连续性肾替代治疗在Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后并发急性肾损伤中的护理

目的总结连续性肾替代治疗(CRRT)在Stanford A型急性主动脉夹层术后发生急性肾损伤(AKI)的护理经验。方法收集在本院治疗的Stanford A型急性主动脉夹层术后发生AKI的患者16例,采用连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)疗法,行床旁CRRT治疗,监测肾功能、电解质、中心静脉压、p(O_2)/FiO_2,并从CRRT管路、心理、皮肤、饮食等多方面进行护理。结果 1例合并感染及多器官功能衰竭死亡,1例死于脑梗死,其余14例行CRRT治疗后肾功能恢复,且均治愈出院。结论Stanford A型急性主动脉夹层术后发生AKI患者死亡率高,早期行CRRT治疗可有效的减少死亡率,术后护理及全面的病情观察及判断有利于改善预后。     

持续肾脏替代治疗在心脏术后急性肾损伤的早期应用

目的探讨持续肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）在心脏术后急性肾损伤的早期应用效果。方法通过对2006年1月--2012年12月入住本院ICU体外循环心脏直视术后的38例急性肾损伤患者进行早期积极的CRRT治疗,观察治疗前后尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Or）、心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、乳酸（Lac）和氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）等指标。当患者循环功能稳定、血管活性药物用量不大、尿量维持在0．5mL／（kg·h）以上后停止CRRT。结果38例患者中死亡4例,存活34例,其中2例转为慢性。肾衰竭,余32例。肾功能均恢复正常。CRRT治疗后患者BUN、Cr、HR、CVP、Lac水平均有所下降,PaO2／FiO2明显提高（P〈0．05）。结论体外循环心脏直视术后出现急性肾损伤时经后早期CRRT治疗疗效较好,能降低病死率。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭患者中的应用及护理体会

目的:探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗在感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭的护理方法。方法:对9例感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭患者采用连续性肾脏替代治疗。结果:9例患者中6例成功转出ICU,3例死亡,死亡原因均为MOF(其中1例家属自动放弃)。结论:精心的护理在连续性肾脏替代治疗过程中相当重要,护士必须熟练掌握各种仪器功能,加强导管护理,按患者个体特征制定有效的护理措施配合治疗,可提高治疗成功率。     

Anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a specialized intervention that is managed largely by critical care nurses who are educated in the theoretical and practical aspects of the therapy. CRRT is most commonly indicated for hemodynamically unstable patients who have acute renal failure and a narrow margin of tolerance for the rapid fluid shifts associated with traditional dialysis. Although the utilization of CRRT in the critical care setting is becoming more widespread, numerous factors need to be considered before therapy is initiated. The use of anticoagulation is a concern because of the associated risk of bleeding and thrombocytopenia. Nurses at the bedside must be expert in both managing CRRT and assisting in identifying patients who may be at potential risk when this form of treatment is in place. An overview of possible anticoagulants for use in CRRT is outlined in this article.     

比较低分子肝素两种静脉给药方式在连续性肾脏替代治疗中的应用

目的比较低分子肝素两种静脉给药方式在连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replace-ment therapy,CRRT)中的抗凝效果及安全性。方法选择重症急性肾衰竭伴或不伴多器官功能衰竭需行CRRT治疗应用低分子肝素抗凝的患者,按照给药方式不同分为A组(间断静脉给药)和B组(持续静脉给药),进行自身交叉对照,A组:首次剂量30～40IU/kg,每4h给药一次,每次剂量依次递减10%。B组:首次剂量15～25IU/kg,维持量5～10IU/(kg·h);治疗结束前1h停药;生色底物法测定抗Xa因子活性,检测治疗前后凝血功能、血肌酐和尿素氮等指标。结果17例连续性静静脉血液滤过治疗(continuous veno-venous hemofiltration,CVVH)患者入选,A组和B组的法安明总剂量分别为(8117.65±788.38)IU和(7976.47±898.28)IU,差异无统计学意义(t=0.597,P0.05),实际治疗时间分别为(11.72±0.53)h和(11.82±0.50)h,差异无统计学意义(t=0.549,P0.05)。两组各有1例临床显性出血,治疗前后血肌酐和尿素氮下降率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组抗Xa因子活性均在CVVH治疗2h达到高峰,其中A组抗Xa因子水平显著高于B组[(0.65±0.17)IU/mlvs(0.51±0.15)IU/ml,t=3.730,P0.05],其他时间点差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组治疗结束时活化部分凝血活酶原时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)均较治疗前延长[A组:(38.79±6.26)比(33.54±9.12),t=2.270,P0.05;B组:(36.24±5.21)比(32.36±6.22),t=2.370,P0.05]。结论低分子肝素无论采用间断静脉给药还是采用持续静脉给药均可安全有效地应用于CVVH治疗,持续静脉给药方式能够保持抗Xa因子水平相对稳定,间断静脉给药方式可能导致患者凝血功能较大波动。     

急性有机磷农药中毒致呼吸衰竭:42例报告

目的探讨急性有机磷农药中毒呼吸衰竭的发生及诊治,提高临床抢救水平。 方法对42例急性有机磷农药中毒患者进行临床分析总结。 结果治愈36例,死亡4例,病死率9.52%,其中采用连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）的6例患者无1例死亡。 结论提高呼吸衰竭救治率成功的关键在于防止呼吸肌麻痹,强调以机械通气辅助呼吸和CRRT为主的综合治疗。      

Nutritional management of catabolic acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy

Catabolic acute renal failure patients have a high incidence of morbidity and mortality despite advances in dialytic and lifesaving technologies. Malnutrition is a complicating factor in the treatment of these patients. Early and aggressive nutritional support may positively impact eventual outcome. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) enables delivery of this support. This article reviews nutritional support in acute renal failure for individuals undergoing these therapies.     

连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗感染性休克所致的急性肾功能衰竭

目的总结分析连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析54例感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床资料,统计分析患者治疗前后APACHEII评分、血清电解质、血气分析结果,以及病死率等指标的变化。结果治疗前患者SCr、BUN、K^＋、HCO3^-、SaO2、CO2CP、HR、MAP、CVP和APACHEII评分与正常水平差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,经CRRT治疗后,上述指标明显改善,与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。病死率46.3%（25/54）,发病4h后行CRRT的病死率显著低于发病后4h前的病死率（P=0.030）。结论 CRRT能够在短时间内改善患者的血流动力学状态,早期应用CRRT治疗能够降低病死率。     

Pro/con debate: Continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute kidney injury: a never-ending story yet approaching the finish?

The question of whether renal replacement therapy should be applied in an intermittent or continuous mode to the patient with acute kidney injury has been the topic of several controlled studies and meta-analyses. Although continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has a theoretical advantage due to offering the opportunity to remove excess fluid more gradually, none of the several outcome studies that have been undertaken in the meanwhile was able to demonstrate its superiority over intermittent renal replacement therapy (IRRT). In the present article, therefore, questions are raised regarding which are the specific advantages of each strategy, and which are the specific populations that might benefit from their application. Although several advantages have been attributed to CRRT - especially more hemodynamic stability allowing more adequate fluid removal, better recovery of renal function, and more efficient removal of small and large metabolites - none of these could be adequately proven in controlled trials. CRRT is claimed to be better tolerated in combined acute liver and kidney failure and in acute brain injury. IRRT is more practical, flexible and cost-effective, allows the clinician to discontinue or to minimize anticoagulation with bleeding risks, and removes small solutes such as potassium more efficiently in acute life-threatening conditions. Sustained low-efficiency daily dialysis is a hybrid therapy combining most of the advantages of both options.     

CRRT治疗心脏直视术后急性肾损伤的临床体会

目的探讨连续性肾脏替治疗（CRRT）在心脏直视手术术后急性肾损伤（AKI）救治中的应用价值。方法选取青岛阜外心血管病院2006～2009年成人心脏直视外科手术病例780例,其中并发AKI患者14例,其中需要血液净化治疗者5例,观察CRRT治疗前后肾功能等指标的改变。结果心脏直视术后急性肾损伤发生率为1．7％,需要血液净化的发生率为0．5％,经CRRT治疗,患者内环境明显改善,4例肾功能完全恢复,1例死于多器官功能障碍。结论CRRT是心脏直视手术后发生AKI的有效治疗手段。     

ICU应用连续性肾脏替代治疗的护理现状及进展

自 1977年Kramer提出并引入连续性动静脉血液滤过 (CAVH) ,经过 2 0多年的临床实践 ,其技术已由经典的CAVH发展衍生出多种疗法 ,统称为连续性肾脏替代疗法 (CRRT)。CRRT以补液方便 ,内稳态控制更佳 ,及时清除体内容量负荷及炎症介质 ,便于营养支持 ,血液动力学稳定等优势而成为跨学科技术。由于CRRT的特殊性 ,他在ICU中的应用是对重症监护护士提出的一个新的挑战 ,故对CRRT在ICU中的应用现状和进展作一简述。     

Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: Patients with critical illness commonly develop acute renal failure requiring mechanical support in the form of either continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) or intermittent hemodialysis (IRRT). As controversy exists regarding which modality should be used for most patients with critically illness, we sought to determine whether CRRT or IRRT is associated with better survival. DESIGN: We performed a meta-analysis of all prior randomized and observational studies that compared CRRT with IRRT. Studies were identified through a MEDLINE search, the authors' files, bibliographies of review articles, abstracts and proceedings of scientific meetings. Studies were assessed for baseline characteristics, intervention, outcome and overall quality through blinded review. The primary end-point was hospital mortality, assessed by cumulative relative risk (RR). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We identified 13 studies ( n=1400), only three of which were randomized. Overall there was no difference in mortality (RR 0.93 (0.79-1.09), p=0.29). However, study quality was poor and only six studies compared groups of equal severity of illness at baseline (time of enrollment). Adjusting for study quality and severity of illness, mortality was lower in patients treated with CRRT (RR 0.72 (0.60-0.87), p<0.01). In the six studies with similar baseline severity, unadjusted mortality was also lower with CRRT (RR 0.48 (0.34 -0.69), p<0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence is insufficient to draw strong conclusions regarding the mode of replacement therapy for acute renal failure in the critically ill. However, the life-saving potential with CRRT suggested in our secondary analyses warrants further investigation by a large, randomized trial.     

Cost of acute renal failure requiring dialysis in the intensive care unit: clinical and resource implications of renal recovery

OBJECTIVE: Acute renal failure can be treated with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) or intermittent hemodialysis. There is no difference in mortality, although patients treated with CRRT may have a higher rate of renal recovery. Given these considerations, an estimate of the costs by modality may help in choosing the method of dialysis. As such, the objective of this study was to estimate the cost of CRRT and intermittent hemodialysis in the intensive care unit and to explore the impact of renal recovery on subsequent clinical outcomes and costs among survivors. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of all patients who developed acute renal failure and required dialysis between April 1, 1996, and March 31, 1999. SETTING: Two tertiary care intensive care units in Calgary, Canada. PATIENTS: A total of 261 critically ill patients. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS: All patients were followed to determine in-hospital and subsequent clinical outcomes (survival and frequency of renal recovery). The immediate and potential long-term costs of CRRT and intermittent hemodialysis were measured. MAIN RESULTS: The cost of performing CRRT ranged from Can 3,486 dollars to Can 5,117 dollars per week, depending on the modality and the anticoagulant used, and it was significantly more expensive than intermittent hemodialysis (Can 1,342 dollars per week). Survivors with renal recovery spent significantly fewer days in hospital (11.3 vs. 22.5 days, p<.001) and incurred less healthcare costs (11,192 dollars vs. 73,273 dollars, p<.001) over the year after hospital discharge compared with survivors who remained on dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate cost savings could be achieved by increasing the use of intermittent hemodialysis rather than CRRT for patients with acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Because of the high cost of ongoing dialysis, CRRT may still be an economically efficient treatment if it improves renal recovery among survivors; further study in this area is required.     

血液净化技术在ICU急性肾功能衰竭的应用

目的：探讨ICU复杂性急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）血液净化治疗模式的选择及疗效和并发症。方法：回顾性分析1999年1月-2001年12月在我院ICU收治的20例ARF患的血液净化治疗情况。比较不同治疗模式的疗效的并发症。结果：5例接受普通间歇性血液透析（IHD）治疗。3例治愈，2例死亡。血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）和血钾透析后均明显下降，但透析间期波动大。补充的液体量受限制。2例透析后出现严重的并发症并死亡。13例行连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT），血BUN、Cr和血钾缓慢下降，波动小，并能持续于较低水平。允许补充大量液体和静脉营养。CRRT还能改善血流动力学状态，不加重脑水肿患的意识障碍。2例急性重症胰腺炎合并高乳糜微粒血症的ARF患接受非选择性血浆置换（PE）加CRRT治疗，胰腺炎得以较快控制，肾功能逐渐恢复。结论：对于ICU的重症ARF患，选择IHD应慎重。CRRT更适合复杂性ARF的肾替代治疗。血浆置换联合CRRT可能是治疗急性重症腺合并高脂血症的ARF患的有效方法。     

Prediction of the outcomes of renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure after cardiosurgical interventions

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different predictors on the outcomes of acute renal failure (ARF) in cardiosurgical patients. A hundred and five cases of ARF in January 1995 to August 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. Sixty-one patients received continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and 44 patients had intermittent RRT (IRRT). Eighteen preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative risk factors were assessed. The overall hospital mortality was found to be 42%: 48.4% in the CRRT group and 33.3% in the IRRT group. A statistical analysis revealed 8 significant predictors of fatal outcomes: (1) the severity according to the APACHE II scale (25 +/- 1 scores); (2) the number of organ dysfunctions (3.6 +/- 0.2); (3) large-dose inotropic support; (4) artificial ventilation; (5) oliguria; (6) severe concomitant hepatic failure; (7) moderate-to-severe concomitant posthypoxic encephalopathy. CRRT improved survival in AFR associated with severe cardiorespiratory failure, oliguria, and cerebral dysfunctions. The paper discusses criteria for choosing the modes of renal replacement therapy.     

采用连续性肾脏替代与间歇性血液透析治疗重症急性肾衰竭的临床效果对比研究

目的回顾性地将重症急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)情况下所使用的连续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)与间歇性血液透析疗法(IHD)进行临床治疗效果对比。方法以自2011年1月至2012年5月接受重症急性肾功能衰竭的104例患者为对象,按照治疗方法的不同分别归入C组(43例)和I组(61例)中,其中C组患者均采用连续性肾脏替代疗法进行重症急性肾功能衰竭治疗,I组患者均采用间歇性血液透析疗法接受治疗。经治疗12个月后,观察尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(Scr)、内生肌酐(Ccr)等指标以及最终存活率。结果根据各类临床资料显示,C组患者在接受治疗后BUN降至(19.32±4.54)mmol/L,Scr降至(410.37±138.41)μmol/L,Ccr升至(23.78±10.96)μmol/L,P0.05;I组患者BUN降至(26.03±3.59)mmol/L,Scr降至(423.41±152.84)μmol/L,Ccr升至(14.82±8.36)μmol/L,P0.05;随访调查对象存活率为C组88.4%、I组51.6%。结论治疗重症急性型肾功能衰竭,CRRT不仅效果好,且存活率高,临床效果明显优于IHD。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗对急性心肌梗死后心功能不全患者脑钠肽、C反应蛋白及射血分数的影响

目的探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗（continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT）对急性心肌梗死后心功能不全患者脑钠肽（B-type natriuretic peptide,BNP）、C反应蛋白（CRP）及左室射血分数（LVEF）的影响。方法本研究回顾性分析2008年10月～2011年10月在北京安贞医院住院的急性心肌梗死患者181例,其中82例患者在急诊介入治疗、开通罪犯血管后出现急性左心衰,在采用内科药物治疗后,50例患者因心功能无好转而行CRRT治疗。CRRT治疗中严密监测患者生命体征,记录治疗前后血气分析、电解质,测定CRRT后12h、24h、48h血清及超滤液BNP、C反应蛋白,CRRT前行超声心动图检查,记录左室射血分数（LVEF）,于1周后再次测量LVEF的变化。结果 50例行CRRT患者中,2例因血小板进行性减少而中止CRRT,1例因收缩压低于90mmHg且有脏器灌注不足临床表现,末梢循环差,肢端皮肤湿冷,少尿,终止透析。47例患者生命体征平稳,心力衰竭症状明显减轻。CRRT治疗后血电解质较治疗前显著改善,BNP、CRP明显降低（P〈0.05）,LVEF有所改善（P〈0.05）,超滤液BNP水平极低,且差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。3例患者于住院1～2月死于心源性猝死,其余44例,均在住院20～59天后出院,随访1年,心功能无恶化,无需长期透析。结论急性心肌梗死后难治性心力衰竭患者应用CRRT是一种相对安全有效的方法。不仅能在较短时间内稳定内环境、显著改善心力衰竭症状、体征、生化指标,并可显著降低患者BNP、CRP水平,改善LVEF,帮助患者渡过危险期,在一定程度上干预心肌梗死后心功能不全患者的预后。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在尿毒症合并心力衰竭中的应用

目的 评价和比较连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)和间歇性血液透析(IHD)在控制尿毒症合并心力衰竭时的疗效。方法 48例合并心力衰竭的尿毒症患分两组，一组采用CRRT，20例；另一组采用IHD，28例。分别观察两组治疗前后心功能改善情况。结果 CRRT组心功能明显改善，且明显好于IHD组。结论 连续性肾脏替代治疗较间歇性血液透析能更好地控制尿毒症合并心力衰竭。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在主动脉球囊反搏抢救心源性休克并急性肾衰的应用

目的:探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)在主动脉球囊反搏(IABP)抢救心源性休克并急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的效果.方法:回顾性分析我院1998至2009年在积极药物治疗基础上使用IABP联合CRRT(CRRT组)31例或床边血液透析治疗(HD)(HD组)21例抢救心源性休克并ARF患者的临床资料,观察两组疗效及并发症.结果:CRRT组抢救成功12例,死亡率为61.3%;HD组抢救成功3例,死亡率90.5%(P<0.05).两组在出血、下肢缺血等并发症无显著差异.结论:在IABP抢救心源性休克并ARF时,CRRT是首选透析方式.