辽宁省城乡小学生早餐行为调查

分析辽宁省城乡小学生早餐行为及影响因素,为开展以学校为基础的干预提供依据.方法 数据来源于2011年“辽宁省学龄儿童营养监测”,共调查三~六年级小学生16 169名.调查使用自制问卷,收集人口统计学指标、早餐行为及其他健康相关行为等信息,同时测量身高、体重.结果 上学日,11.8%的城市学生和24.4%的农村学生不能每天吃早餐;城市学生早餐质量好的比例为49.5%,农村学生为36.3%,城市高于农村(x2=224.6,P<0.01).城市学生中,早餐质量好的学生在第4节课之前有饥饿感的比例(27.1%)低于早餐质量不好的学生(29.8%);农村学生分别为38.4%和40.0%,差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为-4.7,-3.3,P值均<0.01).调整年龄、性别、地区及上学路程时间等影响因素后,与每日吃早餐且食物种类多样相比,经常不吃早餐且食物种类单调的学生肥胖的风险更高(OR=1.44,95% CI=1.14~1.98).结论 辽宁地区小学生吃早餐的频率较低,且50%以上学生早餐质量不好,亟需改善.     

穗澳两地初中生早餐行为调查

目的了解穗澳初中生早餐行为,为编制营养教育教材提供资料。方法采用整群抽样方法,抽取广州及澳门不同学校的初中生1597名进行问卷调查。结果两地有53.8%的学生每天都吃早餐,4.7%的学生每天都不吃早餐;有50%以上的学生早餐质量不达标,广州学生早餐频率和早餐质量高于澳门学生(χ2值分别为64.563和28.823,P值均<0.01)。澳门学生早餐外购率(66.0%)高于广州学生(55.0%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=48.01,P<0.01)。两地学生认为“时间不够”(53.6%)和“没有食欲”(23.0%)为不吃早餐的主要原因,差别有统计学意义(χ2=62.19,P<0.01)。广州有40.0%的初中生了解营养早餐应包括哪些内容,而澳门只有20.0%(χ2=112.96,P<0.01);广州有75.9%的初中生认为每天必须吃早餐,而澳门只有49.3%(χ2=35.16,P<0.01)。结论广州和澳门初中生对早餐的重视和营养知识均较欠缺,早餐质量急待改善,对该人群开展营养宣传教育十分必要。     

天津市小学生早餐行为及质量现状

目的了解天津市小学生早餐行为及质量现状,为开展有针对性的营养宣教提供科学依据。方法采用分层抽样的方法,从天津市抽取2060名小学生为调查对象,通过问卷调查收集他们的早餐行为及质量资料并进行评价。结果 57.38%的小学生每天吃早餐,不同年级小学生早餐食用比例具有显著性差异(χ2=50.553,P0.01);早餐食用时间少于10 min的小学生占61.92%,不同的年级间小学生用餐时间有显著性差异(χ~2=1.616,P0.05);早餐在家就餐者占88.20%;早餐准备者为妈妈的小学生占68.82%;早餐质量较差的小学生占44.82%,男生比例(48.58%)明显高于女生(40.79%,χ~2=14.388,P0.01)。结论天津市小学生不吃早餐的问题突出,且早餐营养质量较差,应尽早进行营养宣教,改善其早餐食物结构,促进健康。     

哈尔滨市四五年级小学生早餐行为及营养质量评价

了解哈尔滨市四五年级小学生早餐行为现况及营养质量,为开展儿童营养教育及制定干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对哈尔滨2个中心城区、2个近郊城区12所小学校四、五年级共计2 001名小学生开展饮食行为问卷调查.结果 学生几乎每天吃早餐比例最高(87.5%),其次是每周吃3~4次(8.7%);几乎不吃所占比例最少,为1.0%.起床5 ~ 15 min吃早餐比例最高,为54.6%(1 081人);95.1%的小学生在家吃早餐,2.3%在学校吃早餐,1.5%在餐馆或者小吃摊吃早餐.母亲准备的早餐营养充足和良好比例均高于其他准备者(x2值分别为101.32,18.27,P值均<0.05).19.5%的学生早餐营养质量差.结论 小学生存在不吃早餐行为,早餐营养质量差比例较高.应开展学生营养知识教育,促进养成健康的饮食习惯,提高早餐营养质量.     

京沪两地小学生早餐行为及影响因素分析

目的　了解京沪两地小学生早餐现状及影响早餐的行为因素 ,为深入研究小学生早餐问题 ,制定和开展“学生营养早餐计划”提供科学依据。方法　采用分层整群抽样方法 ,对北京、上海两个城市 86 88名 6～ 1 1岁学生的早餐行为进行问卷调查。调查内容包括家庭一般情况、饮食喜好、早餐食物选择、奶类摄入等情况。结果　小学生不能保证每天吃早餐的比例北京男生为 2 5.8% ,女生为 2 1 .6 % ;上海男生为 1 1 .4 % ,女生为 1 3.3%。学生不吃早餐的原因主要是没有食欲、没有时间吃和家长没时间做。学生早餐食物品种单调 ,质量较差。学生早餐 55%以上由母亲准备 ,食用早餐的地点以家里为主 ,其次为上学路上和饭馆或小摊。早餐费用在 2～ 3元之间。学生吃早餐的行为与其母亲的吃早餐行为密切相关 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　京沪两地小学生的早餐质量均有待改善。应加强家长的营养知识教育 ,重视早餐 ,倡导合理营养。     

保山市隆阳区农村中小学生营养知识行为与膳食结构分析

了解保山市隆阳区农村义务教育阶段学生饮食行为、营养状况与膳食结构,为科学、客观评价营养改善计划的实施效果提供参考依据.方法 采用自行设计的调查问卷,对808名中小学生进行问卷调查;应用24h膳食回顾法对959名农村中小学生进行连续3d的食物摄入量调查,计算每人每天各种营养素的摄入量.结果 营养知识评分中学生高于小学生(t=-12.210,P<0.01);中学生早餐食用比例高于小学生(x2=30.613,P<0.01),中小学生早餐食物种类单调,结构不合理,中学生饮用纯净水或矿泉水的比例高于小学生,而饮用自来水的比例低于小学生(x2=13.393,P<0.05).农村中小学生平均每天营养素摄入量不足;膳食中钙磷比为1∶2.6,比例失调;碳水化合物供能较多而脂肪供能不足,蛋白质供能适宜.结论 保山市隆阳区农村中小学生的营养素摄入不合理、膳食结构比例失调.应建立以学生、学校、家庭、社区结合,以健康促进为主导的综合干预模式,培养中小学生健康的饮食行为.     

上海市闵行区中小学生饮食行为及其影响因素

[目的]了解上海市闵行区中、小学生饮食行为及其影响因素,为制定营养干预措施,改善学生营养状况提供科学依据. [方法]采用随机整群抽样方法抽取小学3年级～高中3年级的中、小学生及其家长各5581名,采用问卷调查方式调查学生的早餐、午餐、零食、快餐、偏食行为及家长的文化程度、营养认知和家庭经济状况等,应用非条件logistic回归分析中、小学生饮食行为的主要影响因素. [结果]中、小学生每天吃早餐的比例为79.0％,早餐营养质量较差的占79.4％;51.9％的学生不喜欢学校午餐,主要原因是色香味欠佳;经常摄入零食和饮料的比例分别为97.6％和95.4％;每天喝牛奶的学生比例仅45.9％;过去1个月食用西式快餐和过去1周食用中式快餐的学生比例分别为62.7％和45.5％;偏食率为33.2％.多因素logistic回归分析显示,母亲文化程度和家长营养认知与每天食用早餐、早餐营养质量较好、每天喝牛奶行为相关(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);家庭经济状况与每天喝牛奶和食用西式快餐行为相关(P＜0.01);学龄段与每天食用早餐、每天喝牛奶、偏食及食用西式快餐行为相关(P＜0.01);性别与每天喝牛奶、食用西式快餐和中式快餐行为相关(P＜0.01或P＜0.05). [结论]中、小学生早餐食用率和早餐营养质量现状令人堪忧,午餐营养质量较差,不健康饮食行为较普遍,应引起学校、家庭和社会的重视.家庭的经济因素是影响中、小学生饮食行为的主要因素.     

重庆市2所中小学校学生营养与食品安全认知行为调查

了解重庆市某2所中小学校学生对营养与食品安全的认知和行为现况,为开展营养宣教干预提供依据.方法 分层整群抽取重庆市1所小学五、六年级和1所中学初一、二年级的1 058名学生作为调查对象,采用自行设计问卷进行调查.结果 中小学生营养知识得分为(8.59±3.05)分,营养知识总体知晓率为27.60%,初中生营养知识得分高于小学生(u=4.41,P<0.01).有74.35%的小学生和53.42%的初中生坚持每天吃早餐,小学生常吃早餐的构成比高于初中生(x2=58.85,P<0.01).仅有29.08%的小学生和15.85%的初中生表示经常关注食品安全问题,小学生高于初中生(x2 =31.57,P<0.01).结论 中小学生在营养认知、饮食行为习惯和食品安全关注方面有较大差异.要有针对性地设计宣教方案并进行干预,维护学生的营养与食品安全.     

安徽与河北高中生早餐状况和学习效率的关系

了解高中生早餐摄入情况和学习效率的关系,为进一步开展高中生营养健康教育和干预提供科学依据.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法,随机抽取安徽、河北2个省份的1 138名一~三年级在校高中生进行调查.结果 每天都吃早餐的学生占调查总人数的52.20%,女生每天都吃早餐的比例(59.14%)高于男生(44.98%),差异有统计学意义(x2=22.840,P<0.01).仅有5.27%的学生早餐中包括谷类、肉类、蛋奶(豆)类、蔬菜(水果)4大类食物.家庭人均月收入是影响早餐质量的一个重要因素(Z--20.002,P<0.01).早餐摄入量最高的是谷物类(73.64%).吃早餐时间、地点、选择标准、饱腹程度均是影响学习效率的因素(P值均<0.01).结论 高中生的早餐就餐率不高、营养质量较差,学习效率与早餐质量存在关联.应多渠道加强相关的营养健康教育,促进高中生建立良好的饮食行为,从而提高学习效率.     

贵州某农村贫困地区中小学生早餐现状及影响因素

了解贵州省农村贫困地区中小学生早餐现状及影响因素,为开展儿童营养教育及制定干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,于2019年4-6月对贵州省某市3所小学和3所中学2 833名学生进行早餐行为与影响因素问卷调查.结果 中小学生早餐食用频率最高的是谷薯类(71.66%),其次为新鲜蔬菜(45.89%)、奶类(35.55%)、肉/蛋/鱼类(29.33%)、豆类(19.52%)、新鲜水果(18.74%).中小学生能每天吃早餐的比例为62.97%,每周吃4~6次早餐的为22.80%,≤3次的为14.23%,男生每天都吃早餐的比例(65.07%)高于女生(61.00%),差异有统计学意义(x2=10.01,P<0.05).早餐营养差的比例达71.87%,女生(73.68%)高于男生(69.94%)(x2=9.29,P<0.05).Logistic回归分析结果显示,学段、是否住校、睡眠质量均是每天吃早餐的影响因素;学段、是否住校是早餐质量的影响因素(P值均<0.05).结论 贵州省某市农村贫困地区中小学生每天吃早餐的比例较低,早餐营养质量差.应对学生、家长、老师开展营养知识教育,促使学生养成健康的饮食和睡眠生活习惯,改善学生健康状况.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.