脑出血昏迷患者继发多器官功能障碍综合征的危险因素分析

目的探讨脑出血昏迷患者继发多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的危险因素。方法抽取2014-11—2017-01荥阳市人民医院91例脑出血昏迷患者,根据是否继发MODS分为观察组(n=34)与对照组(n=57)。对2组一般资料[年龄、性别、出血部位(小脑、丘脑、脑叶)、血压、血肿量]、既往病史(糖尿病、高血压、脑卒中、冠心病)、相关评分[昏迷指数(GCS)、病情严重程度评分(APACHE?Ⅱ)]进行对比,分析脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的危险因素。随访3个月,对比2组预后情况。结果观察组性别、出血部位、既往高血压史、脑卒中史及血压(SBP、DBP)与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组年龄、既往糖尿病史、冠心病史、血肿量及GCS评分、APACHE?Ⅱ评分与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。经Logistic多因素回归分析,年龄、糖尿病史、血肿量及GCS评分、APACHE?Ⅱ评分是脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的重要危险因素(P0.05)。随访3个月后观察组预后情况较对照组更差,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS预后较差,年龄、既往糖尿病史、血肿量及GCS评分、APACHE?Ⅱ评分是引起脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的危险因素。     

高血压脑出血短期预后相关因素研究

目的分析影响高血压脑出血短期预后的相关因素。方法选择高血压脑出血患者304例,比较预后不良组及预后良好组在性别、年龄、HICH知识知晓、高血压病程、心脏病史、家族性脑出血史、糖尿病、出血部位、血肿量、破入脑室、入院GCS评分、就诊时间、肺部感染间的差异,并对预后影响因素进行Logistic多因素分析。结果 304例患者中,预后良好184例,预后不良120例,其中死亡31例。预后良好组与预后不良组在性别、高血压(≥10a)、血糖(8mmol/L)、HICH知识知晓、血肿量、破入脑室、入院GCS评分、就诊时间及肺部感染方面比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic分析显示,性别、血肿量及入院GCS评分为高血压脑出血短期预后的独立影响因素。结论性别、血肿量及入院GCS评分是影响高血压脑出血的独立危险因素,应引起临床重视。     

高血压脑出血血肿扩大及短期预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨高血压脑出血患者血肿扩大及短期预后的相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院2009-05—2014-05收治的256例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,根据患者是否发生血肿扩大分为观察组和对照组,观察组90例均发生不同程度的血肿扩大,对照组166例均未发生血肿扩大。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析方法明确影响血肿扩大和短期预后的相关危险因素。结果单因素分析结果显示平均收缩压、入院时NIHSS评分、首次CT距发病时间、血高密度脂蛋白、血肿形态和出血部位等与高血压脑出血患者发生血肿扩大有关(P0.01);将有统计学意义的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,按照OR值由高至低依次排列,血肿形态、入院时NIHSS评分、首次CT距发病时间、平均收缩压、出血部位和血高密度脂蛋白是影响高血压脑出血后血肿扩大的独立危险因素(P0.05);同时,血肿扩大、首次CT血肿体积、早期应用甘露醇和平均收缩压是影响患者短期预后的主要因素(P0.05)。结论正确认识影响高血压脑出血患者血肿扩大及短期预后的影响因素,实施临床干预,可降低血肿扩大的发生率,有效改善患者预后。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后不同部位出血转化的影响因素

目的分析急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后不同部位出血转化的影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院于2010-03—2013-09接受静脉溶栓治疗的300例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,按溶栓治疗后2个疗程内行头颅CT检查,根据脑内有无出血性转化分为HT组及无HT组,根据出血部位的不同HT组分为深部位HT组和浅部位HT组。采用单因素和Logistic回归多因素分析静脉溶栓治疗后出血性转化的危险因素。结果经Logistic回归单因素分析可知,发病到治疗时间/既往糖尿病史、梗死面积大小、TOAST分型、入院时GCS评分与入院时NIHSS评分等均是影响急性缺血性脑卒中患者溶栓治疗后出血转化的影响因素;经Logistic回归多因素分析可知,入院时NIHSS评分是影响深部位缺血性脑卒中患者出血转化的最危险因素,其次是既往糖尿病史、心源性栓塞型等,入院时GCS评分影响最小;既往糖尿病史是影响浅部位缺血性脑卒中患着出血转化的最危险因素,其次是入院时NIHSS评分、心源性栓塞型等,入院时GCS评分影响最小。结论既往糖尿病史、入院时NIHSS评分、心源性栓塞型等均是影响深部位和浅部位缺血性脑卒中患着出血转化的独立性因素,为临床诊断治疗提供参考依据。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后低血钾对短期预后的影响分析

目的研究患者入院时血钾水平与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血短期预后的关系。方法回顾性收集张家界市人民医院神经外科于2014年1月-2018年6月诊治的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料,对符合纳入标准患者入院时的血钾水平、一般情况、Hunt-hess分级、白细胞计数、PCO2、住院时间等进行有序线性回归分析,探讨血钾水平对患者短期预后的影响并阐述其可能的机制。结果有序多因素分析结果显示:低血钾(0～3. 5mmol/L)与短期预后不良有关(P 0. 05),其中0～2. 9mmol/L、2. 9～3. 1mmol/L、3. 5～5. 5mmol/L(P均0. 001),趋势P值0. 05;其他危险因素包括Hunt-hess分级为Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级,动脉瘤位于前交通动脉与后交通动脉,白细胞计数正常(P 0. 05);箱线图显示:随mRS14评分增高,血钾水平呈下降趋势,低血钾组mRS14评分的分布区间偏高。结论血钾水平越低,短期预后不良可能性越大,导致住院时间延长。其他可能影响因素有Hunt-hess分级、动脉瘤部位、白细胞计数。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后低血钾对短期预后的影响分析

目的 研究患者入院时血钾水平与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血短期预后的关系。方法 回顾性收集张家界市人民医院神经外科于2014年1月-2018年6月诊治的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料,对符合纳入标准患者入院时的血钾水平、一般情况、Hunt-hess分级、白细胞计数、PCO₂、住院时间等进行有序线性回归分析,探讨血钾水平对患者短期预后的影响并阐述其可能的机制。结果 有序多因素分析结果显示：低血钾（0~3.5mmol/L）与短期预后不良有关（P<0.05）,其中0~2.9mmol/L、2.9~3.1mmol/L、3.5~5.5mmol/L（P均<0.001）,趋势P值<0.05;其他危险因素包括Hunt-hess分级为Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级,动脉瘤位于前交通动脉与后交通动脉,白细胞计数正常（P<0.05）;箱线图显示：随mRS14评分增高,血钾水平呈下降趋势,低血钾组mRS14评分的分布区间偏高。结论 血钾水平越低,短期预后不良可能性越大,导致住院时间延长。其他可能影响因素有Hunt-hess分级、动脉瘤部位、白细胞计数。     

高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素及入院时GCS评分联合血糖水平的临床预测价值

目的探究高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素及入院时格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分联合血糖水平的临床预测价值。方法回顾性收集2014年10月至2018年10月在我院就诊的高血压脑出血患者106例,根据入院后头颅CT检查结果显示是否出现血肿扩大将患者分为扩大组(29例)及未扩大组(77例),比较两组患者一般资料,分析高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素。采用受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析入院时GCS评分联合血糖水平预测高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的价值。结果两组患者性别、年龄、血肿部位、入院时舒张压及长期吸烟史比较无明显差异(P0. 05);入院时GCS评分、入院时收缩压、空腹血糖、血肿形态及长期饮酒史比较存在明显差异(P 0. 05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示低入院时GCS评分、高入院时收缩压、高空腹血糖、血肿不规则及存在长期饮酒史是影响高血压脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的独立危险因素(P 0. 05)。入院时GCS评分、血糖水平预测高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大时ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0785和0. 819,明显低于两者联合预测时的AUC(0. 886,P 0. 05)。结论低入院时GCS评分、高入院时收缩压、高空腹血糖、血肿不规则及存在长期饮酒史是影响高血压脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的独立危险因素,入院时GCS评分联合血糖水平预测高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大具有较高的临床价值。     

急性脑出血继发院内消化道出血的影响因素分析

目的 分析急性脑出血患者院内继发消化道出血的危险因素。 方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科2017年5-12月连续收治的住院急性脑 出血患者的临床资料,收集患者人口学信息、血管危险因素、用药史、合并疾病、入院时体格检查和 实验室检查、发病时间、出血部位、出血体积等临床数据。根据住院期间患者是否发生消化道出血分 为消化道出血组和无消化道出血组,采用多因素logistic回归模型,分析继发消化道出血的独立危险 因素。 结果 共纳入314例急性脑出血患者,其中16例住院期间继发消化道出血,发生率为5.09%。单因 素分析显示,较无消化道出血组,消化道出血组的饮酒比例、入院时NIHSS评分、入院时收缩压、血 糖水平均较高,出血体积较大,差异有统计学意义。多因素分析显示,冠心病史（OR 6.63,95%CI 1.36～32.34,P =0.019）、饮酒史（OR 6.61,95%CI 1.45～30.22,P =0.015）、入院时高NIHSS评分（OR 1.15,95%CI 1.07～1.24,P＜0.001）、入院时收缩压高（OR 1.03,95%CI 1.00～1.05,P =0.021）是脑出 血患者继发消化道出血的独立危险因素。 结论 入院时收缩压高、NIHSS评分高、有饮酒史和冠心病史的急性脑出血患者住院期间发生消化 道出血的风险增高。     

脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血的临床研究

目的 分析总结脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)相关性脑出血(CAA-related hemorrhages,CAAHs)的临床特征、影像表现及预后.方法 回顾住院的14例CAAHs,符合“很可能CAA”或“可能CAA”患者的临床及影像学资料,分析本病的临床特征、影像表现及影响预后的因素.结果 本组患者的最主要临床表现为头痛(28％),其次是肢体麻木、力弱(20％).CAAHs患者的出血位置多发于脑后部(很可能CAA枕叶57.1％,可能CAA顶叶36.4％).脑出血破入脑室的比例为27.2％,出血量5～90ml,平均24ml,59.1％患者CT可见脑白质低密度改变.入院时格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)为13.0(7.0),出院时GCS评分为15.0(4.0),GCS评分出院比入院时明显增加(t=5.850,P=0.000).1例患者行颅内血肿清除及去骨瓣减压术后死亡,死亡率为7％.出院时改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)为3.3±0.4.患者出院时mRS与入院GCS评分(P =0.040)及脑出血体积(P =0.018)显著相关.结论 CAAHs是老年脑出血患者较常见原因,多灶、复发性脑叶出血是影像学特点,CT上脑白质低密度改变很常见.患者预后可能与入院时GCS评分及脑出血体积有显著相关.     

入院时中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值和血糖水平对急性脑出血患者短期预后不良的预测价值

目的分析急性脑出血患者短期预后不良的相关危险因素,并探讨入院时中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)和入院即刻血糖水平(admission blood glucose,ABG)对短期预后不良的预测价值。方法收集2017-01-2018-05期间作者医院收治的急性脑出血患者226例,根据3个月时改良Rankin评分量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评分分为预后良好(mRS≤2分)组124例,预后不良(mRS2分)102例,单因素分析两组患者入院时的临床、影像学及实验室资料,采用二分类Logistic回归分析探讨影响急性脑出血患者短期预后不良的危险因素,采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评价NLR和ABG对短期预后不良的预测价值。结果 (1)与预后良好组相比,预后不良组患者糖尿病病史、饮酒史比例以及年龄、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分均升高,血肿体积大,出血破入脑室比例高,白细胞计数(ABC)、中性粒细胞计数(ANC)、NLR及ABG升高,淋巴细胞计数(ALC)低(均P0.05)。(2)二分类Logistic回归分析显示患者年龄(OR=1.051,95%CI:1.013～1.090,P0.01)、血肿体积(OR=1.055,95%CI:1.003～1.110,P0.05)、NLR(OR=1.389,95%CI:1.124～1.716,P0.01)、ABG(OR=1.308,95%CI:1.074～1.593,P0.05)及NIHSS评分(OR=1.151,95%CI:1.065～1.243,P0.01)升高为急性脑出血患者短期预后不良的独立危险因素。(3)ROC曲线分析表明,NLR和ABG的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.767(95%CI:0.705～0.829,P0.01)、0.678(95%CI:0.609～0.747,P0.05)。结论入院时年龄、血肿体积、NIHSS评分、NLR及ABG升高是急性脑出血患者短期预后不良的独立危险因素,NLR和ABG对急性脑出血患者短期预后不良有一定的预测价值。     

不同评分系统及血肿生长速度对脑出血患者短期死亡风险的预测价值研究

目的 探讨原始脑出血评分（original intracerebral hemorrhage scale,OICH）、脑出血分级量表（ICHgrading scale,ICH-GS）、脑出血功能结局量表（ICH functional outcome score,ICH-FOS）、改良急诊脑出血评分量表（modified emergency department intracerebral scale,MEDICH）及超早期血肿生长速度（ultraearly hematoma growth,uHG）对脑出血患者短期死亡风险的预测价值。方法 收集2014年1月—2016年9月脑出血登记研究中急性脑出血患者的一般临床资料、既往病史、入院后首次实验室检查结果、血压、脑出血部位、血肿体积、住院期间并发症情况。对患者进行发病30 d随访,根据全因死亡情况,将患者分为死亡组和存活组,比较两组间基线资料、uHG（基线血肿体积/发病到基线CT的时间）和不同脑出血评分。通过单因素logistic回归分析判断不同脑出血评分对患者30 d生存结局的影响,进一步通过生存曲线的AUC比较不同评分及联合uHG对30...     

Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

BACKGROUND: Withdrawal of support in patients with severe brain injury invariably leads to death. Preconceived notions about futility of care in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may prompt withdrawal of support, and modeling outcome in patient populations in whom withdrawal of support occurs may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. METHODS: Subjects included consecutive patients with supratentorial ICH. Radiographic characteristics of the hemorrhage, clinical variables, and neurologic outcome were assessed. Attitudes about futility of care were examined among members of the departments of neurology and neurologic surgery through a written survey and case presentations. RESULTS: There were 87 patients with supratentorial ICH; overall mortality was 34.5% (30/87). Mortality was 66.7% (18/27) in patients with Glasgow Coma Score < or = 8 and ICH volume > 60 cm(3). Medical support was withdrawn in 76.7% (23/30) of patients who died. Inclusion of a variable to account for the withdrawal of support in a model predicting outcome negated the predictive value of all other variables. Patients undergoing surgical decompression were unlikely to have support withdrawn, and surgery was less likely to be performed in older patients (p < 0.01) and patients with left hemispheric hemorrhage (p = 0.04). Survey results suggested that practitioners tend to be overly pessimistic in prognosticating outcome based upon data available at the time of presentation. CONCLUSIONS: The most important prognostic variable in determining outcome after ICH is the level of medical support provided. Withdrawal of support in patients felt likely to have a "poor outcome" biases predictive models and leads to self-fulfilling prophecies. Our data show that individual patients in traditionally "poor outcome" categories can have a reasonable neurologic outcome when treated aggressively.     

Previous antiplatelet therapy is an independent predictor of 30–day mortality after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage

Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes 10% to 15% of all strokes. Despite several existing outcome prediction models for ICH, there are some factors with equivocal value as well as others that still have not been evaluated. Patients and methods All patients with first ever supratentorial ICH presenting to our institution between December 1995 and December 2002 were prospectively enrolled into the study. Patients with historic modified Rankin Scale > 2 and those under anticoagulant treatment or with multiple ICH were excluded. The following parameters were analyzed in 194 consecutive patients: age, gender, past history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, past history of ischemic stroke, presence of ischemic heart disease or cardioembolic disease, current antiplatelet treatment, current alcohol overuse, smoking, Glasgow Coma Scale score (GSS) at admission, volume and location (deep or lobar) of ICH, ventricular extension, glycemia and temperature at admission, and leukoaraiosis. We correlated these data with the 30–day mortality identifying the independent predictors by logistic regression analysis. Results Factors independently associated with 30–day mortality were: age, Glasgow Coma Scale score at admission, ICH volume, ventricular extension, glucose level at admission, and previous antiplatelet use. Conclusions Apart from the classical outcome predictors, the previous use of antiplatelet agents and the glucose value at admission are independent predictors of 30–day mortality in patients suffering a supratentorial ICH.     

Decompressive craniectomy with clot evacuation in large hemispheric hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

Introduction: Decompressive hemicraniectomy in large hemispheric infarctions has been reported to lower mortality and improve the unfavorable outcomes. Hematoma volume is a powerful predictor of 30-day mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Hematoma volume adds to intracranial volume and may lead to life-threatening elevation of intracranial pressure. Methods: Records of 12 consecutive patients with hypertensive ICH treated with decompressive hemicraniectomy were reviewed. The data collected included Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at admission and before surgery, ICH volume, ICH score, and a clinical grading scale for ICH that accurately risk-stratifies patients regarding 30-day mortality. Outcome was assessed as immediate mortality and modified Rankin Score (mRS) at the last follow-up. Results: Of the 12 patients with decompressive hemicraniectomy, 11 (92%) survived to discharge; of those 11, 6 (54.5%) had good functional outcome, defined as a mRS of 0 to 3 (mean follow-up: 17.13 months; range: 2–39 months). The mean age was 49.8 years (range: 19–76 years). Three of the 7 patients with pupillary abnormalities made a good recovery; of the 11 patients with intraventricular extensions (IVEs), 7 made a good recovery. The clinical finding (which was present in all 3 patients with mRS equal to 5 and which was not present in patients with mRS less than 5) was abnormal occulocephalic reflex. Of the 10 patients with an ICH score of 3,9 (90%) survived to discharge, 4 (44%) had good functional outcome (mRS: 1–3). Hematoma volume was 60 cm³ or greater in eight patients, four (50%) of whom had good functional outcome (mRS: 0–3). Conclusion: Decompressive hemicraniectomy with hematoma evacuation is life-saving and improves unfavorable outcomes in a select group of young patients with large right hemispherical ICH.     

Hemicraniectomy for Supratentorial Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Retrospective,Propensity Score Matched Study

Background and Purpose: Spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) contributes disproportionately to stroke mortality, and randomized trials of surgical treatments for ICH have not shown benefit. Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) improves functional outcome in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke, but data in ICH patients is limited. We hypothesized that DHC would reduce in-hospital mortality and poor functional status (defined as modified Rankin scale ≥5) among survivors at 3 months, without increased complications. Methods: We performed a retrospective, case-control, propensity score matched study to determine whether hemicraniectomy affected outcome in patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH. The propensity score consisted of variables associated with outcome or predictors of hemicraniectomy. Forty-three surgical patients were matched to 43 medically managed patients on ICH location, sex, and nearest neighbor matching. Three-month functional outcomes, in-hospital mortality, and in-hospital complications were measured. Results: In the medical management group, 72.1% of patients had poor outcome at 3 months compared with 37.2% who underwent hemicraniectomy (odds ratio 4.8, confidence interval 1.6-14). In-hospital mortality was 51.2% for medically managed patients and 16.3% for hemicraniectomy patients (odds ratio 8.5, confidence interval 2.0-36.8). There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of in-hospital complications. Conclusions: In our retrospective study of selected patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH, DHC resulted in lower rate of in-hospital mortality and better 3-month functional status compared with medically managed patients. A randomized trial is necessary to evaluate DHC as a treatment for certain patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH.     

Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes in the Very Elderly

Background: There is a paucity of outcomes data in patients over 80 years presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The primary aim of our study is to describe outcomes in this patient population.MethodRetrospective study of patients admitted with primary ICH from January 2012 to July 2018. Data were obtained from the Rush University Get With The Guidelines database; only patients 80 or above were included.ResultsA total of 1713 patients were screened and 220 patients met inclusion criteria. About 68.2% were female and mean age was 85.6 years old. Median ICH score on admission was 2 (IQR 1-3). Location of ICH included: deep (48.2%), lobar (40%), and cerebellum (9.5%). ICH etiologies included hypertensive (51.8%), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (26.8%), coagulopathy (5.9%), and the remaining were undetermined. CT angiograms were performed in 34.5% (n = 76) of patients; of these patients one arteriovenous malformation was identified. Patients underwent the following procedures: external ventricular drains (8.6%), decompression (3.6%), and ventriculoperitoneal shunts (1.8%). Tracheostomy and percutaneous gastrostomy placement were performed in 8.2%. About 4.5% had seizures and 1.5% were treated for status epilepticus. Disposition at hospital discharge included: subacute nursing facility ([SNF] 24.1%), acute rehabilitation (23.2%), hospice (18.2%), death (18.2%), home (11.8%), long-term acute care facility ([LTAC] 3.6%), and unknown (1%). Patients with an ICH score ≥2 on admission had a roughly 6 times higher chance of experiencing an unfavorable outcome (LTAC, SNF, or death), when compared to patients with lower ICH score.ConclusionsThis study shows that a significant proportion (35%) of ICH patients ≥80 years old have a good outcome, with discharge to home or to rehabilitation. Our data suggest that older patients with ICH presenting with supratentorial hemorrhages (volume < 30 cc) without intraventricular extension can have good outcomes despite their age.     

Serum D-dimer as a predictor of mortality in patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

It has been found that the hemostatic system is activated following a brain injury. To explore the role of D-dimer in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), this prospective study aimed to evaluate the association between serum D-dimer concentration, clinical outcome and radiographic findings of ICH patients in the emergency department (ED). Patients with acute (<24 hours) spontaneous ICH were enrolled in this study. The D-dimer concentration was related to: baseline ICH volume (r=0.198, p=0.01); Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 3-8 (p=0.01); GCS score 13-15 (p=0.002); midline shift >15 mm (p=0.016); and to subarachnoid extension of the blood (p<0.0001). Diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR]: 2.93; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-7.76, p=0.031), ICH volume (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.07-1.27, p<0.0001) and D-dimer concentration (OR: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.08-6.9, p=0.002) were associated with 30-day mortality. This study shows that in patients with spontaneous ICH, a higher initial D-dimer concentration is associated with higher 30-day mortality.     

Better than expected survival after primary intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with untreated hypertension despite high admission blood pressures

Background: Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but little is known of the effect of preceding hypertension on outcome. Because high mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) at admission is an independent predictor of early death in patients with ICH, we explored its role on survival and poor outcome separately in normotensive subjects and subjects with treated and untreated hypertension. Methods: We assessed clinical data and the 3‐month outcome of patients with spontaneous ICH (n = 453) admitted to the stroke unit of Oulu University Hospital between 1993 and 2004. Standard medical treatment was used to lower MABP from levels >127 mmHg to <120 mmHg. Results: Overall mortality within 3 months was 28%. Patients with untreated hypertension had significantly lower mortality (6%) than those with treated hypertension (36%, P < 0.001) or those without hypertension (25%, P < 0.01). High admission MABP associated with early death in normotensive subjects (P < 0.05) and those on medication for hypertension (P < 0.01) but not in those with untreated hypertension. Patients with untreated hypertension were younger and had less frequently cardiac disease, diabetes, and/or warfarin or aspirin medications, but they showed the highest blood pressures (BPs) at admission. Amongst patients with high admission MABP, favorable outcome was seen most frequently in those who had untreated hypertension. Hematoma growth did not associate with high MABP amongst them. Conclusion: Despite their higher BP values at admission, subjects with untreated hypertension showed better survival and more frequently favorable outcome after BP‐lowering therapy than other patients.     

Hypertension is a Leading Cause of Nontraumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Young Adults

Objective: To evaluate the etiology and discharge outcome of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in young adults admitted to a comprehensive stroke center. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients with a discharge diagnosis of nontraumatic ICH admitted from 7/1/2011 to 6/30/2016. Data was collected on demographics, clinical history, ICH score, hemorrhage location, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders, likely etiology, and discharge disposition. Categorical data was reported as percentage. Chi-squared test was performed to evaluate association of location of ICH, etiology of ICH, and ICH score with the discharge outcome. Results: Sixty-three patients met the study criteria, with mean age 35.4 ± 6.4 years including 26 (41%) women and 40 (64%) whites. Headache (65%) and change in mental status (48%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Hemorrhage was most commonly seen in the deep structures in 29 (46%) patients followed by lobar ICH in 14 (22%) patients. The most common etiology of ICH was hypertension in 23 (37%) patients, followed by vascular abnormalities in 18 (29%) patients. Forty-two (67%) had good outcome defined as discharge to home (n = 25) or acute inpatient rehabilitation (n = 17). Twenty-one (33%) patients had bad outcome with discharge to skilled nursing facility (n = 6), hospice (n = 1) or died in the hospital (n = 14). Hospital DNR orders were noted in 11 (18%) patients. Higher ICH score (P < .0001) and use of DNR orders (P < .0001) were associated with bad outcome. All 11 patients with DNR orders died in the hospital. Location or etiology of hemorrhage were not associated with discharge outcome. Conclusions: Hypertension, a modifiable risk factor, is a major cause of nontraumatic ICH in young adults. Aggressive management of hypertension is essential to halt the recent increased trends of ICH due to hypertension. Early DNR orders may need to be cautiously used in the hospital.     

Prior Statin Use Reduces Mortality in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective  To assess the impact of blood glucose, coagulopathy, seizures and prior statin and aspirin use on clinical outcome following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Background  Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10–15% of all strokes with mortality rates approaching 50%. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), ICH volume, age, pulse pressure, ICH location, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and hydrocephalus are known to impact 30-day survival following ICH and are included in various prediction models. The role of other clinical variables in the long-term outcome of these patients is less clear. Methods  Records of consecutive ICH patients admitted to The Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1999 to 2006 were reviewed. Patients with ICH related to trauma or underlying lesions (e.g. brain tumors, aneurysms, arterio-venous malformations) and of infratentorial location were excluded. The impact of admission blood glucose, coagulopathy, seizures on presentation and prior statin and aspirin use on 30-day mortality and functional outcomes at discharge was assessed using dichotomized Modified Rankin Scale (dMRS) and Glasgow Outcomes scale (dGOS). Other variables known to impact outcomes that were included in the multiple logistic regression analysis were age, admission GCS, pulse pressure, ICH volume, ICH location, volume of IVH and hydrocephalus. Results  A total of 314 patients with ICH were identified, 125 met inclusion criteria. Patients’ age ranged from 34 to 90 years (mean 63.5), 57.6 % were male. Mean ICH volume was 32.09 cc (range 1–214 cc). Following multiple logistic regression analysis, prior statin use (P = 0.05) was found to be associated with decreased mortality with a greater than 12-fold odds of survival while admission blood glucose (P = 0.023) was associated with increased 30-day mortality. Coagulopathy, seizures on presentation, and prior aspirin use had no significant impact on 30-day mortality or outcomes at discharge in our study cohort. Conclusions  The significant association of prior statin use with decreased mortality warrants prospective evaluation of the use of statins following ICH.