依托眯酯乳剂麻醉在无痛人流术中的应用

【目的】通过与丙泊酚比较评价依托咪酯乳剂复合麻醉在无痛人流术中的应用价值【方法】将80例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级自愿终止妊娠者随机分为依托咪酯组（Ⅰ组）和丙泊酚组（Ⅱ组）,每组40例。两组孕妇先静脉注射芬太尼1gg／kg;Ⅰ组孕妇随后静脉注射咪唑安定0．03mg／kg和依托咪酯0．3nag／kg,入睡后开始手术,如有体动等麻醉偏浅反应时静脉追加依托咪酯0．1～O．2mg／kg;Ⅱ组孕妇静脉注射丙泊酚2mg／kg,入睡后开始手术,如有体动等麻醉偏浅反应时静脉追加丙泊酚0．5～1mg／kg;记录两组孕妇麻醉前、手术前、手术中的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、手术时间、意识消失时间、苏醒时间、行走恢复时间及不良反应的发生情况。【结果】麻醉过程中试验组孕妇循环更稳定;苏醒质量与对照组没有明显差别。【结论】依托咪酯伍用小剂量的咪唑安定和芬太尼用于人工流产术不失为一种合适的麻醉。     

依托咪酯乳剂在无痛人工流产手术中应用的对比性研究

目的研究依托咪酯乳剂和丙泊酚在无痛人工流产手术中的麻醉效果。方法自愿无痛人工流产者180例,随机分为芬太尼和丙泊酚组（P组）,芬太尼和依托咪酯乳剂组（E组）,每组90例。麻醉方法：P组依次静脉注射芬太尼0．1μg／kg,1min后静脉注射丙泊酚1．5～2mg／kg;E组给予芬太尼静注0．1μg／kg,1min后依托咪酯乳剂静注0．3mg／kg。待患者睫毛反射消失手术开始,术中麻醉转浅时P组丙泊酚30—50mg,E组4～8mg追加,直到手术结束。两组均吸氧3L／min。观察指标：术中全程监测平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼吸频率（R）。并观察记录意识消失时间、手术时间、术毕清醒时间、术中及术后不良反应。结果麻醉后P组MAP下降明显、HR也有明显加快（P〈0．05）;E组MAP也有轻度下降、HR变化不明显。P组SPO2下降较明显,12例患者需托起下颌甚至需要面罩加压给氧辅助呼吸SpO2才上升至正常范围;E组SpO2也有下降,但是多数可以自行上升至正常范围。两组患者意识消失时间、手术时间、术毕清醒时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。P纽72例有注射痛,7例恶心,无呕吐患者;E组虽有9例出现肌阵挛,但是不影响手术操作,另有12例术后恶心,4例呕吐。结论依托咪酯乳剂和丙泊酚都能安全应用在无痛人工流产手术中,但依托咪酯乳剂对于一般情况较差的患者麻醉安全性更高。     

依托咪酯乳剂复合舒芬太尼用于全麻喉罩置入的临床观察

目的 观察依托咪酯乳剂复合舒芬太尼用于全麻下喉罩置入的血流动力学变化.方法 选择2009年4月-2010年2月间,46例需全麻手术、适合使用喉罩,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁的患者,随机分为两组:依托咪酯乳剂组(E组)23例,静脉推注咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg,依托咪酯乳剂0.3 mg/kg;...     

右美托咪啶对老年男性病人术后早期认知功能的影响

目的研究右美托咪啶对老年男性病人术后早期认知功能的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,60～75岁择期全麻下手术的男性患者120例。随机分为两组,每组60例。A组：麻醉诱导后静注右美托咪啶,配成4μg／mL浓度以1μg／kg剂量缓慢静注,输注时间超过10min。B组：麻醉诱导后静注等剂量生理盐水。术前用药为长托宁0．5mg静脉注射,麻醉诱导采用咪达唑仑0．03mg／kg、舒芬太尼0．3～0．5μg／kg、罗库溴铵0．6mg／kg、依托咪酯0．3mg／kg缓慢静注,气管插管后接麻醉机行机械通气。麻醉维持采用持续泵注丙泊酚,吸入七氟烷,间断静注罗库溴铵、舒芬太尼维持。术终均给予托烷司琼5mg静注预防恶心呕吐。术中应用多功能监测仪连续监测血压、心率、心电图、脉搏血氧饱和度。记录术前及术后3h MMSE评分。结果两组老年男性病人术后POCD发生率分别为32％和28％,术前及术后MMSE评分组内比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后MMSE评分组间比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论右美托咪啶应用于老年男性病人,不增加老年男性术后早期认知功能障碍的风险。     

清醒血药浓度的丙泊酚联合氯诺昔康对全麻苏醒期间不良反应的影响

【目的】观察清醒血药浓度的丙泊酚（〈1．5μg／mL）联合氯诺昔康对全麻拔管期间不良反应的影响。【方法】将择期腹部手术40例随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,每组20例,两组患者均用咪唑安定＋芬太尼＋阿曲库胺＋丙泊酚静脉诱导后气管插管,术中以吸入异氟烷、靶控输注丙泊酚、间断追加阿曲库胺和芬太尼维持。Ⅰ组患者于手术前及术毕前30min分别静注氯诺昔康8mg,并于手术结束前15min将丙泊酚的血浆靶浓度调至1．2μg／mL直至拔管后5min;Ⅱ组给予等量生理盐水,并于手术结束前15min停用丙泊酚。观察记录术毕前30min时（T0）、缝皮时（T1）、手术结束时（T2）、拔管时（T3）、拔管后10min（T4）等时点的平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）的变化,以及苏醒期的躁动评分、拔管时间、苏醒时间、主诉疼痛时间。【结果】与T0比较,Ⅰ组在T3时MAP有升高（P〈0．05）外,其余各时点MAP、HR均变化不大（P〉0．05）;Ⅱ组则在T1、T3、T4时,MAP和HR均有差异（P〈0．05）。Ⅰ组在T1、T3、T4时与Ⅱ组比较,MAP和HR差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。Ⅰ组在苏醒期的躁动评分明显低于Ⅱ组（P〈0．01）,拔管时间、苏醒时间比较差异无显著性,术后主诉疼痛时间Ⅰ组明显比Ⅱ组延长（P〈0．01）。【结论】清醒血药浓度联合氯诺昔康在全麻患者苏醒期镇痛效果好,不延长苏醒时间,能减少不良反应,维持较平稳的血液循环。     

右美托咪定复合依托咪酯在老年甲状腺手术患者中的应用

目的观察右美托咪定复合依托咪酯在老年甲状腺手术中的临床效果以及对术后拔管的影响。方法选择2012年7月-2013年1月行全身麻醉下甲状腺手术患者50例,美国麻醉医师协会分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄65～75岁,男22例,女28例,体质量45～75蚝。通过随机数字表随机分成右美托咪定组（D组）以及对照组（C组）,每组25例。分别于麻醉诱导后静脉泵注右美托咪定0．5μg／（kg·h）和等量生理盐水,手术结束前5min停止。术前依托咪酯0．2mg／kg诱导,术中以依托咪酯和瑞芬太尼维持。记录患者手术开始后5min（T_1）、15min（T_2）、30min（T_3）,以及手术结束前15min（T_4）和5mins（T_5）的心率、收缩压、舒张压、脑电双频指数,记录患者的唤醒时间、拔管时间、苏醒期躁动例数和依托咪酯的总用量。结果①D组患者在T_2～T_5时间点心率、收缩压、舒张压较C组波动小;苏醒期躁动例数显著低于C组（P〈0．05）。②两组患者的唤醒时间和拔管时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。③D组患者术中依托咪酯的用量为（8．6士2．1）μg/（kg·min）,显著少于C组（14．4士3．4）μg（kg·min）的用量（P〈0．05）。结论右美托咪定协同依托咪酯用于老年甲状腺手术中具有良好的安全性,能降低患者拔管期的心血管反应及躁动率,并减少依托咪酯的用量。     

超声引导神经阻滞联合右美托咪定在小儿腹股沟区手术的应用

【目的】比较超声引导神经阻滞联合右美托咪定与氯胺酮静脉全麻在小儿腹股沟区手术应用的优缺点。【方法】选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行单侧腹股沟区手术患儿40例,随机分为两组。右美托咪定组（D组）予以右美托咪定负荷剂量1μg／kg 15 min静脉泵入和丙泊酚2．0～2．5 mg／kg诱导,行超声引导下髂腹股沟／髂腹下神经阻滞,然后右美托咪定0．2～0．7μg／（kg · h）和丙泊酚4～6 mg／（kg · h）维持;氯胺酮组（K组）予以氯胺酮1 mg／kg诱导和0．5 mg／（kg · h）维持,丙泊酚用法同D组。记录两组患儿麻醉诱导前后、手术切皮时、苏醒时的心率（HR）,平均动脉压（MAP）,心电图（ECG）,呼吸频率（RR）及脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）;术中及术后不良反应并采取相应措施处理;对小儿术后进行行为学的面部表情评分（FLACC）以及恢复室麻醉医生和患儿家属的满意度评估。【结果】D组患儿在麻醉诱导后 HR较K组明显降低（ P ＜0．05）;D组患儿苏醒时间明显长于K组（P ＜0．05）;D组在苏醒期、术后2h、4h的疼痛评分均低于K组（P ＜0．05）;D组患儿家属满意度评分高于K组（P ＜0．05）,两组恢复室医生满意度评分比较,差异无统计学意义;D组1例,K 组6例患儿术后出现躁动（P ＜0．05）。【结论】超声引导神经阻滞联合右美托咪定应用于小儿腹股沟区手术能减轻患儿术后躁动及术后疼痛,麻醉质量及安全性高,且获得患儿家属较高认可,值得在小儿麻醉中推广应用。     

依托咪酯乳剂与丙泊酚在失血性休克患者麻醉诱导中的应用比较

目的 比较依托咪酯乳剂与丙泊酚在失血性休克患者全麻诱导时对循环系统影响的大小.方法 选择失血性休克患者30例,随机分为两组,Ⅰ组:咪达唑仑 依托咪酯乳剂 芬太尼 维库溴胺诱导插管,Ⅱ组:咪达唑仑 丙泊酚 芬太尼 维库溴胺诱导插管,计录入室时、诱导后插管前、插管后1～2 min血压、心率的数值.结果 Ⅱ组诱导后血压下降与入室时比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与Ⅰ组诱导后血压比较下降明显(P<0.05).结论 依托咪酯乳刑在失血性休克患者全麻诱导时循环系统稳定性优于丙泊酚.     

咪达唑仑用于颌面外科盲探插管麻醉的效果评价

目的为咪达唑仑用作清醒盲探插管的辅助用药提供临床依据。方法选择40例颌面外科择期手术病人,随机分为两组,每组20例,在行盲探插管操作前予不同的药物,Ⅰ组静注芬太尼4μg／kg和咪达唑仑0．15～0．04mg／kg,Ⅱ组静注芬太尼4μg／kg。连续监测两组在用药前（T1）、操作开始前即刻（T2）、气管导管就位时（T3）、气管导管进入气管时（T4）的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、呼吸频率（RR）和脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）的数值变化、镇静评分以及对插管过程的遗忘情况。结果Ⅰ组在1、2时间上出现MAP下降（P〈0．05）,Ⅱ组在B以后MAP和HR均有不同程度的升高（P〈0．05）,两组在T2以后RR较T1有明显下降（P〈0．05）;Ⅰ组在12时间上已趋于嗜睡,在他及以后各时间点上镇静评分（Ramsayscale）有明显上升（P〈0．05）,Ⅱ组指标在各时间点上未见明显变化（P〉0．05）;术后随访Ⅰ组对插管操作过程遗忘的发生率为65％,Ⅱ组为5％,两组间有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论咪达唑仑具有较强的顺行性遗忘作用,适于作为清醒插管的辅助用药。     

丙泊酚TCI与七氟醚复合麻醉在妇科腹腔镜手术的效价比较

目的研究丙泊酚血浆靶控输注（TCI）全凭静脉麻醉与七氟醚静吸复合麻醉用于腹腔镜手术中的麻醉效应、不良反应和效价比。方法选妇科腹腔镜探查手术的患者60例，年龄18—50岁，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，随机分成丙泊酚TCI全凭静脉麻醉组（Ⅰ组）和七氟醚静吸复合麻醉组（Ⅱ组）。两组均以芬太尼3μg／kg，阿曲库铵0．6mg／kg及丙泊酚静脉诱导气管插管，Ⅰ组丙泊酚采用血浆TCI静脉诱导，并维持至术毕，靶浓度为3—4μg/ml；Ⅱ组丙泊酚采用1．5～2mg／kg静脉诱导，维持麻醉采用吸入七氟醚，MAC控制在0．6—0．8，以及丙泊酚4～6mg／（kg·h）持续输注。观察两组患者麻醉诱导前后，插管15min内血流动力学变化，意识消失及麻醉后苏醒时间，不良反应，用药剂量及费用。结果两组患者麻醉、手术、清醒时间及各时段MAP及HR比较均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组意识消失时间Ⅰ组）（3．7±2．4）min，长于Ⅱ组（0．6±0．2）min（P〈0．05）。Ⅰ组苏醒期躁动2例、PONV5例，明显低于Ⅱ组7例、13例（P〈0．05）。Ⅰ丙泊酚用量（74．9±24．3）ml明显多于Ⅱ组（30．6±10．5）ml（P〈0．05），两组麻醉用药的价格基本一致。结论丙泊酚TCI全凭静脉麻醉用于妇科腹腔镜手术，与七氟醚静吸复合麻醉相比具有并发症少，无环境污染的优点，且两种麻醉费用基本相同。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.