长春新碱固体脂质纳米粒的制备工艺优化

目的制备长春新碱固体脂质纳米粒(VCR-SLN)并优化其处方组成和制备工艺。方法单因素考察筛选载体、稳定剂及制备工艺,用正交试验进行优化,以包封率、载药量和粒径为指标,筛选最佳处方和制备工艺,并对在优化条件下制备的VCR-SLN进行质量评价。结果以单硬酸酯甘油酯为载体,大豆卵磷脂、泊洛沙姆188为乳化剂,采用复乳-溶剂扩散法制备得VCR-SLN,其平均粒径为156.3 nm,包封率为55.12%,载药量为3.09%。结论复乳-溶剂扩散法适用于制备VCR-SLN。     

环索奈德纳米粒制备及其性质

目的:制备环索奈德固体脂质纳米粒胶体溶液,对其理化性质进行考察。方法:经方法考察,确定采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备环索奈德纳米粒胶体溶液。在载体材料种类及用量、表面活性剂种类及用量、水相用量等单因素考察基础上,对处方组成进行了响应面优化,确定了最佳处方组成和制备工艺。用高速冷冻离心法和紫外分光光度法测定了包封率、载药量,激光粒径仪测定了粒径、Zeta电位,扫描电镜观察了纳米粒形态,并考察了药物纳米粒胶体溶液的体外稳定性。结果:乳化-溶剂挥发法适合制备环索奈德纳米粒胶体溶液,载体材料组成、药物与载体材料质量比、表面活性剂用量对其粒径影响较大。最佳处方制备的纳米粒呈圆整球状,平均粒径为(96.6±18.4)nm,Zeta电位为(-12.7±2.2)mV,包封率为(94.3±1.4)%,载药量为(10.72±0.23)%,纳米粒溶液在室温条件下不够稳定。结论:研究中处方及制备工艺适合制备环索奈德纳米粒胶体溶液,相关理化性质检测方法可行。     

齐墩果酸/PLGA-TPGS纳米粒的制备及其体外释放行为研究

目的:制备齐墩果酸/乳酸羟基乙酸共聚物-水溶性维生素E衍生物(PLGA-TPGS)纳米粒(OPN)并考察其体外释放情况。方法:用自制的PLGA-TPGS为载体材料,采用超声乳化-溶剂挥发法制备OPN,考察其粒径、Zeta电位、载药量、包封率、体外累积释放率。结果:所制OPN的平均粒径为(202.4±1.2)nm,Zeta电位为(-21.5±2.2)mV,载药量为(27.65±2.27)%,包封率为(92.52±2.15)%,其在含1.0%十二烷基硫酸钠的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4)中呈两相释放,432h时累积释放率为(93.8±2.9)%。结论:所制OPN质量稳定、可控,具有明显的体外缓释作用。     

人参皂苷Rd固体脂质纳米粒的制备

目的:制备人参皂苷Rd固体脂质纳米粒,并考察其理化性质。方法:从旋转薄膜-超声分散法、乳化蒸发-低温固化法、高剪切乳化超声法和高压乳匀法中优选出制备方法;在脂质、表面活性剂等辅料和主药用量的单因素考察基础上,采用正交试验设计,确定最佳处方组成和制备工艺条件;用凝胶柱色谱和HPLC法测定包封率,透射电镜观察形态,激光粒径分析仪测定粒径和Zeta电位。结果:脂质、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂和主药的用量对Rd固体脂质纳米粒的粒径、Zeta电位和包封率均有不同程度的影响。高压乳匀法适合制备Rd固体脂质纳米粒。纳米粒表面呈圆整的球状,大小相近,分散均匀;平均粒径为(102.7±27.0)nm,Zeta电位为(-44.9±9.5)mV,包封率和载药量分别为(81.8±2.6)%和(6.37±0.21)%(n=3)。纳米粒稳定性良好,在4℃下保存4周后,粒径和包封率变化不明显。结论:高压乳匀法适合制备人参皂苷Rd固体脂质纳米粒,工艺稳定可行。     

盐霉素纳米结构脂质载体的制备及处方优化

目的:制备盐霉素纳米结构脂质载体(Sal-NLCs)并优化处方。方法:采用熔融乳化-低温固化法制备Sal-NLCs。采用星点设计-响应面法,以粒径、Zeta电位、包封率、载药量为评价指标,优化处方中Sal用量、油相中固态脂质双硬脂酸甘油酯与液态脂质辛癸酸甘油酯的质量比、表面活性剂聚氧乙烯35蓖麻油(EL)与聚乙二醇-15-羟基硬脂酸酯(HS15)的质量比及聚氧乙烯(40)硬脂酸酯(P40)的用量。考察所制Sal-NLCs的外观形态、粒径、多分散指数(PDI)、Zeta电位、包封率、载药量和体外释药机制。结果:最优处方为Sal 0.86 mg、双硬脂酸甘油酯40.70 mg、辛癸酸甘油酯11.30 mg、EL 44.05 mg,HS15 7.95 mg、P40 3.8 mg;所制Sal-NLCs呈类圆形、分布均匀,粒径为(81.81±2.60)nm、PDI为0.183±0.042、Zeta电位为(-24.9±3.4)m V、包封率为(94.35±1.50)%、载药量为(1.47±0.04)%(n=5),24 h内累积释放度达到(99.81±3.90)%(n=3),释放行为符合Higuchi模型,其中粒径、Zeta电位、包封率、载药量与模型预测值的相对误差均小于4%。结论:按优化处方成功制得具有缓释效果的Sal-NLCs,且质量达到预期标准。     

冰片修饰多柔比星/丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠双载药纳米粒的制备及其理化性质

目的 制备具有脑靶向的冰片（BO）修饰多柔比星（DOX）/丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠（STS）双载药纳米粒（BO-DOX/STSNPs）并对其理化性质进行考察。方法 采用复乳溶剂挥发法制备BO-DOX/STS-NPs,正交设计后以包封率和载药量为评价指标优化处方工艺。结果 制备BO-DOX/STS-NPs的优化条件：药物与PEG2000-PLA的质量比为1∶20,外水相PVA的体积浓度为3%,内水相与有机相体积比为1∶10,有机相与外水相体积比为1∶10。按优化条件所制备的BO-DOX/STS-NPs粒径为（114.75±1.39）nm,Zeta电位为（-6.58±0.02）mV,DOX与STS的包封率分别为（97.34±0.97）%和（98.21±0.73）%,载药量分别为（2.40±0.03）%和（1.18±0.01）%,药物释放曲线均符合Ritger-Peppas方程模型。结论 采用复乳溶剂挥发法成功制备了BO-DOX/STS-NPs,确定了最优制备处方和制备工艺。所制备的纳米粒粒径分布均一、稳定性好、载药量高,具有缓释效果。     

胰岛素固体脂质纳米粒的制备及其包封率的测定

目的 制备胰岛素固体脂质纳米粒(Ins-SLNs),考察其理化性质,并建立测定包封率的方法.方法 通过复乳/溶剂扩散法制备Ins-SLNs,考察其形态、粒径分布、Zeta电位;通过改变pH,调节Zeta电位后,采用冷冻高速离心分离纳米粒与游离Ins的方法,测定Ins-SLNs的包封率.结果 复乳法制备的Ins-SLNs在扫描电镜下均呈球形,分布均匀,平均粒径为114.7±4.68 nm,Zeta电位为-54.36±2.04 mV;包封率测定方法的线性范围为1.047～100.47μg·ml-1,平均回收率为98.37%,RSD=1.02%;测得3批Ins-SLNs样品的平均包封率为97.78%.结论 所用制备工艺简单,制得的纳米粒包封率较高;包封率的测定方法方便、灵敏、准确.     

毛蕊花苷固体脂质纳米粒的处方优选及其质量评价

目的:优选毛蕊花苷(VER)固体脂质纳米粒(SLN)的处方,并对VER-SLN质量进行评价。方法:采用乳化超声分散法制备VER-SLN,以包封率为评价指标,以药脂质量比、单硬脂酸甘油脂用量、泊洛沙姆188用量、豆磷脂用量为考察因素,通过正交试验对处方进行优化,同时以载药量、粒径、Zeta电位、包封率、稳定性及体外累积释放度为指标评价其质量。结果:最佳制备处方为药脂质量比为1∶75,单硬脂酸甘油脂的用量为0.6 g,泊洛沙姆188用量为0.5 g,豆磷脂用量为0.2 g。所制得的VER-SLN外观形态圆整,粒度分布均匀,平均粒径为(109±17)nm,Zeta电位为(-23±0.91)mV,平均包封率为96.66%,平均载药量为2.27%。体外释放结果表明,VER原料药体外8 h累积释放完全,VER-SLN体外4 h累积释放率为47.2%,48 h可达到92.9%。结论:该制剂处方设计合理,制备工艺稳定,乳化超声分散法制备的VER-SLN质量符合要求,可达到使药物缓慢释放的效果。     

阿立哌唑缓释微球的制备及体外释放特性的研究

目的 制备阿立哌唑聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)缓释微球并考察其体外释放特性.方法 采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备阿立哌唑缓释微球,通过正交试验优选最佳处方与制备工艺,并考察其载药量、包封率、粒径、形态和体外释放度.结果 所得微球的载药量为20.28％ ±0.38％,包封率为81.12％±0.02％,平均粒径为19.38 μm,形态圆整,30 d的体外累积释放度达88.73％.结论 所得阿立哌唑缓释微球形态圆整,载药量与包封率较高,具较好的缓释效果.     

5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒的制备及其体外释药的研究

目的以生物可降解材料乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)制备5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)纳米粒,并考察纳米粒的体外释放特性。方法采用复乳-溶剂挥发法结合高压均质法制备5-Fu-PLGA纳米粒,用透射电镜观察纳米粒的形态,并研究了5-Fu纳米粒的粒径、载药量、包封率和体外释药。结果5-FU-PLGA纳米粒为圆整的类球形实体粒子,平均粒径为85.4nm,载药量为12.4%±0.7%,包封率为64.1%±5.3%,体外释药符合H iguch i方程:Q=0.0585t1/2 0.087(r=0.9923)。结论所制5-FU纳米粒具有明显的缓释作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.