine if effects are modified by variations in protocol design. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised (RCTs) and non-randomised controlled trials. Electronic bibliographic databases, key journals and reference lists of reviews and articles were searched to identify studies for inclusion. Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of walking on lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip BMD, measured by radiographic techniques, among sedentary postmenopausal women were eligible for inclusion. Two independent reviewers assessed studies for eligibility. Reported absolute BMD outcomes were combined in the analysis. Weighted mean differences (WMD) were calculated using a fixed and random-effects models. Heterogeneity among trials was examined using the Q statistic and I² methods. Potential publication bias was assessed through funnel plot inspection. Assessment of trial quality was also performed using the widely used instrument devised by Jadad et al. [Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJM, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Cont Clin Trials 1996; 17:1–12].Eight trials were eligible for inclusion. Treatment duration ranged from 6 to 24 months. All eight trials reported BMD data at the lumbar spine following walking interventions among postmenopausal women. Meta-analysis showed no significant change in BMD at this site [WMD (fixed-effect) 0.007 g/cm² 95% CI (− 0.001 to 0.016); P = 0.09)]. BMD data at the femoral neck were available from five trials among postmenopausal women. Results were inconsistent (I² = 51.4%) in showing a positive effect of walking on BMD at this site [WMD (random-effects) 0.014 g/cm² 95% CI (0.000 to 0.028); P = 0.05). Insufficient data were available for meta-analysis of the total hip site. Funnel plots showed some asymmetry for negative lumbar spine BMD outcomes. Trial quality scores ranged from 0 to 3 from the Jadad scale of 0 to 5.We conclude that regular walking has no significant effect on preservation of BMD at the spine in postmenopausal women, whilst significant positive effects at femoral neck are evident. However, diverse methodological and reporting discrepancies are apparent in the published trials on which these conclusions are based. Other forms of exercise that provide greater targeted skeletal loading may be required to preserve bone mineral density in this population.     

Safety and efficacy of the cathepsin K inhibitor ONO‐5334 in postmenopausal osteoporosis: The OCEAN study

Osteoporosis occurs when there is an imbalance between resorption and formation of bone, with resorption predominating. Inhibitors of cathepsin K may rebalance this condition. This is the first efficacy study of a new cathepsin K inhibitor, ONO‐5334. The objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of ONO‐5334 in postmenopausal osteoporosis. This was a 12‐month, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐ and active‐controlled parallel‐group study conducted in 13 centers in 6 European countries. Subjects included 285 postmenopausal women aged 55 to 75 years with osteoporosis. Subjects were randomized into one of five treatment arms: placebo; 50 mg twice daily, 100 mg once daily, or 300 mg once daily of ONO‐5334; or alendronate 70 mg once weekly. Lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck BMD values were obtained along with biochemical markers of bone turnover and standard safety assessments. All ONO‐5334 doses and alendronate showed a significant increase in BMD for lumbar spine, total hip (except 100 mg once daily), and femoral neck BMD. There was little or no suppression of ONO‐5334 on bone‐formation markers compared with alendronate, although the suppressive effects on bone‐resorption markers were similar. There were no clinically relevant safety concerns. With a significant increase in BMD, ONO‐5334 also demonstrated a new mode of action as a potential agent for treating osteoporosis. Further clinical studies are warranted to investigate long‐term efficacy as well as safety of ONO‐5334. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

Coronary Calcification and Osteoporosis in Men and Postmenopausal Women Are Independent Processes Associated with Aging

The objective of this study was to investigate whether low bone mass is directly associated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in men and postmenopausal women self-referred for evaluation of coronary atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Low bone mass was evaluated by measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) using quantitative computerized tomography (QCT). Coronary atherosclerosis was evaluated by measurement of coronary calcium (CC) burden using electron beam computerized tomography (EBCT). Using a cross-sectional design, we tested the hypothesis that osteoporosis and coronary atherosclerosis are correlated, age-dependent processes. Study variables were BMD, CC scores, and other known risk factors for osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. Qualifying for the study were 313 postmenopausal women and 167 men. Men had higher baseline CC scores and higher body mass indexes compared to women. In females, those patients with coronary calcification were older and had significantly lower BMD compared to those without calcification. In males, those patients with coronary calcification were older. By univariate correlation analysis, the degree of coronary calcification was inversely associated with BMD in postmenopausal women (P < 0.0001) but not in men. However, after controlling for age, this association was absent for both men and postmenopausal women. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis in women and men separately, age was the only significant predictor of positive CC status and low BMD. Our study suggests that in postmenopausal women and in men, after controlling for age, osteoporosis and coronary atherosclerosis are independent processes.     

Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: efficacy of combination of hormone replacement therapy with other antiresorptive agents.

Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) leading to fractures. It primarily affects postmenopausal women and elderly men. Prevention of osteoporosis is very important because present therapies do not have the potential to mend damage to the bone microarchitecture caused by osteoporosis. The first line of prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy (HRT). All of the approved drugs for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis act as inhibitors of bone resorption; these drugs include HRT, selective estrogen receptor modulators, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates. The latter two drugs have also been shown to prevent fractures. This article discusses data from nine controlled prospective clinical studies. Study 1 was designed to assess the efficacy of combined HRT and bisphosphonate in preventing osteoporosis during the early stages of menopause. This combined therapy increased the lumbar spine BMD by 10.9% and femoral BMD by 7.3% over 4 yr, compared with 6.8 and 4.0% with HRT alone, and 6.8 and 1.2% with bisphosphonate alone. Study 2 was conducted on postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis. These results showed a 10.4 and 7.0% increase in BMD in vertebrae and femora, respectively, compared with 7.3 and 4.8% increases in the HRT group, and 6.8 and 0.9% in the bisphosphonate group. Data from study 3 demonstrated similar findings in that the combination of alendronate and HRT also enhanced BMD values. Studies 4 and 5 assessed the efficacy of the combined therapy of HRT and calcitonin in the prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss. Both studies demonstrated a significant increase in BMD over and above that observed with either HRT or calcitonin alone. Studies 6, 7, and 8 demonstrated that the addition of testosterone to estrogen therapy further increased BMD when compared to estrogen therapy alone, and also prevented the expected decreases in markers of bone formation in early postmenopausal women. Study 9 demonstrated a synergistic effect on BMD in postmenopausal women, when HRT was coadministered with monofluorophosphate. Other combination therapies may also enhance BMD (e.g., the combination of alendronate and parathyroid hormone [PTH]). However, some agents either lose their efficacy or have no added effects on BMD when they are coadministered (e.g., tiludronate and PTH, calcitonin and PTH, calcitonin and anabolic steroids). These studies illustrate that in a subgroup of patients (i.e., patients with high bone turnover and/or severe osteoporosis), specific combination treatments such as HRT with bis-phosphonates, calcitonin, or androgens (and perhaps also with PTH, fluoride, nitric oxide donors) provide additional beneficial effects over a single-drug therapy. Whether these combination therapies are more effective than individual drugs in reducing fractures still needs to be determined.     

中老年女性骨关节炎患者骨密度的特点

目的　通过测量骨关节炎患者腰椎和髋部骨密度 ,探讨骨关节炎患者骨密度的特点及骨关节炎与骨质疏松症的关系。方法　本组研究对象均为中老年女性膝关节骨关节炎患者 ,其中 5 9例测量了腰椎和髋部骨密度 ,12例仅测量了腰椎骨密度。所有患者均按Kellgren分级标准对膝关节进行了评分。结果　绝经后妇女膝关节X线评分随Kellgren分级级数的增高患者腰椎骨密度均值逐渐增高 ,4级骨关节炎患者腰椎骨密度均值明显高于 2级患者 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而髋部骨密度均值随Kellgren分级级数的增高差异无显著性。如以低于同性别同部位峰值骨量的 2 0SD为骨质疏松诊断标准 ,腰椎和髋部符合骨质疏松症诊断的分别为 4 3 7%和 77%。在控制年龄和骨关节炎的影响后 ,股骨颈骨密度与体重指数的偏相关系数为 0 4 0 7(P <0 0 1)。结论　中老年女性骨关节炎患者中同时患有骨质疏松症的比例较高 ,同髋部骨密度测量相比 ,腰椎骨密度测量受骨关节炎影响较大。     

血糖控制对绝经后糖尿病妇女骨密度水平影响的研究

目的 分析血糖水平控制良好的绝经和绝经后Ⅰ型糖尿病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病妇女腰椎和髋部骨密度(BMD)变化特点及与相关因素的相互关系。方法 对绝经和绝经后排除其他影响骨代谢疾病的，并经内科治疗血糖水平控制良好的151例Ⅰ型糖尿病、270例Ⅱ型糖尿病和574非糖尿病妇女，用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)测量髋部和腰椎骨密度，通过计算机分析用SSPS10．0医学统计软件比较3类人群腰椎和髋部骨密度的差异及其与有关因素的相互关系。结果 血糖水平控制良好的绝经和绝经后Ⅰ型糖尿病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病妇女髋部和腰椎骨密度随年龄增长，绝经时间的延长和病程的延长呈同步下降趋势，其中以Ward’s区骨密度下降最为明显。同时随着年龄的增加，Ⅰ型糖尿病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病妇女骨质疏松及骨量减少的发生率呈明显增加的趋势。而且与年龄和绝经时间呈明显的负相关，其相关程度要大于与病程和体重的相关程度。结论 糖尿病妇女良好的血糖控制有利于其骨量的保护，但绝经后雌激素水平的下降乃是其骨量丢失的主要原因。     

High-intensity resistance training and postmenopausal bone loss: a meta-analysis

Introduction Conflicting evidence exists regarding the optimum exercise for postmenopausal bone loss. A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effects of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of progressive, high-intensity resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) amongst postmenopausal women.Methods Structured electronic searching of multiple databases and hand-searching of key journals and reference lists was undertaken to locate relevant studies up to December 2004. Study quality and possible publication bias were assessed using recognised methods. Primary outcomes were absolute changes in BMD at the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH). A priori defined subgroup analyses included concurrent hormonal or antiresorptive therapy or calcium supplementation during the intervention. The weighted mean difference method (WMD) was used for combining study group estimates. Random or fixed effect models were applied according to study heterogeneity observed from the I ² statistic.Results At the LS, 14 RCT study groups were homogenous (I ²=25.2%) in demonstrating a significant increase (P=0.006) in BMD of 0.006 g/cm² (fixed effect; 95% CI 0.002–0.011) following high-intensity resistance training. In contrast, marked heterogeneity (I ²=88.2%) was apparent within 11 RCT study groups evaluating FN. For this comparison, a random effects model showed a positive change in FN BMD of 0.010 g/cm² (95% CI −0.002 to 0.021; P = 0.11). Subgroup analyses showed more anatomical variability of BMD responses to resistance training according to participants’ hormone therapy use. Treatment effects for study groups increasing all participants’ calcium intake showed significant positive BMD changes at TH (P=0.007). Methodological quality of all included studies was low, and a reporting bias towards studies with positive BMD outcomes was evident.Conclusions These findings are relevant to the nonpharmacological treatment of postmenopausal bone loss.     

激素替代联合二磷酸盐预防和治疗绝经后骨质疏松症疗效的系统评价

目的 评价联合与单一用激素替代和二磷酸盐预防和治疗绝经后骨质疏松的疗效性和安全性.方法 计算机检索MEDLINE(1966～2008.10)、Embase(1984～2005)、PubMed(1966～2008.10)、Cocharane图书馆(CENTRAL 2008年第三期)、中国生物医学文献光盘数据库(1978～2006年)和中国期刊全文数据(1979～2008.10),并手工检索相关领域其他杂志.对纳入文献进行质量评价.数据分析采用RevMan 5.0,对于异质性小的研究合并效应量.结果 共纳入13 个随机对照试验,包括3341 例患者.Meta 分析结果显示:①联合治疗组与二磷酸盐单一用药组比较,在增加腰椎骨密度和减少骨折风险方面无明显差别,在降低骨转化标志物及药物副作用方面无优势.②联合治疗组与激素替代单一治疗组比较,在增加腰椎骨密度、药物副作用方面具有明显优势,在减少骨折风险、降低骨转化标志物方面无明显差别.结论 激素替代联合二磷酸盐预防和治疗绝经后骨质疏松症疗效优于激素替代单一治疗,但与二磷酸盐单一治疗比较并没有优势,且副作用明显增加.     

绝经后哈萨克族妇女髋部骨密度与体质指数关系的相关研究

目的探讨绝经后哈萨克族妇女髋部体质指数（BMI）与骨密度（BMD）的相关关系。方法对符合条件的1009名绝经后哈萨克族妇女进行髋部BMD及BMI检测,按BMI的不同分为低体质量组、正常体质量组和超体质量组,比较3组身高、年龄以及BMD的差异。再将3个组按年龄分为41~50岁、51~60岁、61~70岁、71~80岁、81~90岁5个亚组,比较各亚组BMD的不同。结果绝经后哈萨克族妇女正常体质量组、超体质量组BMD均显著高于低体质量组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。随年龄增大,各组骨密度均有所下降（P〈0．05）。正常体质量组、超体质量组60岁以上亚组BMD均高于低体质量组,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）;71～80岁亚组中超体质量组BMD高于正常体质量组,差异有统计学意义（尸〈O．05）。结论BMI、年龄是影响哈萨克族绝经后妇女髋部BMD的重要因素,对低BMI及高龄人群应定期监测BMD,早期发现骨量减少和骨质疏松,以便进行早期干预治疗。     

Effect of whole-body vibration on BMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Summary  

Our systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining whole-body vibration (WBV) effect on bone mineral density (BMD) found significant but small improvements in hip areal BMD (aBMD) in postmenopausal women and in tibia and spine volumetric BMD in children/adolescents, but not in other BMD measurements in postmenopausal women and young adults.     

Teriparatide vs. calcitonin in the treatment of Asian postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis

This study compared the clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of daily subcutaneous injections of teriparatide and salmon calcitonin in the treatment of postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis in Taiwan. This 6-month, multicenter, randomized, controlled study enrolled 63 women with established osteoporosis. They were randomized to receive either teriparatide 20 μg or calcitonin 100 IU daily in an open-label fashion. Lumber spine, femoral neck, total hip bone mineral density (BMD), and biochemical markers of bone turnover were measured, and adverse events and tolerability were recorded. The results at 6 months showed that patients using teriparatide had larger mean increases in spinal BMD than those who used calcitonin (4.5% vs. 0.1%), but the BMD changes in these two groups at the femoral neck and the total hip were not significant. There were also larger mean increases in bone markers in the teriparatide group than in the calcitonin group (bone specific alkaline phosphatase 142% vs. 37%; osteocalcin 154% vs. 23%). We conclude that teriparatide has more positive effects on bone formation than salmon calcitonin, as shown by the larger increments of lumbar spine BMD and bone formation markers, and caused only mild adverse events and no significant change in liver, kidney or hematological parameters. Compared with the published global results, teriparatide seems to be equally effective and safe to use in this Asian population.     

46例绝经后骨质疏松症妇女骨密度及尿吡啶啉、血清Ⅰ型前胶原肽的初步分析

本文通过对60～70岁绝经后妇女20例健康对照组、28例骨质疏松组、18例骨质疏松伴骨折组骨密度及尿吡啶啉(Pyridinoline,PYD)、血清Ⅰ型前胶原肽(Carboxy\|terminalpropeptideoftypeIprocollagen,PICP)的测定,经过比较分析结果显示46例骨质疏松患者的骨密度显著低于健康对照组,18例骨质疏松伴骨折组患者的股骨颈部位的骨密度显著低于28例骨质疏松无骨折组.46例骨质疏松患者的尿PYD、血PICP均显著高于健康对照组.由此提示绝经后妇女测量骨密度尤其是股骨上端的骨密度,结合骨吸收及骨形成的生化指标尿PYD、血PICP,能更好地预测骨质疏松及提示骨折发生的危险性.     

辛伐他汀对绝经伴血脂代谢异常女性跟骨骨密度的影响

目的 研究辛伐他汀对绝经后伴血脂代谢异常女性跟骨骨密度的影响。方法 分析885名绝经后口服辛伐他汀治疗血脂代谢异常（TC>5.18mmol/L 或 LDL-C> 3.37mmol/L）女性的跟骨骨密度,并依据T值分为骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松。结果 治疗前跟骨骨密度为305.3± 59.2 mg/cm2,骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松的人数分别为115、446、324,口服辛伐他汀（20mg/d）治疗3月后骨密度为309.7±56.3 mg/cm2,骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松的人数为117、459、319,12月后跟骨骨密度为312.5±60.9 mg/cm2,骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松的人数为122、460、303。结论 绝经后伴血脂代谢异常女性应用辛伐他汀（20mg/d）治疗12个月后跟骨骨密度增高,但对骨质疏松患病风险无影响。     

Improving clinical decisions for women at risk of osteoporosis: dual-femur bone mineral density testing

CONTEXT: In bone mineral density (BMD) testing, unilateral hip analysis and lumbar spine measurement have been the clinical standard for diagnosis and treatment classification for postmenopausal women at risk of osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine if analysis of the bilateral hip in BMD testing has a clinical effect on diagnosis of osteoporosis and treatment classification of patients. METHODS: Dual-femur BMD test results from 313 postmenopausal women (mean age 61.2 years, range 32-90 years) were evaluated using standard BMD reference values for diagnosis and treatment classification. The author compared T scores for right and left femurs at three sites: femoral neck, trochanter, and total femur. Results: When the bilateral hip was considered in BMD testing and compared with unilateral hip results, a clinical change in diagnosis from normal to osteopenia occurred in 5.7% of subjects. In addition, a clinical change in diagnosis from osteopenia to osteoporosis occurred in 3.3% of subjects. A clinical change in treatment classification from "no treatment required" to "treatment required if one or more risk factors are present" occurred in 3% of subjects. A change in treatment classification from "treatment required if one or more risk factors are present" to "treatment required independent of risk factors" happened in 2.4% of subjects. CONCLUSION: When compared with BMD testing of the unilateral hip, inclusion of the bilateral hip in BMD testing resulted in a change in classification to a more severe diagnosis in a total of 9% of subjects, and to a more aggressive treatment category in a total of 5.4% of subjects. Dual-femur BMD testing may improve diagnosis and treatment classification for postmenopausal women at risk of osteoporosis.