重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗

重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗陈宇综述赵景杰审校（卫生部北京生物制品研究所，北京，１０００２４）乙型肝炎（乙肝）是严重危害人类健康的传染病。其病原体为乙型肝炎病毒，感染乙型肝炎病毒除可能引起急性肝炎外，还可能导致慢性肝炎、肝硬化甚至肝癌。血源性乙肝疫苗的研制成...     

人血白蛋白中HCV RNA的检测分析

人血白蛋白中ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的检测分析许素菊张立孙晓燕（解放军白求恩国际和平医院，石家庄，０５００８２）丙型肝炎（丙肝）通常为肠道外传播，与乙型肝炎一样呈持续感染状态，可导致慢性肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌。其传播途径主要是通过输血及其血制品。因此，切断其传播途径...     

受血者输血前血清学检验结果分析

输血作为一种特殊的临床抢救治疗手段，同其他治疗方法一样存在一定风险，甚至会造成严重后果。输血风险主要是指输血可引起不良反应，也可引起传播输血相关疾病。输血相关疾病是指受血者通过输入含病原体的血液或血液制品而引起的疾病。一般均有明显的症状和体征。主要包括：艾滋病、梅毒、乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、庚型肝炎、巨细胞病毒感染疾病、黄热病等。为避免受血者在输血之后发生输血相关传染病纠纷，《临床输血技术规范》中明确规定受血者输血前常规检测血清学五项指标。现对资料完整的136例受血者检测结果进行分析，报告如下：     

输血传播庚型肝炎的前瞻性观察

目的了解庚型肝炎（ＨＧ）在我国输血后肝炎中的发生率及其与输血后乙型肝炎（ＨＢ）、丙型肝炎（ＨＣ）的关系。方法检测１３８例因手术输血病人在输血前后的ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｓ，ＨＢｅＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｅ、抗－ＨＢｃ、抗－ＨＣＶ、ＨＣＶＲＮＡ和ＨＧＶＲＮＡ。结果５３例发生输血后肝炎病毒感染，其中丙型肝炎病毒感染４８例；乙型肝炎病毒感染２例（含１例两型混合感染）。７例输血后可用巢式ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ法查到庚型肝炎病毒感染，３例合并丙型肝炎病毒感染者均有ＡＬＴ增高。４例单纯ＨＧＶ感染者，ＡＬＴ均正常。ＨＧＶＲＮＡ持续１个月至半年不等。５例输血后ＨＧＶ感染的病人可查到供血，其中３例病人至少有１份供血ＨＧＶＲＮＡ阳性。结论单纯ＨＧＶ感染的献血员和输血后感染者均无病毒性肝炎的临床表现和ＡＬＴ改变，与ＨＧＶ作为一种重要肝炎病毒的观点不相符。     

桂平市献血员丙型肝炎感染状况分析

丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）主要通过输血和血液制品引起丙型肝炎。据文献报道［１］，输血后肝炎９０％以上是由于ＨＣＶ感染引起，因此在献血、献浆者中进行抗－ＨＣＶ检测是预防和减少输血后肝炎必不可少的手段。为了解桂平市献血员ＨＣＶ感染状况，本文对桂平市的２４５４...     

2452名大学生乙肝表面抗原携带情况调查

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染是世界上重要的传染性疾病，乙型肝炎也是我国重点防治的传染病之一。据估计，全世界有3．5亿人为慢性HBV携带者，我国乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）携带者约1．2亿。表面抗原携带者是乙型肝炎病毒感染相关的肝炎、肝硬化和原发性肝细胞癌的主要来源，因而HBV感染会造成严重的后果。对我校06—07届入学新生进行HBsAg、抗-HBs检测，结果报告如下。     

输血工作者乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒感染分析

输血工作者乙型肝炎病毒和丙型肝炎病毒感染分析山东省泰安市红十字会中心血站（南坛路，２７１０００）武峰张身梅刘灿征高龙霞为了解乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）和丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）在职业性接触血液的输血工作者中的感染状况，应用酶联免疫法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测了我站...     

输血前进行输血相关传染病指标检测的临床应用研究

据统计,目前我国病毒感染者约70万人,累计报告艾滋病病例26万余例,输血后感染的人数呈逐渐增多趋势[1].近年来,由输血引起的经血传播的疾病时有报道.为杜绝因输血而引起的医疗纠纷,避免手术及交叉感染等院内感染的发生,我国政府部门先后颁布了《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》及新的《医疗事故处理条例》,其中规定经血传播的相关传染病,如乙型肝炎（HBsAg）、艾滋病（抗-HIV1＋2）、丙型肝炎（抗-HCV）及梅毒（TP）等在输血前必须进行检测.     

齐齐哈尔市献血员病毒性肝炎血清学调查分析

齐齐哈尔市献血员病毒性肝炎血清学调查分析曲梅，刘铭，张轶停病毒性肝炎是当前严重危害人类健康的传染病之一，特别是以血液为主要传播途径的乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）和丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ），是输血后肝炎的主要病原，严格筛选献血员是预防输血后肝炎的至关重要的环节...     

牙钻在补牙过程中传播乙型和丙型肝炎病毒的调查

牙钻在补牙过程中传播乙型和丙型肝炎病毒的调查李金星，彭立义，常健，朱国雄（济南军区总医院，济南）输血及血制品是乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎的主要感染来源。而在查体中发现，肝炎病毒标志物的阳性检出率，龋齿患者高于正常人群。为此，我们对２１５例龋齿及１７５例其它口...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.