多酶预处理对消化内镜清洗消毒效果的观察

目的 观察使用多酶预处理后的消化内镜清洗消毒效果.方法 对使用后的消化内镜160条随机分为观察组(多酶组)、对照组(水洗组)各80条,在常规清洗和消毒前分别用多酶液、自来水进行预处理,比较两组内镜的清洁度、喷嘴堵塞、消毒合格率和刷洗时间,以评价清洗消毒效果.结果 两组内镜消毒合格率均100.0％,多酶组内镜表面清洁度及喷嘴堵塞评分、刷洗时间等均优于水洗组.结论 多酶用于消化内镜预处理有效提高了内镜清洗效果,值得临床推广.     

内镜感染的危险因素及对策

笔者对内镜室的工作进行全面质量管理,分析内镜存在感染的危险因素及对策. 1危险因素 1.1 多酶清洗液使用不规范 内镜清洗人员消毒意识淡薄,未认识到内镜交叉感染的重要性,未做到一镜一更换.多酶清洗液价格较贵,一镜一酶工作量大,在工作中存在酶液重复使用的现象,从而增加了医院感染发生的风险.1.2喷嘴阻塞 (1)异物阻塞:清洗用水水质不良或水中有异物,灌流时,杂质或异物沿内镜腔道阻塞喷嘴.(2)分泌物或血块阻塞:检查时,当患者恶心、屏气时,胃内压力骤增,分泌物常反流进入喷嘴内.(3)操作不当:在操作、清洗或转运时,如内镜前端与硬物相碰,可致喷嘴变形而发生阻塞;当镜面模糊用纱布擦拭时,如擦拭方向不对,可使异物嵌入喷嘴致阻塞.     

3M全能高效多酶清洗液在内镜清洗中的效果评价

目的观察3M全能高效多酶清洗液在内镜清洗中的应用效果。方法将使用污染后的内镜随机分为加酶组、清水组,采用国家规范中的五槽法进行多酶清洗和清水清洗,并通过采样得到清洗后、酶洗后、消毒后的微生物下降对数级进行比较和评价。结果使用3M全能高效多酶清洗液后得到的微生物下降对数级为3.36±1.19,清水组为1.21±1.14,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而在酶洗后微生物的下降对数级和消毒后微生物的下降对数级分别为3.36±1.19、3.47±1.14,两者比较,差异无统计学意义,整体体现出较好的清洗能力和兼容性。结论 3M全能高效多酶清洗液是一种理想的内镜清洗剂,能有效清洗,协助降低内镜消毒失败的风险,提高了患者的医疗的安全性。     

内镜管腔铜绿假单胞菌生物膜及其清洗效果的研究

目的研究内镜管腔铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的形成和清洗效果。方法采用持续灌流培养技术、模拟清洗试验以及扫描电镜观察内镜管腔,人工培养生物膜形成及其对不同清洗方法的清洗效果。结果体外连续培养5～7 d模拟内镜管腔的铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成稳定,不易冲洗脱落,膜中细菌浓度达(106～107)CFU/cm2;不含刷洗的内镜清洗程序的无菌水、低浓度多酶清洗液、无酶清洗液、高浓度多酶清洗液对生物膜细菌的清除对数值为0.12、0.42、2.11、1.54,正常内镜清洗程序4种清洗对生物膜经过人工刷洗后对生物膜细菌的对数值为0.23、0.67、2.67、1.95。结论铜绿假单胞菌生物膜能在管腔类器械中形成,采用正确的内镜清洗方法和清洗液是将其去除的关键。     

一种新型生物膜清洗液清洗效果的临床研究

目的调查临床内镜复用过程中细菌生物膜的污染情况,检测生物膜清洗液在内镜清洗消毒中对细菌生物膜的清洗效果。方法参照GB15982和WS507《软式内镜清洗消毒技术规范》监测2017年1月-2017年3月临床80例内镜使用后的消毒效果,并采用活菌计数法评价内镜生物膜去除效果。结果在高水平消毒合格的前提下,10.0%电子胃镜检出细菌生物膜,15.0%电子肠镜检出细菌生物膜。生物膜清洗液对电子胃镜和电子肠镜细菌生物膜的去除率高达99.0%以上,能彻底清除内镜腔体内形成的细菌生物膜,保证后续消毒(灭菌)效果。结论与常规多酶清洗液相比,生物膜清洗液能有效去除内镜腔内的细菌生物膜,保证了消毒(灭菌)效果,避免医院感染。     

多酶清洗液临床效果观察

快速多酶清洗液是一种含有蛋白水解酶等多种酶的清洗液 ,可有效的分解人体的各种分泌物蛋白质、粘多糖、脂肪、碳水化合物等。我院应用 3M安必洁快速多酶清洗液对表面含有血污 ,齿缝、关节处含有污垢的器械及术后纱布按一定比例进行清洗 ,效果报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　材料　应用 3M安必洁多酶清洗液 ,常用手术器械 ,腔镜手术器械 ,纱布。1.2　方法　清洗液的配制 :A组 :1∶ 10 0浓度多酶清洗液配置溶液 ,清洗污染少易清洁器械 ;B组 :1∶ 5 0浓度多年使用污垢多的器械 ,腔镜手术器械。清洗 C组∶ 3%的过氧化氢液分别清洗两类器械。器…     

不同保湿处理对手术器械清洗效果的影响

目的观察不同保湿处理后手术器械清洗效果。方法将非感染手术后的污染器械随机分为A、B两组,分别采用多酶清洗液和碱性清洗液保湿处理,用目测的方法观察其反复浸泡使用4、24 h器械清洗合格率。结果使用4 h多酶清洗液与碱性清洗液保湿清洗合格率相似,差异无统计学意义;使用24 h碱性清洗液保湿清洗合格率优于多酶清洗液,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论多酶清洗液和碱性清洗液均是理想的保湿液,碱性清洗液可连续使用24 h保湿效果不下降,成本相对较低。     

消化内镜的清洗消毒与保养

随着内镜的广泛使用,内镜及附件的清洗、消毒与保养日趋重要,是预防和控制内镜相关医院感染的关键所在.1 材料与方法1.1 材料 我院消化内镜清洗设备为四川成都老肯内镜清洗设备,为一体半自动化,设有初洗槽、酶槽、次洗槽、消毒槽、终洗槽及内镜与附件整理台.1.2方法 按卫生部《内镜清洗消毒技术规范(2004年版)》,初消毒-初洗-酶洗-次清洗-浸泡消毒-末次清洗-干燥的程序进行.(1)初消毒:在检查床侧用75％乙醇纱布擦净镜身黏液,并反复送水送气至少10s后关闭主机电源,防止送水管道堵塞.然后取下内镜并装好防水帽,送入洗消间.     

奥林巴斯150胃镜送水送气故障及维修

送水送气故障主要有喷嘴堵塞、水气管堵塞和送水送气不畅。1喷嘴、水气管堵塞1.1堵塞原因(1)先端部不小心与硬物碰撞导致喷嘴变形;(2)使用内镜后没有立即清洗;(3)脏物凝固在喷嘴里和水气管道里;(4)消毒前没有用洗涤剂彻底洗净内镜;(5)消毒液使蛋白质凝固阻塞喷嘴和水气管;     

多酶原液灌洗-刷洗法与多酶应用液浸泡法清洗内镜的对比研究

目的 比较研究多酶原液灌洗-刷洗法与多酶应用液(1∶200)浸泡洗涤法两种方法清洗内镜的效果,改进内镜清洗方法,确保内镜清洗消毒的质量；节约多酶洗液、减少环境污染、科学有效地使用酶洗液.方法 设A、B两组,A组采用多酶应用液(1:200)浸泡洗涤法；B组采用直接多酶原液灌洗-刷洗法,分别处理90条内镜,再用2％戊二醛消毒液消毒,然后分别采样,对两种清洗消毒方法的内镜清洗消毒效果进行检测比较.结果 内镜镜身、内管细菌菌落数≤20 CFU/条,无致病菌,两组消毒后效果检测均合格,合格率为100.0％.结论 应用多酶原液直接灌洗-刷洗方法替代多酶应用液(1∶200)浸泡法处理后的内镜不仅能够达到清洗消毒的效果,消毒效果检测结果完全符合国家卫生标准和要求,而且节约大量的多酶洗液可减少环境污染,可在内镜清洗工作中推广应用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.