中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅶ.中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型生物学特征

目的 研究中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型.方法 根据中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫生态地理景观学、鼠疫耶尔森菌基因组学、鼠疫宿主动物学、鼠疫媒介昆虫学特征,提出“鼠疫生物地理群落指征、两级分型法和三项指征命名法”;区划中国鼠疫自然疫源地型及其亚型.结果 中国鼠疫自然疫源地分为12型19亚型.阐明中国鼠疫自然疫源地生物学特征.结论 中国鼠疫自然疫源地型及其亚型的划分,为掌握其生物学基本规律奠定基础.     

中国鼠疫自然疫源地研究进展

新中国成立后,在以“预防为主”的方针政策指导下,我国陆续进行了鼠疫流行地区的疫源地调查工作,包括东北地区的达乌尔黄鼠（Citellus daurricus）疫源地、青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭（Marmota himalayana）疫源地以及新疆天山灰旱獭（Marmota baibacina）疫源地等。经过数十年的疫源地调查,初步查清了动物鼠疫的分布范围和侵袭人类的主要途径,确诊了人间鼠疫的感染是来自于不同的鼠疫自然疫源地。     

中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅰ.生态地理景观特征

目的 研究中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫生态地理景观特征.方法 根据中国鼠疫疫情资料和对中国鼠疫自然疫源地生态地理景观的考察,制定鼠疫生态地理景观区划标准,建立反映鼠疫生态地理景观特征的方法.结果 中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫生态地理景观有12型、19亚型.结论 为中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究提供了科学依据.     

中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅰ.生态地理景观特征

目的研究中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫生态地理景观特征.方法根据中国鼠疫疫情资料和对中国鼠疫自然疫源地生态地理景观的考察,制定鼠疫生态地理景观区划标准,建立反映鼠疫生态地理景观特征的方法.结果中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫生态地理景观有12型、19亚型.结论为中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究提供了科学依据.     

伊犁鼠兔生态学及与鼠疫自然疫源地关系的初步研究

近年米对分布于新疆灰旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地中的新定种动物——伊犁鼠兔进行了生态学及与鼠疫自然疫源地关系的初步研究。结果表明,伊犁鼠兔的分布区恰与北天山的疫源地带相重迭,该鼠兔的栖息分布与旱獭疫源地高山带疫点的宿主动物有联系,但从生态学和动物流行病学调查结果分析,可排除伊犁鼠兔作为疫源地主要宿主动物的可能。     

青海喜马拉雅旱獭实验感染鼠疫的研究

为了解我国流行区、非流行区旱獭对鼠疫菌的感受性以及感染鼠疫后的临床、菌血症、血象、FI抗体动态,以便对阐明旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地结构提供依据而开展了本项研究。     

中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅴ.鼠疫宿主生物学特征

目的 研究中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫宿主生物学特征.方法 应用现代动物分类学技术,鉴定整理中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫宿主种属区系分布,通过微生物学动物生态学综合实验,确定鼠疫主要宿主在鼠疫自然疫源地的分布型.结果 中国鼠疫自然疫源地有鼠疫宿主86种(主要宿主14种、次要宿主和偶然宿主72种).结论 明确了中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫主要宿主分布型生物学特征和生态作用.     

内蒙古鼠疫自然疫源地范围界限的重新划定与认识

按照新的疫源地划分标准，在查证历史资料的基础上，经过１９９３年现场踏查，对内蒙古鼠疫自然疫源地的范围界限重新进行了划定。总面积为３３７０１７ｋｍ￣２，其中含近年来新发现的一些疫源地。蒙古旱獭疫源地、达乌尔黄鼠疫源地、布氏田鼠疫源地和长爪沙鼠疫源地的面积分别为３５１９８、１００６０２、６６４１４和１３４８０３ｋｍ￣２。     

中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅴ.鼠疫宿主生物学特征

目的 研究中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫宿主生物学特征.方法 应用现代动物分类学技术,鉴定整理中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫宿主种属区系分布,通过微生物学动物生态学综合实验,确定鼠疫主要宿主在鼠疫自然疫源地的分布型.结果 中国鼠疫自然疫源地有鼠疫宿主86种(主要宿主14种、次要宿主和偶然宿主72种).结论 明确了中国鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫主要宿主分布型生物学特征和生态作用.     

中国鼠疫自然疫源地分型研究Ⅳ.鼠疫耶尔森菌生物型生物学特征的探讨

鼠疫菌生物型是鼠疫菌起源进化遗传性状最稳定的生物学标准,是鼠疫起源进化普系的“活化石”,也是该菌起源进化最具代表性的模式.依据其对甘油和阿拉伯糖的酵解和还原硝酸盐的能力,鼠疫菌可分为4种生物型,即古典型(甘油酵解阳性,阿拉伯糖酵解阳性,硝酸盐还原阳性)、中世纪型(甘油酵解阳性,阿拉伯糖酵解阳性,硝酸盐还原阴性)、东方型(甘油酵解阴性,阿拉伯糖酵解阳性,硝酸盐还原阳性)和田鼠型(甘油酵解阳性,阿拉伯糖酵解阴性,硝酸盐还原阴性).前三种生物型与人类历史3次鼠疫大流行相对应,最后一种生物型对人不致病,但能造成田鼠鼠疫并在其自然疫源地内流行.目前中国鼠疫自然疫源地有4种鼠疫菌生物型.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.