Stroke patient evaluation in the emergency department before pharmacologic therapy

The standard of care for acute thromboembolic stroke is changing rapidly with the advent of new pharmacologic therapies. The deterioration of focal cerebral ischemia to infarction can be lessened with timely restoration of cerebral blood flow. As pharmacologic therapy of acute stroke evolves, emergency physicians will increasingly facilitate its implementation. The purpose of this study was to elucidate those factors significantly affecting the acute stroke patient's emergency department (ED) evaluation time. The pretreatment ED evaluations of 20 patients entered in an ongoing trial of a fibrinolytic agent (ancrod) for acute ischemic stroke were reviewed. Pretreatment screening factors included the assessment of hematologic status, concurrent illness, and potential neoplastic disease or cerebral hemorrhage as the etiology for the neurological deficit. The following factors had a statistically significant effect on pretreatment evaluation time (range, 2.6 to 11.4 hours) by multiple linear regression analysis: time from arrival until bleeding time completed (P less than .005), time from arrangement of computed head tomography until its completion (P less than .05), chosen site of treatment (ED v neurological step-down unit; P less than .005), order of patient entry (P less than .01), and time from arrival until completion of fibrinogen level assay (P less than .05). These results emphasize the need to coordinate and streamline the clinical evaluation process. The use of the ED as the site of treatment, abbreviating the time until pharmacologic therapy, has not been previously documented. Expedient completion of an evaluation compatible with safe pharmacologic therapy of acute ischemic stroke will dictate the time of definitive therapy. These results should assist other institutions considering rapid pharmacologic therapy for acute ischemic stroke.     

Potential of rheopheresis for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke when initiated between 6 and 12 hours.

Improvement of hemorheology is one of the most important approaches in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. We investigated the influence of extracorporal rheopheresis (ER) on cerebral blood flow in patients with acute ischemic stroke and evaluated its therapeutic effect. Thirty-three patients (rheopheresis group, 17; control group, 16; mean age 64 +/- 10 years) with acute ischemic stroke were included in our prospective randomized trial. The first treatment was started within 12 h after onset of symptoms, and treatment was repeated 3 times at an interval of 24 h. Hemorheological parameters were measured before and after each session. The cerebral blood flow was analyzed using 99mTc-ECD-SPECT. The functional and neurological outcomes were determined by follow-up investigations after 3 months. The hemorheological parameters were significantly different between the rheopheresis group (18% decrease of plasma viscosity, 55% decrease of red blood cell aggregation) and the control group (no decrease of both parameters). The single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) analysis showed early reperfusion in 35% of the patients treated with rheopheresis and in 37% of the control group (NS). There were no differences in the neurological outcomes between the 2 groups. Extracorporal rheopheresis is practicable and safe. It rapidly and consistently improved the hemorheological parameters. Although this did not impact on cerebral perfusion or clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke in this report, we propose that ER deserves to be further evaluated by initiating the first treatment within 6 h post-insult.     

VEGF enhances angiogenesis and promotes blood-brain barrier leakage in the ischemic brain

VEGF is a secreted mitogen associated with angiogenesis and is also a potent vascular permeability factor. The biological role of VEGF in the ischemic brain remains unknown. This study was undertaken to investigate whether VEGF enhances cerebral microvascular perfusion and increases blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage in the ischemic brain. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), three-dimensional laser-scanning confocal microscope, and functional neurological tests, we measured the effects of administrating recombinant human VEGF(165) (rhVEGF(165)) on angiogenesis, functional neurological outcome, and BBB leakage in a rat model of focal cerebral embolic ischemia. Late (48 hours) administration of rhVEGF(165) to the ischemic rats enhanced angiogenesis in the ischemic penumbra and significantly improved neurological recovery. However, early postischemic (1 hour) administration of rhVEGF(165) to ischemic rats significantly increased BBB leakage, hemorrhagic transformation, and ischemic lesions. Administration of rhVEGF(165) to ischemic rats did not change BBB leakage and cerebral plasma perfusion in the contralateral hemisphere. Our results indicate that VEGF can markedly enhance angiogenesis in the ischemic brain and reduce neurological deficits during stroke recovery and that inhibition of VEGF at the acute stage of stroke may reduce the BBB permeability and the risk of hemorrhagic transformation after focal cerebral ischemia.     

缺血性脑卒中急性期经颅多普勒超声指标的动态改变及其评估价值

背景经颅多普勒超声能无创性检测颅内动脉的血流信号,较为客观的反映脑血流动力学改变,有助于了解血管闭塞及狭窄的程度、部位、范围、侧支循环以及闭塞后再通的情况,对缺血性脑血管疾病的早期诊断、病情判断、预后评估具有重要价值.目的通过对缺血性脑卒中急性期的经颅超声多普勒动态观察,与脑电图、脑电图地形图、头颅计算机断层扫描等进行对比研究,以探讨经颅超声多普勒对缺血性脑卒中早期评估的价值,观察经颅超声多普勒与脑电图、脑电图地形图及神经功能缺损评分之间的相关性以判断病情指导治疗.设计病例-对照实验.单位昆明医学院第二附属医院神经内科.对象选择2001-10/2002-03在昆明医学院第二附属医院神经内科接受住院治疗的缺血性脑卒中23例患者及同期选择年龄性别相匹配的门诊健康体检者30人为对照组.方法①所有患者均于入院即刻行床旁经颅多普勒超声检查,并于入院后第2,4,7天复查,所有正常对照者均于体检当天行经颅多普勒超声检查.②所有患者均在入院当天行床旁脑电图及脑电图地形图检查.③所有患者于入院后即刻,入院后第3,4,7天进行神经功能缺损评分(最高得分45分,最低得分0分,0～15分为重度神经功能缺损,16～30分为中度神经功能缺损,31～45分为轻度神经功能缺损).主要观察指标①全部被试对象经颅多普勒超声检查结果.②缺血性脑卒中患者神经功能缺损评分、脑电图描记、脑电图地形图描记、头颅计算机断层扫描检查结果.结果缺血性脑卒中患者23例和30名健康体检者均进入结果分析.①入院当天经颅多普勒超声异常率91.3%,高于脑电图(65.2%)、脑电图地形图(78.3%)及头颅计算机断层扫描(17.4%).入院当天经颅多普勒超声表现为病侧大脑中动脉平均血流速度降低(34.92±13.25)cm/s(P＜0.01).病侧大脑前动脉平均血流速度升高(65.47±16.69)cm/s(P＜0.01).②大脑中动脉流速不对称指数(不对称指数)与神经功能缺损评分成正相关(P＜0.01),与脑电图地形图慢波相对功率值成正相关(P＜0.01～0.05),与α波相对功率值成负相关(P＜0.01).动态观察发现经治疗病侧大脑中动脉平均血流速度逐渐恢复并出现流速增高,而病侧大脑前动脉平均血流速度随之下降,提示血管再通,但各自再通时间不同.结论在缺血性脑卒中急性期经颅多普勒超声可发现与闭塞血管相关的血流动力学异常,异常率高于脑电图地形图、脑电图及头颅计算机断层扫描.其异常程度与病情严重程度相关,动态观察有助于发现血管再通情况.     

踝肱指数对脑梗死患者神经功能的短期影响

【目的】研究脑梗死患者踝肱指数（ankle ‐ brachial index ,ABI）特点及其与脑梗死发病的关系,探讨 ABI 对脑梗死患者神经功能的短期影响。【方法】选取2014年8月至2015年4月于本院神经内科住院的脑梗死患者100例,使用双向多谱勒血流测量仪检测患者 ABI ,分析患者 ABI 对脑梗死患者神经功能的短期影响;并分析患者早期神经功能恶化（END）发生的影响因素。【结果】100例患者,32例发生 END ,68例未发生 END 。单因素分析：早期发生 END 组患者 ABI ≤0．9的比例显著高于非 END 组（ P ＞0．05）;多因素 logis‐tic 回归分析：ABI ≤0．9与脑梗死患者 END 独立相关。【结论】ABI ≤0．9的脑梗死患者更容易在住院期间发生 END 。     

早期康复训练对缺血性脑卒中患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨早期康复训练对缺血性脑卒中患者康复及生活质量的影响。方法将113例急性缺血性脑卒中患者随机分为康复组57例和对照组56例。两组均采用相同的神经内科常规治疗,在此基础上对照组给予一般护理及随意功能锻炼。康复组则于患者急性期生命体征平稳后分阶段采用早期康复干预。在患者人院时、入院后第12W及第24W,采用MESSS评分表和QLI评分表分别对两组患者神经功能恢复情况和生活质量进行评价。结果入院后第12W及第24W康复组患者神经功能恢复和生活质量明显高于对照组,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论对缺血性脑卒中患者早期实施康复训练,可促进患者神经功能恢复,提高患者的生活质量。     

血清Netrin-1和NSE对急性缺血性脑卒中早期神经功能恶化及预后的预测价值

目的研究血清神经突起生长导向因子-1（Netrin-1）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）对急性缺血性脑卒中早期神经功能恶化以及预后的预测价值。 方法回顾性收集2018年8月至2020年12月泰州市人民医院诊治的190例急性缺血性脑卒中患者资料,根据早期神经功能恶化情况分为恶化组（32例）和未恶化组（158例）,采用单因素分析和最优尺度回归分析探究早期神经功能恶化的影响因素,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评价各指标对急性缺血性脑卒中患者早期神经功能恶化的预测价值。根据患者预后情况分为死亡组（24例）和存活组（166例）,比较不同预后患者的NIHSS评分、Netrin-1及NSE水平,采用COX回归模型分析急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后的影响因素。 结果恶化组与未恶化组患者糖尿病、高血压、卒中史、收缩压、舒张压、NIHSS评分、Netrin-1、NSE水平差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。最优尺度回归分析显示,糖尿病、高血压、年龄、舒张压、NIHSS评分、Netrin-1、NSE是影响急性缺血性脑卒中早期神经功能恶化的危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线显示,NIHSS评分、Netrin-1及NSE预测早期神经功能恶化的AUC值分别为0.978、0.993、0.989。存活组和死亡组患者NIHSS评分、Netrin-1及NSE水平异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。COX回归分析显示,NSE、年龄是急性缺血性脑卒中预后的影响因素（P＜0.05）。 结论Netrin-1浓度和NSE是反映急性缺血性脑卒中早期神经功能恶化及预后的有效指标,具有较高的诊断效能。     

Postpartum cerebral angiopathy: a case study.

Stroke during pregnancy is a leading cause of maternal death, but the risk of stroke does not end with delivery. Postpartum cerebral angiopathy is a rare condition that affects otherwise healthy women who have undergone a normal pregnancy followed by an uncomplicated delivery. It can cause ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, or both, and usually occurs within the first week following delivery. Although neurological deficits may be minimized if the condition is recognized early, postpartum cerebral angiopathy may be devastating. It is of utmost importance for nurses to recognize the symptoms of postpartum cerebral angiopathy early and be familiar with disease progression and treatment to prevent further neurological compromise.     

Cerebellar artery infarction with sudden hearing loss and vertigo as initial symptoms: A case report

BACKGROUNDSudden hearing loss (SHL) is associated with serious systematic conditions such as neoplasms, vascular events, autoimmune diseases, infections, and iatrogenic injury. Some authors report that SHL can be an early warning sign of impending vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke. It is important to distinguish stroke from benign disease. CASE SUMMARYA 48-year-old male patient presented with SHL and vertigo as first symptoms. Diffusion-weighted imaging revealed high signal intensity in the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory of the cerebellar hemisphere and high signal intensity in the right pons and bridge cerebellar arm, confirming that the patient had cerebral infarction. Treatment with antiplatelet drugs, steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and neurotrophic nerve therapy promoted blood circulation and removed blood stasis, and the symptoms of the patient were significantly improved. CONCLUSIONSHL and vertigo could be the initial symptoms of vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke.     

99Tcm-HL91脑乏氧显像对脑血流低灌注区组织乏氧缺血细胞的评估价值

背景缺血性脑血管病患者病变区域内存在着存活的、但血流供应不足的脑组织,只要及时恢复血供,就可挽救.新型显像剂99Tcm-HL91脑乏氧显像可以显示脑血流灌注显像为低灌注区的乏氧、缺血但存活的这些脑组织.目的探讨新型乏氧显像剂99TcmHL91在缺血性脑血管病中的评估价值,为早期干预提供影像学依据.设计以患者和健康自愿者为研究对象,观察对比的验证性研究.单位一所大学医院的核医学科和一所省级医院的神经内科,核医学科.对象2000-03/2001-09在河北省人民医院随机选取门诊和住院的缺血性脑血管病患者18例及健康志愿者4例.方法对18例临床确诊为缺血性脑血管病患者和4例年龄匹配的健康志愿者进行脑乏氧断层显像,其中临床诊断脑梗死11例,短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)5例,椎基底动脉供血不足2例,取标记好的99Tcm-HL91555～1 110 MBq静脉推注,0～30 min内行脑乏氧断层显像,7例患者同时进行了CT或MRI检查,1例患者次日行99Tcm-ECD脑灌注断层显像,并对3种方法进行了对比研究.用视觉判定脑血流灌注显像低灌注区域内及周边部位放射性能变化,出现放射性浓聚者,为阳性,未出现放射性浓聚者为阴?介于两者中间者为临界(用计算机ROI技术与对照侧比较,两侧比值大于25%以上者诊断为阳性,小于者计入阴性组,本研究不设临界组).主要观察指标脑乏氧显像,T,RI,脑灌注显像结果.结果18例患者中脑乏氧显像阳性者5例,分别为脑梗死4例,椎基底动脉供血不足1例.11例同时行99Tcm-ECD脑血流灌注显像者中6例表现为局部脑血流灌注减低,T或MRI检查异常者9例,例健康志愿者未见异常显示.结论99Tcm-HL91脑乏氧显像诊断缺血性脑血管病的影响因素较多,但对脑血流灌注显像出现低灌注区时可以区分组织乏氧或坏死,对指导早期康复干预和预后评估有一定意义.     

脑梗死患者早期神经功能恶化的影响因素分析

[目的] 探讨脑梗死患者发生早期神经功能恶化的影响因素.[方法] 选取2013年1月至2016年1月于本院接受治疗的脑梗死患者108例,按患者是否患有早期神经功能恶化,分为恶化组(n=38)与非恶化组(n=70),比较两组患者一般资料、既往史、临床体征、实验室检查结果的差异,探讨脑梗死患者发生早期神经功能恶化的影响因素.[结果] 恶化组高血压、糖尿病、短暂性脑缺血发作或卒中、高脂血症、心房颤动病史比例高于非恶化组(P<0.05);恶化组较非恶化组体温高、神经功能缺损得分高,收缩压及舒张压低(P<0.05);恶化组D-二聚体、白细胞水平,凝血酶原时间高于非恶化组,C反应蛋白水平低于非恶化组(P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高神经功能缺损评分(OR=1.993),高体温(OR=3.012),低收缩压(OR=2.942),低舒张压(OR=1.838),有高血压(OR=3.522)、糖尿病(OR=1.050)、短暂性脑缺血发作或卒中(OR=1.442)、心房颤动(OR=3.522)病史是患者发生早期神经功能恶化的独立危险因素(P<0.05).[结论] 神经功能缺损评分过高,体温过高,收缩压及舒张压过低,有高血压、糖尿病、短暂性脑缺血发作或卒中、心房颤动病史是脑梗死患者发生早期神经功能恶化的危险因素,临床应加以重视.     

急性脑卒中早期康复训练意义的研究

探讨早期康复训练对急性脑卒中患者功能恢复的意义。对32例脑出血和49例脑梗死患者实施了系统的4阶段康复训练,应用Barthel指数和简化Fugl-Meyer积分法分别对康复组和对照组患者于入院、出院和病后6个月随访时予以评定。无论是脑出血还是脑梗死时,康复组和对照组出院时以及随访时,患者的功能均有改善,但康复组功能改善程度明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。早期康复训练对急性脑卒中患者神经功能恢复是十分必要的、有益的,也是应积极提倡并推广的。     

祛瘀生新针法对缺血性脑卒中神经功能及血浆D- 二聚体的影响

目的:观察祛瘀生新针法对缺血性脑卒中患者神经功能及血浆D-二聚体的影响。方法:80例缺血性脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组均接受常规西医治疗,治疗组在此基础上加祛瘀生新针法,两组分别在治疗前及治疗后2个疗程后进行神经功能缺损评分测定及检测血浆D-二聚体水平,评估其综合疗效。结果:两组患者治疗后神经功能缺损评分、D-二聚体水平均下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且以治疗组为优(P<0.05);治疗组总有效率亦高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:祛瘀生新针法能降低缺血性脑卒中患者血浆D-二聚体水平,降低血液黏滞性,改善脑部循环,促进神经功能恢复。     

脑卒中患者血浆Lp-PLA2水平及临床意义探讨

目的研究脑卒中患者血浆脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)的变化,探讨其与缺血性脑卒中梗死灶大小和神经功能缺损程度的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定180例缺血性脑卒中患者、165例出血性脑卒中患者及105名健康对照者(正常对照组)血浆Lp-PLA2水平,同时测定血脂[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]、葡萄糖(Glu)及纤维蛋白原(FIB)。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价Lp-PLA2对缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中的诊断效能;采用头颅核磁共振检查脑梗死体积大小,按照美国国立卫生研究所中风量表进行神经功能缺损程度评估;对缺血性脑卒中患者血浆Lp-PLA2与神经功能缺损程度评分进行相关性分析。结果缺血性脑卒中组、出血性脑卒中组和正常对照组之间Lp-PLA2、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、FIB水平差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);缺血性脑卒中组与出血性脑卒中组之间TG和Glu水平差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.133、0.067),但与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。血浆Lp-PLA2诊断缺血性脑卒中的ROC曲线下面积为(AUC)为0.905、最佳临界点为42.35μg/L、敏感性为81.5%、特异性为80.0%。血浆Lp-PLA2水平随脑梗死体积增加而呈递增趋势,但差异无统计学意义(H=0.372,P=0.719)。Spearman相关分析显示缺血性脑卒中患者血浆Lp-PLA2水平与神经功能缺损程度评分密切相关(P均0.05)。结论缺血性脑卒中患者血浆Lp-PLA2水平明显升高,与神经功能缺损程度评分密切相关。Lp-PLA2是缺血性脑卒中发病的独立危险因子,可成为缺血性脑卒中的预测指标和评价病情严重程度的重要指标。     

责任性单侧大脑中动脉重度狭窄患者脑梗死分型 与侧支循环关系探讨

目的：探讨责任性单侧大脑中动脉（MCA）重度狭窄致首发缺血性卒中的梗死分型与侧支循环的关 系。方法：回顾性分析187例责任性单侧MCA重度狭窄引起首发脑梗死患者的临床资料。根据侧支循环 状况分为代偿良好组79例和代偿较差组108例,比较2组的神经功能评分,分析2组脑梗死分型及其与侧支 循环的关系。结果：代偿良好组入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分和早期神经功能恶化发 生率均低于代偿较差组（均P＜0.05）。脑梗死分型结果显示,代偿良好组以皮质下小梗死最多,代偿较差组 以内分水岭梗死和多发梗死最多,2组梗死类型差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。脑灌注参数分析结果显示, 代偿良好组患侧达峰时间（TTP）、脑血容量（CBV）和平均通过时间（MTT）高于健侧（P＜0.05）;代偿较差组 患侧TPP、脑血流量（CBF）高于健侧,MTT低于健侧（P＜0.05）;代偿良好组脑灌注患健比rCBV、rMTT高于 代偿较差组,而rTTP、rCBF低于代偿较差组（P＜0.05）。结论：侧支循环有助于维持责任性单侧MCA重度 狭窄致首发缺血性卒中的脑灌注,改善梗死分型的构成,减少神经功能恶化发生,改善神经功能评分。     

护理流程优化干预在急性缺血性脑卒中患者超早期静脉溶栓治疗中的应用效果

目的探讨护理流程优化干预在急性缺血性脑卒中患者超早期静脉溶栓治疗中的应用效果。方法将42例急性缺血性脑卒中患者按照电脑随机选取方式分为对照组(21例,常规护理)与观察组(21例,护理流程优化干预)。比较两组的护理效果。结果干预后,两组的生存质量评分均升高,脑神经功能评分均降低,且观察组优于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的症状性颅内出血发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论护理流程优化干预应用于急性缺血性脑卒中患者超早期静脉溶栓治疗中,可改善神经功能损伤程度,提高患者的生存质量,安全性高。     

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) dot sign

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) dot sign is an important radiological sign in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). If identified and intervened early, a good clinical outcome may be achieved     

13N-Ammonia PET/CT脑血流灌注显像结合醋甲唑胺负荷试验在缺血性脑血管病中的应用

目的 探讨¹³N-ammonia PET/CT脑血流灌注显像结合醋甲唑胺负荷试验评估缺血性脑血管病患者脑血管储备(CVR)的应用价值。方法 2014年1月至2016年12月,单侧大脑中动脉或颈内动脉重度狭窄患者56例,在基态和醋甲唑胺负荷后分别行¹³N-ammonia PET/CT脑血流灌注显像,评估CVR情况;治疗后6个月再次行基态脑血流灌注显像。根据CVR将患者分为CVR正常组(n = 29)和CVR下降组(n = 27),随访24个月,观察两组脑缺血事件发生率和治疗前后基态脑血流(CBF)的变化。结果 CVR下降组短暂性脑缺血发作的发生率高于CVR正常组(χ² = 4.389, P < 0.05),缺血性脑卒中的发生率略高于CVR正常组,但无显著性差异( P > 0.05)。CVR正常组治疗后基态CBF改善 ( t = 2.409, P < 0.05);CVR下降组治疗后基态CBF与治疗前无显著性差异( t = 0.648, P > 0.05)。 结论 ¹³N-ammonia PET/CT脑血流灌注显像结合醋甲唑胺负荷试验能很好评估缺血性脑血管病患者CVR变化,并估计预后,对早期干预有指导意义。     

同型半胱氨酸联合颈动脉斑块检测用于早期诊断缺血性脑卒中的临床研究

目的 探讨同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）联合颈动脉斑块在早期缺血性脑卒中患者中的表现特征,以便为早期诊断提供依据.方法 早期缺血性脑卒中患者78例列入研究组,同期体检健康者80例列入对照组,两组患者均行Hcy和颈动脉斑块临床检测,并进行记录对比.结果 研究组患者Hcy浓度明显高于对照组,颈动脉内膜中层厚度明显厚于对照组,颈动脉斑块患病率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 Hcy浓度提高、存在颈动脉斑块和颈动脉内膜中层厚度增厚可作为临床早期诊断缺血性脑卒中的指标之一,可早期发现脑动脉血管状况不良的患者,并做好预防,减少临床脑梗死的发病,降低致残致死率.