长期住院精神分裂症稳定期患者社会功能及影响因素

目的评估长期住院的精神分裂症稳定期患者社会功能及其影响因素,为临床工作中进一步采取措施改善患者的社会功能提供参考。方法纳入长期住院精神分裂症稳定期患者75例,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale, PANSS)、锥体外系副反应量表(rating scale for extrapyramdal side effects,RSESE)、自知力与治疗态度问卷(insight and treatment attitude questionnaire, ITAQ)、精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(the measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia consensus cognitive battery,MCCB)和社会功能量表(social functional rating scale, SFRS)分别评估患者的精神症状、锥体外系副反应、自知力、认知功能及社会功能,分析社会功能与临床症状及认知功能的关系,以及其中介效应。结果 SFRS平均(53.6±9.3)分。线性回归分析结果显示信息处理速度(B=-0.428, P0.001)、工作记忆(B=-0.191, P=0.020)、RESES(B=0.918, P=0.002)、PANSS阴性症状(B=0.322, P=0.009)与SFRS关联有统计学意义。Sobel检验结果显示工作记忆(Z=3.367, P0.001)及处理速度(Z=1.995, P=0.046)在PANSS阴性症状与SFRS间存在中介效应。结论长期住院的精神分裂症稳定期患者社会功能损害与阴性症状、信息处理速度、工作记忆、锥体外系副反应密切相关。工作记忆及处理速度在患者症状与社会功能间存在中介效应。     

不同病程的稳定期精神分裂症患者认知功能比较

目的比较不同病程的稳定期精神分裂症患者的认知功能,为不同病程的患者制定治疗方案提供参考。方法于2013年6月-2016年12月在广州医科大学附属脑科医院连续入组符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-IV)诊断标准的稳定期精神分裂症患者291例,根据病程将患者分为5年、5~10年及10年三组。同时招募健康人群76例。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神分裂症患者的精神症状,采用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(MCCB)评定患者及健康人群的认知功能。结果不同病程精神分裂症患者PANSS阳性症状、阴性症状和一般病理症状评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。三组不同病程的精神分裂症患者与健康人群MCCB各维度评分比较差异均有统计学意义(F=8.985~56.178,P均0.01)。事后比较结果显示,健康人群的信息处理速度、工作记忆、言语学习维度评分均高于各患者组(P均0.05),但患者组组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);在注意/警觉性、视觉学习、推理和问题解决能力、社会认知维度评分上,健康人群病程小于5年组病程5年以上组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论病程5年以上的稳定期精神分裂症患者认知损害比病程5年内的患者更严重。     

综合干预对社区精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响

目的:探讨综合干预对社区稳定期精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响。方法:采用整群随机抽样方法,将256例精神分裂症患者随机分为干预组133例和对照组123例。干预组在原有药物治疗的基础上进行药物自我管理、症状自我监控、回归社会技能训练和家庭健康教育等综合干预,对照组予单纯药物治疗。分别在干预前、干预3、12个月后进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、个人和社会表现量表(PSP)评定。结果:干预前两组PANSS、PSP评分差异无统计学意义;干预3个月,干预组PANSS评分明显低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);干预12个月,干预组PSP评分明显高于对照组(P0.01)。结论:在药物治疗的基础上,综合干预能够有效改善稳定期社区精神分裂症患者的社会功能。     

强化门诊干预对社区稳定期精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响

目的:探讨强化门诊干预(IOP)对社区精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响。方法:将96例精神分裂症患者随机分为干预组和对照组,干预组给予药物及IOP干预;对照组只给予药物治疗。在干预前、干预后3、6个月采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、个人和社会表现量表(PSP)对两组进行评估。结果:重复测量方差分析结果显示干预前两组PANSS、PSP评分组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);干预6个月后,干预组PANSS量表阳性症状、阴性症状及一般精神症状评分的时间主效应(F=9.06,F=7.62,F=12.11;P均0.01),PANSS总分的组间主效应(F=4.22,P0.05)显著,差异有统计学意义;干预组PSP评分时间主效应和交互效应显著(F=10.90,F=5.90;P均0.01)。干预前PANSS分值越低,康复效果越好(t=12.86,P0.01)。结论:IOP干预能够改善稳定期社区精神分裂症患者的社会功能。     

长期住院稳定期精神分裂症患者认知功能及脑灰质密度的对照研究

目的:探讨长期住院稳定期精神分裂症患者大脑结构形态学改变及其与精神病理学症状的关系. 方法:对68例稳定期精神分裂症住院患者(患者组)与17名正常对照(对照组)采用中文版精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版(MCCB)作为评价工具进行认知功能测评,以阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者精神症状,Pearson相关分析探讨二者之间的相关性.患者组与对照组均进行磁共振扫描. 结果:研究组PANSS阴性症状评分平均(18.19 ±7.29)分高于阳性症状(13.12±5.44)分.MCCB认知功能评估中,研究组在符号编码、言语流畅、持续操作、言语记忆、迷宫、情绪管理及总测验成绩与正常对照组差异有统计学意义(t=2.82 ～5.99,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).Pearson相关分析显示,研究组PANSS总分及阴性症状与MCCB中符号编码、言语流畅、持续操作、言语记忆、情绪管理及总测验成绩等呈显著负相关(r=-0.25～-0.42,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).基于体素的形态学方法(VBM)分析显示,研究组的左侧额上回,左侧额中回、左额内侧回、右侧楔叶、左侧颞中回的灰质密度显著低于正常对照(Z=3.16 ～4.08,P＜0.05或P＜0.01). 结论:稳定期精神分裂症患者以阴性症状为主,阴性症状越重,认知损害越明显;阴性症状持续与认知功能损害可能与左侧额叶灰质密度下降有关.     

首发精神分裂症精神病未治期对认知功能和社会功能的影响

目的探讨首发精神分裂症精神病未治期(duration of untreated psychosis,DUP)对认知功能和社会功能的影响。方法纳入首发且DUP≤2年的精神分裂症患者93例和正常对照93名。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(positive and negative symptoms scale,PANSS)评定患者的临床病理症状,Matrics公认认知成套测验(Matrics consensus cognitive battery,MCCB)评定所有被试认知功能,个人和社会功能量表(personal and social performance scale,PSP)和功能大体评定量表(global assessment function scale,GAF)评定所有被试社会功能。结果精神分裂症组在连线测验、符号编码、范围流畅性测验、Stroop色词测验、持续操作测验、空间广度、霍普金斯言语记忆测验-修订版(Hopkins verbal learning test-revised,HVLT-R)、简易视觉空间记忆测验(brief-visuospatial memory test-revised,BVMT-R)和迷宫测验方面的得分均低于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。精神分裂症组的GAF得分和PSP得分均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。精神分裂症患者DUP与HVLT-R2(r=-0.265,P=0.010)和BVMT-R3(r=-0.328,P=0.001)分别呈负相关,DUP与GAF(r=-0.292,P=0.005)和PSP(r=-0.397,P0.001)得分分别呈负相关。结论首发精神分裂症患者存在社会功能和广泛的认知功能损害,且DUP越长,患者的认知功能和社会功能越差。     

住院慢性精神分裂症患者个体和社会功能的评估及影响因素分析

目的:分析住院慢性稳定期精神分裂症患者的个人和社会功能及其影响因素。方法:对120例住院慢性稳定期精神分裂症患者采用个人和社会功能量表中文版(PSP)、患者健康问卷(PHQ)及阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)等进行个人和社会功能及精神病性状的评估。并对结果进行分析。结果:个人和社会功能低下患者2例(1.7%),有不同程度的能力缺陷患者72例(60.0%),社会功能和人际交往无困难或有轻微困难患者46例(38.3%);患者的个人和社会功能与性别(r=0.568,P0.01)及本次病程(r=-0.362,P0.01)存在显著相关性,患者的干扰和攻击行为与其精神症状显著相关(r=0.30,P0.01)。结论:住院慢性稳定期精神分裂症患者大部分存在不同程度的个人和社会能力缺陷;其中,社会中有用的活动及干扰和攻击行为与患者的精神症状、躯体症状群严重程度及抑郁症状群严重程度显著相关。     

症状严重程度比认知缺损更与精神分裂症住院患者的社会功能状况密切相关(英文)

背景以往研究表明精神分裂症患者的神经认知缺损和精神病性症状会导致其职业和社会功能降低。目的评估中国精神分裂症男性住院患者的神经认知和精神病性症状与社会心理功能之间的关系。方法选取上海市精神卫生中心的51例住院男性精神分裂症患者,其中40例患者最终完成了个体和社会功能量表(Personal and Social Performance Scale,PSP)中文版、临床疗效总评量表-病情严重程度量表(Clinical Global Impression-Severity,CGI-S)、阳性和阴性症状量表(Positive and Negative Symptom Scale,PANSS)、字母-数字排序以及香港文字记忆学习测试等项目的评定。结果患者PANSS量表的3个临床分量表的分值和社会功能总体评估(PSP总分和CGI-S分值)之间存在明显负相关。患者的神经认知测定结果与症状或社会功能状况均无关。结论对于急性期住院精神分裂症患者而言,临床症状的严重度—而非神经认知缺损程度,与其社会功能水平密切相关。     

利培酮对精神分裂症首次发病患者认知功能及生活技能的影响

目的:评估利培酮对精神分裂症首次发病患者认知功能、生活技能改善及影响因素。方法:对首发精神分裂症住院患者105例接受利培酮治疗10周;使用精神分裂症认知功能成套测验中文版(MCCB)、Stroop等测验评估认知功能;加州大学圣地亚哥分校基于任务的生活能力测验(UPSA)评估生活技能;阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估精神症状。结果:与基线比较,治疗后MCCB中连线分数、符号编码、空间广度、数字序列、迷宫、视觉记忆、情绪管理、MCCB总分、Stroop测验得分均提高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);UPSA总分、财务技能、交流技能得分均提高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);Logistic Regression回归分析显示MCCB疗效与基线PANSS总分存在关联(β=0.03,Wald=4.80,P=0.028,95%CI1.003~1.057)。结论:利培酮对精神分裂症首次发病患者认知功能及生活技能均有改善作用,认知功能改善程度可能与临床症状无关。     

非急性期精神分裂症患者认知功能、精神症状和社会功能的相关性研究

目的 研究精神分裂症患者认知功能、精神症状和社会功能的相关性.方法 随机选取18例精神分裂症患者,采用听觉事件诱发电位（P300）、神经心理认知测验检测患者与18名正常对照者的认知功能,采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）和临床总体印象量袁（CGI-S）评定患者的精神症状,采用社会功能量表（PSP）评定患者的社会功能,用锥体外系副反应量表（SAS）、不自主运动量表（AIMS）和静坐不能量表（BARS）评定既往使用抗精神病药物不良反应情况.并研究患者的认知功能、精神症状和社会功能的相关性.结果 精神分裂症患者的潜伏期N1,P2,N2较对照组延长,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,但未发现波幅的差异.精神分裂症患者颜色连线2时间较对照组长,范畴流利和Stroop分量表评分均低于对照组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.因为受教育程度可能会影响患者的认知,故以受教育年限为控制因素,进行偏相关分析,P300的潜伏期和波幅与PANSS总分和各因子分无相关性（P＞0.05）,与锥体外系和社会功能也无相关性（P＞0.05）.神经认知心理测试与PANSS、CGI-S无相关性.神经认知心理测试与PANSS、CGI-S无相关性.PSP和颜色连线测验2、WCST总错误数呈负相关,PSP和范畴流利测验、WCST总正确数及分类个数呈正相关（P＜0.05）.结论 精神分裂症患者存在认知功能障碍,其认知功能与社会功能有明显相关性.     

Self-rated executive function: development of the executive function index

There are several self-rating executive function (SREF) measures in existence that were developed solely in clinical populations or which sample a limited range of executive functions. The Executive Function Index (EFI) was developed here in a normal population with five subscales derived through factor analysis: Motivational Drive, Strategic Planning, Organization, Impulse Control, and Empathy. The content of three second order factors is consistent with the functions mediated by dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and medial prefrontal circuits. Intrascale reliability and demographic relationships are reported as well as strong correlations with other SREF measures validated in clinical and neuroimaging studies. This brief measure provides a quick and efficient means of collecting data in large samples in order to test hypotheses regarding the role of prefrontal systems in various aspects of behavior and to corroborate findings of other methods, such as objective tests and functional neuroimaging.     

Saccular function less affected than canal function in bilateral vestibulopathy

Bilateral vestibulopathy (BV) is characterized by impaired or lost function of both labyrinths or eighth nerves. The diagnosis is routinely established by the head-thrust test, caloric irrigation and rotational testing with electronystagmography to determine the high- and low-frequency deficit of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. All three methods evaluate semicircular canal function only. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) provide a measure of saccular otolith function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and extent of saccular dysfunction in patients with BV and to correlate saccular with horizontal semicircular canal dysfunction. A total of 84 BV-patients (23 females, mean age 62 +/- 15 (SD) years at the time of diagnosis assessment) were examined with VEMPs, electronystagmography with caloric irrigation and a standardized neuro-ophthalmological and -otological examination; 47 healthy subjects (18 females, mean 56 +/- 19 years) served as controls. Amplitudes P1-N1 were significantly lower in patients with BV compared to controls (mean P1-N1 of all ears 82.1 +/- 50.7 microV in the patients vs. 130.8 +/- 85.9 microV in healthy volunteers). VEMPs were absent unilaterally in four patients with BV and in none bilaterally. In contrast, caloric responses were absent bilaterally in 40 patients. There was no correlation between amplitude P1-N1 and caloric-induced nystagmus. The latencies P1 and N1 were not significantly different between patients and controls. Thus, in our study population saccular function appeared to be less affected than horizontal semicircular canal function.     

Symbolic function network

In this paper a model called symbolic function network (SFN) is introduced; that is based on using elementary functions (for example powers, the exponential function, and the logarithm) as building blocks. The proposed method uses these building blocks to synthesize a function that best fits the training data in a regression framework. The resulting network is of the form of a tree, where adding nodes horizontally means having a summation of elementary functions and adding nodes vertically means concatenating elementary functions. Several new algorithms were proposed to construct the tree based on the concepts of forward greedy search and backward greedy search, together with applying the steepest descent concept. The method is tested on a number of examples and it is shown to exhibit good performance.     

Global function scales

There is a close relationship between impairment of global functioning and mental illness. However valid measurement of global functioning is difficult, and there is no perfect scale. The instruments reviewed in this paper illustrate a range of different approaches. Despite the inherent difficulties the measurement of functioning is a critical domain in mental health evaluative research.     

Extraterrestrial autonomic function

Clinical Autonomic Research -     

Mapping cognitive function

Cognitive functions are fundamental to being human. Although tremendous progress has been made in the science of cognition using neuroimaging, the clinical applications of neuroimaging are just beginning to be realized. This article focuses on selected technologies, analysis techniques, and applications that have, or will soon have, direct clinical impact. The authors discuss how cognition can be imaged using MR imaging, functional MR imaging, positron emission tomography, magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography, and MR imaging diffusion tensor imaging. A unifying theme of this article is the concept that a more complete understanding of cognition only comes through integration of multimodal structural and functional imaging technologies.     

Pulmonary function screening

Patients who suffer from neuromuscular diseases often have complications from respiratory insufficiencies. Some neuromuscular diseases, for example Landry Guillain-Barré syndrome, may only require temporary tracheal intubation; patients with other neuromuscular diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, may decide with the assistance of their doctor and family to opt for lifelong noninvasive ventilatory support. Other patients may only opt for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Respiratory dysfunction is caused by weakness of the upper airway muscles, which can lead to sleep apnea, abnormal swallow, and decreased respiratory muscle strength, as well as a decrease in total lung volume. Early respiratory changes in patients with neuromuscular disease are often best detected during sleep. During rapid eye movement sleep, there is a reduction in respiratory drive predisposing to hypopneas and apneas. The majority of neuromuscular patients with respiratory insufficiency may be monitored and treated in the outpatient setting, thus allowing them to remain in their homes.     

Vestibular function testing

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review provides an overview of vestibular function testing and highlights the new techniques that have emerged during the past 5 years. RECENT FINDINGS: Since the introduction of video-oculography as an alternative to electro-oculography for the assessment of vestibular-induced eye movements, the investigation of the utricle has become a part of vestibular function testing, using unilateral centrifugation. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials have become an important test for assessing saccular function, although further standardization and methodological issues remain to be clarified. Galvanic stimulation of the labyrinth also is an evolving test that may become useful diagnostically. SUMMARY: A basic vestibular function testing battery that includes ocular motor tests, caloric testing, positional testing, and earth-vertical axis rotational testing focuses on the horizontal semicircular canal. Newer methods to investigate the otolith organs are being developed. These new tests, when combined with standard testing, will provide a more comprehensive assessment of the complex vestibular organ.