冠状静脉系统的形态学特征及其在心脏电生理学中的研究

冠状静脉窦(CS)及其属支是心脏静脉系统的重要组成部分,也是许多心脏疾患诊断、治疗的重要标志和通道,特别是在心脏电生理、心脏再同步化治疗、心律失常射频消融及心脏逆行灌注治疗中发挥着重要的作用,因此,对于冠状静脉系统的解剖是极其重要的。通过这篇综述,我们来简要地了解CS胚胎起源,并深入探讨心脏静脉系统解剖学形态改变及多层螺旋CT冠状静脉成像在心脏电生理治疗领域的作用。     

冠状静脉系统三维螺旋CT成像在心脏介入治疗中的价值

目的采用三维螺旋CT方法显示冠状静脉窦(coronary sinus,CS)及其分支的解剖关系并加以分析。方法100例(男74例,女26例)患者,年龄(58．10±1．78)岁,行三维螺旋CT扫描并图像重建,观察CS及其分支的走行,内径大小及成角等解剖关系。结果100例患者CS系统均能很好显像,其中CS开口处测得CS的上下径为(1．98±0．41)cm,横径为(1．08±0．06)cm,截面积(2．14±0．37)cm~2；心中静脉(middle cardiac vein,MCV)与CS接口处内径为(0．49±0．04)cm。与CS夹角为(73．98±5．82)°；心大静脉(great cardiac vein,GCV)延续为CS,两者同轴无夹角,GCV内径(0．16±0．70)cm,(0．35±0．03)cm。左室后静脉(left posterior vein,LPV)只有82例得到了充分显影,4例因细小无法测量,另14例缺如。开口内径为(0．18±0．57)cm,(0．33±0．05)cm。与GCV夹角为(74．32±7．81)°,＞100°的有16例(占19．51%),＜60。的有24例(占29．27%)。结论三维螺旋CT能清晰地显示CS及其属支的大小及相关成角,是心衰患者行CRT治疗、快速心律失常射频消融治疗等心脏有创治疗术前无创了解冠状静脉解剖系统的有效方法。     

多排螺旋CT冠状静脉窦成像的临床应用

目的评价多排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的同时显示冠状静脉窦(CS)形态学特征及在相关疾病中的临床应用价值。方法利用多排螺旋CT扫描171例受检者(高血压组43例,冠心病组40例,高血压并发冠心病组47例,对照组41例),使冠状静脉显影,将图像数据进行三维重建和容积再现等后处理,在轴位上测量冠状静脉窦出口(CSO)最大横径(D1);垂直于CS中心线的斜矢状位上测量CS直径[上下径(D2)和前后径(D3)];平行于CS的斜位上测量CS直径(D4);采用血管分析测量距离CSO 0、10、15、30 mm处CS的直径及血管分析CS长度(D5、D6、D7、D8、D9);左心室后静脉或左心房斜静脉汇入处或CS突然变细处CS的直径(D10)。结果 171例患者进行冠状动脉成像的同时CS及其分支在心脏舒张期(75%R-R间期)能很好地显影。高血压组D1(10.79±2.08)mm、D2(9.77±1.63)mm、D3(8.72±1.48)mm、D4(10.07±1.64)mm、D6(10.07±1.64)mm、D7(9.02±1.76)mm、高血压冠心病组D1(10.99±2.02)mm、D2(9.81±1.63)mm、D3(8.98±1.75)mm、D4(10.36±1.88)mm、D6(9.50±1.94)mm、D7(9.09±1.98)mm,均与对照组D1(8.49±1.84)mm、D2(8.63±1.40)mm、D3(7.46±1.37)mm、D4(9.14±1.57)mm、D6(8.33±1.87)mm、D7(8.03±1.72)mm比较,具有统计学差异(P<0.05),但是D5(P=0.215)、D8(P=0.162)、D9(P=0.083)、D10(P=0.072)变化不显著,无统计学意义;冠心病组与对照组之间CS各参数变化不显著,无统计学差异;四组CS长度比较,差异无统计学意义。结论多排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像能够无创性同时显示冠状动脉和冠状静脉,在观察冠状动脉疾患的同时,通过后处理技术可以清楚显示冠状静脉窦形态学特征,并可以观察冠状动脉、CS及其分支之间的解剖关系。高血压患者和由于高血压引起冠心病患者可以使CS形态学发生改变,为电生理介入治疗提供解剖学依据。     

多层螺旋CT无创显示心脏冠状静脉系统

目的研究多层螺旋CT(MSCT)显示冠状静脉窦及其属支的CT解剖特征。方法利用MSCT冠状动脉造影进行118例患者的冠状静脉成像,观测冠状静脉窦及其属支的形态、位置、数目、直径及角度。结果所有患者均可见冠状静脉窦、心大静脉及心中静脉,大多数患者可见2~3支左室后静脉,心小静脉及左房斜静脉显示率分别为11.0%(13/118),7.6%(9/118)。心中静脉及左室后静脉多成直角汇入冠状静脉窦。心中静脉、心小静脉及左室后静脉的直径分别为(5.2±1.3)mm,(2.6±0.6)mm,(3.8±1.1)mm。冠状静脉窦口上下径为(13.8±4.1)mm,前后径为(10.4±2.9)mm。结论MSCT可以作为无创显示冠状静脉窦及其属支的方法,可为心脏起搏器的置入提供有价值的信息。     

64层螺旋CT对心功能不全患者冠状窦的评价

目的探讨64层CT冠状动脉血管成像(CTA)评价冠状窦(CS)的可行性,并观察心功能不全患者冠状窦口(CSO)的形态学变化。方法将24例经CTA证实无心脏和冠状动脉疾病的患者和24例不同程度充血性心功能不全患者的冠状动脉CTA检查数据进行图像处理,主要评价CS的图像质量、长度、CSO的直径和横截面积、冠状窦瓣的显示率,并比较心功能正常患者和充血性心功能不全患者的CSO大小有无差异。结果所有患者CS的图像质量评分均达3分,并均有较高的对比噪声比(CNR),心功能正常组CS平均长度(34.3±16.3)mm,与心功能不全组无显著差异(P>0.05),心功能不全组的CSO上下径和横截面积明显大于心功能正常组(P<0.05)。结论64层螺旋CT血管成像可以清晰显示CS,并能够对CSO的大小进行精确测量;心功能不全患者的CSO扩张,其上下径和横截面积大于心功能正常组。     

对比剂注射速率对64层CT冠状静脉成像质量的影响

目的评价不同流速对比剂注射方式对64层CT冠状静脉成像质量的影响。方法将25例志愿者分成A(n=13)、B(n=12)两组。分别给予对比剂速率3.5ml/s和4.5ml/s进行64层MSCT冠状静脉CTA检查。分析比较两组的冠状静脉及相伴性冠状动脉的显示率,显示积分及CT值。结果4.5ml/s组CT值优于3.5ml/s,两组心大静脉,心中静脉,左室后静脉及右冠状动脉远段的CT值有显著统计学差异(P<0.05)。两组冠状静脉的显示率均为100%。两组的冠状动脉,冠状静脉显示评分有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论采用流速4.5ml/s显示冠状静脉及冠状动脉总体优于3.5ml/s,更适合显示动静脉关系。3.5ml/s流速更适合心功能不全的患者。     

超声心动图与冠状静脉窦造影的对比研究

目的 :对冠状静脉窦 (CS)造影与超声心动图检测 CS进行对比研究 ,建立经胸超声心动图(TTE)检测冠状静脉窦的方法学。方法 :对 10例阵发性室上性心动过速患者术前行 TTE检查 ,在变更的心尖四腔心切面分别测量冠状静脉窦口 (CSO)和距窦口 1cm处 (CS1)冠状静脉窦收缩末期、舒张末期内径 ;术中行冠状静脉窦逆行造影 ,测量 CSO和 CS1最大内径。结果 :左前斜位 45°CS造影图像与 TTE变更的心尖四腔心 CS长轴形态相似 ,CS造影测量的 CS内径最大值与 TTE收缩末期 CS内径测值存在高度正相关 (CSO r=0 .92 ,P<0 .0 0 1;CS1r=0 .91,P<0 .0 0 1)。结论 :TTE变更的心尖四腔心切面为测量 CS内径的可靠方法     

MDCT冠状重组诊断阑尾炎的价值

目的:探讨多排螺旋CT(MDCT)冠状重组技术在阑尾显示率及阑尾炎诊断方面的价值.方法:68例临床可疑阑尾炎患者(经手术病理和临床随访证实阑尾炎52例,非阑尾炎16例)行MDCT检查,分析MDCT平扫横断位、静脉增强横断位、平扫冠状重组及静脉增强扫描冠状重组的影像表现,对比4组图像的阑尾显示率和阑尾炎诊断正确率.结果:68例MDCT平扫横断位阑尾显示率为89.7%(61/68),诊断正确率为82.4%(56/68);静脉增强扫描横断位阑尾显示率为97.1%(66/68),诊断正确率为92.6%(63/68);平扫冠状重组阑尾显示率为97.1%(66/68),诊断正确率为89.7%(61/68);静脉增强扫描冠状重组阑尾显示率为98.5%(67/68),诊断正确率为94.1%(64/68).结论:MDCT平扫冠状重组技术在阑尾显示率及阑尾炎诊断正确率方面优越于平扫横断位,且平扫冠状重组技术与静脉增强检查的显示率与诊断正确率相近.     

64层螺旋CT血管成像及融合技术评价胃周静脉

目的探讨64层螺旋CTA及融合技术对胃周静脉的显示能力和临床应用价值。方法对53例患者行腹部64层螺旋CT扫描。采用VR技术分别重建胃周静脉、动脉和胃,并将其融合,观察胃周静脉的汇入点、走行及其与胃周动脉、胃的空间关系。将26例接受手术治疗患者的术前CTA资料与术中所见进行对比,评价64层螺旋CTA显示胃周静脉的准确率、敏感度及特异度。结果胃网膜右静脉的显示率为100%(53/53),胃左静脉为90.57%(48/53),胃右静脉为73.58%(39/53)、胃后静脉为50.94%(27/53)、胃短静脉为94.34%(50/53)、胃网膜左静脉为92.45%(49/53)及胃结肠干为71.70%(38/53);术前CTA预测胃周静脉的准确率为92.31%～100%、敏感度为90.91%～100%,特异度为100%。结论 64层螺旋CTA可清晰显示胃周静脉,采用融合技术能将胃周静脉、胃周动脉及胃相融合,显示活体胃及胃周血管解剖空间结构。     

64层螺旋CT对肺静脉的形态定量分析

目的用64层螺旋CT定量分析肺静脉直径、截面积及形状。方法分析102例病人,除外影响肺静脉疾病者,进行心脏冠状动脉增强螺旋CT扫描。在工作站用肺静脉血管分析软件,测量4条肺静脉主干的直径(平均直径,最大值,最小值)及截面积。比较男女之间肺静脉直径、截面积和圆率的差异性、4条肺静脉圆率的差异性及4条肺静脉年龄分组的差异性。结果4条肺静脉口平均直径变化较大,右上肺静脉口直径为20.3 mm,右下肺静脉口直径为17.0 mm,左上静脉口直径为18.1 mm,左下肺静脉口直径为13.9 mm。右下肺静脉的平均直径和截面积在男女之间有明显统计学差异性(P值分别为0.022和0.017),肺静脉皆不是完全的圆形,右下肺静脉圆度最大,左下肺静脉圆度、直径和截面积最小(P≈0.000<0.05),4条肺静脉皆由细逐渐增粗进入左心房。左侧肺静脉的平均直径和截面积在年龄分层上有统计学差异(P=0.01及0.008)。结论肺静脉的直径、截面积及形状变化较大,在评估肺静脉狭窄时应特别注意。64层螺旋CT可以无创性地评估肺静脉。     

Contrast-enhanced whole-heart coronary MRA at 3.0T for the evaluation of cardiac venous anatomy

This study was designed to evaluate the value of contrast-enhanced whole-heart coronary MRA (CMRA) at 3.0T in depicting the cardiac venous anatomy. In cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), left ventricular (LV) pacing is achieved by positioning the LV lead in one of the tributaries of the coronary sinus (CS). Pre-implantation knowledge of the venous anatomy may help determine whether transvenous LV lead placement for CRT is feasible. Images of 51 subjects undergoing contrast-enhanced whole-heart CMRA at 3.0T were retrospectively analyzed. Data acquisition was performed using electrocardiography-triggered, navigator-gated, inversion-recovery prepared, segmented gradient-echo sequence. A 32-element cardiac coil was used for data acquisition. The visibility of the cardiac veins was graded visually using a 4-point scale (1: poor-4: excellent). The paired Student t test was used to evaluate differences in diameters of the ostium of the CS in anteroposterior and superoinferior direction. The cardiac veins were finally evaluated in 48 subjects with three anatomic variations. The diameter of the CS ostium in the superoinferior direction (1.13?±?0.26?cm) was larger than in the anteroposterior direction (0.82?±?0.19?cm) (P?相似文献   

64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的技术初探

目的探讨64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像技术。方法对232例患者进行64层螺旋CT冠状动脉检查(回顾性心电门控、0.4～0.45s螺旋扫描、segment重建算法和静脉快速注射对比剂),在Vitrea工作站上采用VR、MIP、CPR、MPR等图像后处理技术,对冠状动脉进行观察和分析。结果除18例冠状动脉显示不佳影响诊断外,其余病例均顺利完成检查。冠状动脉主干及主要分支显示良好,达到诊断要求。结论病人心率稳定,控制在50～90次/min之间,选择恰当的造影方法和扫描参数,64层螺旋CT可以作为冠心病的一种无创的、新的筛选手段,且早期诊断和发现病变,为临床进一步治疗提供重要的参考依据。     

64层螺旋CT在评价冠状动脉桥血管中的价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT在诊断冠状动脉桥血管的临床价值。方法对21例冠状动脉搭桥术的患者行64层螺旋CT心、胸部血管造影检查。对所有扫描原始数据行冠状、矢状MPR、曲面重建(CPR)以及VR、MIP重建。由两位有经验的放射科医生对所有图像进行观察,对桥血管狭窄进行诊断,并评价其狭窄程度。8例CT诊断桥血管重度狭窄(管腔狭窄>75%)或闭塞的患者同时行选择性血管造影检查。结果21例患者均可清晰地显示冠状动脉各主要分支,并能清晰地显示其斑块和管腔的狭窄。21例患者经螺旋CT心、胸部血管造影检查,可清晰显示52条桥血管,其中13条桥血管出现再狭窄(10条为大隐静脉桥血管,3条为乳内动脉桥血管),狭窄部位均位于桥血管吻合口处;重度狭窄7条,闭塞1条,此8条桥血管均与选择性血管的结果相吻合,CT评价冠状动脉桥血管重度狭窄的准确性为100%。结论64层螺旋CT心、胸血管造影检查不但能显示冠状动脉桥血管,而且能清晰地显示原始的冠状动脉及冠状动脉与桥血管的吻合口,是评价冠状动脉桥血管的一种有效的可靠的检查方法。     

64层螺旋CT在评价冠状动脉支架中的价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影在评价冠状动脉支架中的价值。方法对56例冠状动脉支架术后患者行MSCT冠状动脉造影检查,利用MSCT的各种先进的图像后处理功能对各支冠状动脉进行重建,以显示冠状动脉支架的形态、位置并观察有无再狭窄。结果在56例行MSCT冠状动脉造影的患者中1例由于患者有严重的窦性心率不齐,重建图像质量欠佳,其余患者均成功显示冠状动脉各主支(左主支、回旋支、前降支右支冠状动脉)及部分3、4级分支,且可显示所有冠状动脉支架的形态、位置,其中18例患者的31个支架术后出现再狭窄,所有行MSCT冠状动脉造影检查的患者无一例出现并发症,所有CT诊断支架术后再狭窄的患者同时行选择性血管造影检查,其中14例患者的25个支架有支架术后再狭窄,CT诊断的准确率为80.65%。结论64层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影是评价冠状动脉支架的一种安全可靠的检查方法。     

64层螺旋CT诊断冠状动脉病变的临床价值

目的：通过对64排螺旋CT（MSCT）冠状动脉造影与选择性冠状动脉造影检测冠状动脉病变（冠状动脉狭窄≥50%）的对比分析,探讨64层螺旋CT评估冠状动脉病变诊断的准确性。方法：回顾性收集2007年12月～2008年10月于我院同期接受64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像和常规经皮冠脉造影的112位冠心病患者的影像资料,以常规冠脉造影为参考标准,对2种检查方法的结果进行对比分析,评估64层螺旋CT冠脉造影对冠状动脉病变诊断的准确性。结果：按常规冠脉造影计算,112例患者共发现374处病变用于评价,MSCT造影检测冠脉病变总的准确性为90.6%,假阳性率和假阴性率分别为4.3%和5.1%;其中MSCT检测为假阴性均发生在左回旋支和右冠远段,假阳性均为冠状动脉伴有钙化。结论：64排螺CT冠状动脉造影检测冠状动脉病变诊断的准确性较高,但血管解剖和冠状动脉钙化可能会影响其对冠状动脉病变的评价和检测。     

A User‐Friendly Method of Cardiac Venous System Visualization in 64‐Slice Computed Tomography

Background: Previsualization of the cardiac venous system is very important for some techniques, for example, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The aim of this study was to propose a new, user‐friendly method of cardiac venous system visualization in 64‐slice computed tomography (CT). Methods: In 112 patients (66 M) aged 58 ± 11 standard deviation, a 64‐slice CT with a retrospective electrocardiogram gating was performed due to a suspicion of ischemic heart disease. Special attention was paid to the requirements for image reconstruction useful for CRT. Results: In 74% of the patients, it was possible to obtain similar images to those during the CRT implantation procedure within anterior‐posterior, left anterior oblique, and right anterior oblique views. The coronary sinus was clearly visible in all cases, the ostium measured 12.9 ± 5.9 mm, and the angle of entrance 99 ± 12 degrees. In all patients it was possible to demonstrate more than one vein; in 95%, at least one vein was clearly visible in the target area. Among the target veins, the posterolateral vein was visible most frequently (78%) in the cases as well as the lateral vein (78%). Conclusion: The proposed scheme in 64‐slice computed tomography enables images to be generated similar to the intraoperative fluoroscopy, which can be useful in techniques where previsualization of the cardiac venous system is recommended.     

Imaging of the coronary venous system in patients with congestive heart failure: comparison of 16 slice MSCT and retrograde coronary sinus venography

Background Knowledge of the anatomy of the coronary venous system (CVS) is important for planning of cardiac interventions like cardiac resynchronization therapy or percutaneus mitral annuloplasty. Different methods have been used for preprocedural visualization of the CVS. However, limited data is available comparing invasive retrograde coronary sinus angiography (CSA) and non-invasive multi slice computed tomography (MSCT). Thus, a comparison of retrograde CSA and ECG-gated MSCT for the visualization of the CVS in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) was performed. Methods 20 patients (male: 11) with CHF underwent CSA and MSCT (16 × 0.75 mm collimation, tube voltage: 120 kV, tube current: 550 mAs_eff). Both methods were compared with respect to vessel diameter and visibility. Results Vessel visualization was better using retrograde CSA except for middle cardiac vein and small veins which were better seen with MSCT. Overall, there was a trend that MSCT detected more vessels. Vessel diameters were larger measured using retrograde CSA, but only statistically significant for the coronary sinus and middle cardiac vein. Conclusion Whereas MSCT is more suitable for an overview, retrograde CSA offers a more detailed visualization of the CVS including marginal and posterior veins than MSCT. Thus, retrograde CSA allows a better display of target vessels commonly used for cardiac interventions. Overall, these two imaging techniques offer complementary information. Christian Knackstedt and Georg Mühlenbruch contributed equally.     

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Double Cannulation Approach to Coronary Venous Lead Placement via a Prominent Thebesian Valve

We report identification of a prominent Thebesian valve by cardiovascular computed tomography (CT) angiography impeding cannulation of the coronary sinus, with subsequent successful coronary venous lead placement with cannulation of the coronary sinus ostium via a transvenous femoral vein approach and subsequent cannulation of the ostium with the coronary venous lead with a left subclavian approach. A 57‐year‐old man with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, New York Heart Association Class III heart failure, left bundle branch block, and an ejection fraction of 15%, underwent an attempted cardiac resynchronization therapy implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD). As the coronary sinus ostium could not be cannulated, a dual chamber ICD was placed. The patient subsequently underwent cardiovascular CT angiography, which identified a prominent Thebesian valve at the coronary sinus ostium as the anatomic obstacle to cannulation. Reattempted transvenous cardiac resynchronization therapy was accomplished successfully with a double cannulation approach: cannulation of the coronary sinus ostium with a catheter via a transvenous femoral vein approach and subsequent cannulation with the coronary venous lead via a left subclavian approach. When a prominent Thebesian valve is identified as an obstacle to transvenous left ventricular lead placement, cannulation of the coronary sinus by an alternate venous approach may allow for a coronary venous route rather than necessitate an epicardial approach.