幼儿早期句法和句子表达长度研究

【目的】通过对“中文早期语言与沟通发展量表(CCDI)”进行标准化研究，了解讲普通话幼儿句法及句子长度情况。【方法】使用CCDI普通话版量表，采用父母报告形式，对1056名16～30月龄小儿的语言发展情况进行了研究。【结果】①在18个月以前只有少部分儿童会组短句，但在24个月龄时，有88．7％的儿童开始会组。30个月龄几乎100％儿童会组短句。②以字为单位计算句子长度，总共统计了2247个句子。16～18月龄的儿童有22％开始组句，他们的句子长度都在5个字以内。19～21个月龄的儿童有约60％的儿童会组句，有16％的儿童可以组成6个字以上的句子；25月龄以上的儿童90％以上会组句，70％以上的句长在6个字以上。③儿童的句子复杂性得分随月龄的增长呈线性增长，此项得分情况，可以反映儿童的句法应用能力。【结论】16～30个月是幼儿语法使用能力的快速发展期，在此阶段儿童的语言表达能力、句子长度、语法应用能力发展迅速。     

8～16个月婴幼儿语言理解和表达水平的影响因素

目的了解8～16个月婴幼儿语言理解和表达能力及影响因素.方法 2000年采用横断面定量研究方法,多阶段分层不等比例抽样方法抽取样本,对北京市城区636名8～16个月正常婴幼儿的养护人进行问卷调查.用两样本成组t检验、单因素相关和多重线性回归方法进行统计学分析.结果小儿语言总分分别为：8个月男童115.0分,女童109.9分;12个月男童243.0分,女童286.4分;16个月男童410.6分,女童456.2分.语言理解得分均值为11个月男童高于女童,语言表达得分均值为11、12、14、15个月女童高于男童,差异均有统计学意义.单因素和多重线性回归分析结果表明,常与孩子一起看书、与孩子一起听录音、祖母受教育程度高、孩子性格外向、孩子已会说1个字和孩子的月龄大等因素对小儿语言能力的发展有积极影响.结论养护人提供丰富的语言环境有利于小儿早期语言发育.     

沈阳市部分城区16~30月幼儿普通话最长语句的平均句子长度调查

【目的】 了解16~30月幼儿普通话最长语句的平均句子长度随年龄增长的变化规律。 【方法】 采用现况定量研究方法。随机抽取沈阳市2个城区194名16~30月幼儿,家长完整填写《汉语沟通发展量表使用手册》中的幼儿量表,以词为单位计算每名幼儿最长3句话的平均句子长度(MLU3),观察MLU3随年龄增长的变化情况。 【结果】 184名幼儿进入研究。MLU3值随年龄增长而逐渐增加,直线回归分析示MLU3与月龄呈正相关(r=0.742);23月组MLU3值较22月明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),余相邻各组间MLU3值差异无统计学意义。 【结论】 16~30月幼儿普通话最长语句的平均句子长度随着月龄的增长而不断发展,22~23月是最长语句平均句子长度发展最迅速的时期。     

2～3岁儿童语言发育迟缓筛查标准的建立

【目的】 掌握2～3岁儿童正常的词汇和语法发展规律，初步拟定儿童语言发育迟缓的筛查标准。【方法】 以713名24～47月的儿童为研究对象，由父母报告小儿能自发表达的词汇、助词和表达结构量，按正常人群词汇和结构表达量的第5和第10百分位界定语言发育迟缓和语言发育迟缓可能。【结果】 24～25个月儿童词汇量的第5和第10百分位分别为30和50个词汇，30～35个月的男童结构表达量的第5和第10百分位分别为3．3和5．9个，女童分别为5．9和8．2个。【结论】 2～3岁儿童语言发育迟缓的筛查标准为：24个月词汇量少于30，30个月男童结构表达量少于3个，30个月女童结构表达量少于5个。2～3岁儿童语言发育迟缓可能的筛查标准为：24个月词汇量少于50，30个月男童结构表达量少于5个，30个月女童结构表达量少于8个。     

语言沟通方式对幼儿词汇发育影响的研究

【目的】研究抚养人与幼儿的语言沟通方式对1~3岁前儿童词汇发育的影响。【方法】随机选择上海青浦地区6个社区562名儿童,年龄为13~36个月,用问卷方式了解主要教养人的情况、与幼儿的语言沟通方式和儿童词汇表达量。【结果】①抚养人的沟通方式是影响1~3岁儿童词汇发育的最主要因素。共同参与儿童的活动,及时应答儿童的讲话,诱导其说话,并在其看书和看电视时作讲解,睡前为儿童讲完整的故事均有利于表达性词汇发育;②抚养人文化程度的高低,每天与儿童玩耍时间的多少并不影响3岁前儿童的词汇发育,但男性抚养人更利于1~3岁儿童词汇的发育,建议男性多参与儿童的养育;③幼儿每天看电视1.5~2 h,并同时有家长的陪伴和解说对词汇发育的积极作用是肯定的。【结论】抚养人与幼儿的沟通方式对1~3岁儿童表达性词汇的发育有重要的影响。     

济南市城区部分婴儿前语言发育的纵向研究

【目的】了解济南市城区部分婴儿前语言发育情况及有关影响因素。【方法】应用《早期语言发育进程量表》和《0~4岁小儿发育诊断量表》,纵向监测179例健康婴儿的前语言能力,以及动作、适应、社交能力的发育情况。【结果】1)所有观察对象前语言总量表分及分量表分随月龄增加而增加,但趋势不同。A分在9个月后开始上升,B分呈平稳上升趋势,C分在6~9个月期间趋势放缓;2)前语言得分异常的检出率较低;3)精细运动、适应能力与听觉感受和理解、视觉理解和表达能力的发育存在一定相关性。【结论】与上海常模相比,本研究观察对象的前语言表达能力上升趋势出现较早。婴儿精细运动、适应能力与前语言能力的发育存在一定的正相关,具体机制有待进一步研究。     

厦门市城区集居学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖相关因素分析

【目的】了解厦门市城区集居儿童肥胖的相关因素,为控制学龄前儿童肥胖提供依据。【方法】随机抽取厦门市城区30所幼儿园5岁、6岁儿童2 448人,筛查出单纯性肥胖223人,按1∶1配对病例对照研究,进行单因素、多因素回归分析。【结果】学龄前儿童肥胖是多因素的:婴儿期添加固体食物的时间、目前食欲、进食速度、母亲体型、断奶时间、儿童活动情况、父亲体型、入园时体格发育情况。【结论】要控制并降低学龄前儿童单纯肥胖症的检出率必须引起全社会的关注。     

菏泽市800名城区婴幼儿神经心理发育调查及影响因素分析

【目的】调查研究菏泽市城区0~3岁儿童神经心理发育现状及其影响因素,以便制定适宜的个体化指导方式。【方法】使用《0~6岁小儿神经心理发育量表》对菏泽市城区800名0~3岁儿童进行神经心理发育测试及影响因素问卷调查。【结果】800名儿童发育商(development quotient,DQ)符合正态分布。0~3岁儿童DQ受父母文化程度、家庭收入、早期促进教育、科学的养育方式等因素的影响,且各因素对不同月龄儿童DQ的影响程度不同。【结论】菏泽市城区0~3岁儿童神经心理发育正常。根据儿童DQ发育的规律及影响因素制定个体化的养育指导,可促进儿童全面发展。     

菏泽市713例2~4岁儿童语言发育调查

【目的】 了解2~4岁儿童正常的语言发育规律,为儿童语言发育异常的筛查以及有效干预奠定基础。 【方法】 选择山东省菏泽市城区713名2~4岁儿童,由父母报告儿童生活中最常用的260个词汇(分为16类词汇和14种语言结构)表达情况。 【结果】 1)男女儿童语法结构表达量的差异存在于24~47个月,女童的表达量多于男童。2)名词-动词和动词-名词结构是最早掌握的短语结构。 【结论】 掌握2~4岁儿童正常的语言发育规律,有利于专业人员对儿童的语言发育进行指导和评估,使幼教机构的语言教学以及特殊教育的语言康复做到科学、有序。     

影响幼儿期智能发育的部分因素研究

【目的】了解影响幼儿期智能发育的一般家庭因素,为促进幼儿智能发育提供理论依据。【方法】收集3年来在深圳市妇幼保健院智力测验室进行智力测验的正常出生的12~30月龄的病例共289例,分析性别、是否接受0~1岁早期发展指导、父母亲职业、父母亲文化、经济收入和主要带养人等一般家庭因素对幼儿期智能发育的影响关系。【结果】幼儿期智能发育指数与性别、是否早教、父母亲文化以及父亲职业有关;与母亲职业、经济收入及主要带养人无明显相关性;而幼儿运动发育指数则与以上几个因素均未见明显相关性。【结论】影响幼儿期智能发育的因素有性别、是否接受0~1岁早期发展指导、父母亲文化、父亲职业等,其中是否接受0~1岁早期发展指导是影响幼儿期智能发育较重要且恒定的因素,在幼儿期女童智能发育超前于男童。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.