扁桃体滤泡树突细胞肉瘤1例并文献复习

目的探讨扁桃体滤泡树突细胞肉瘤的临床和病理特点，提高对其诊治水平。方法运用组织病理学、免疫组化及电镜观察扁桃体滤泡树突细胞肉瘤的特征，总结临床特点和治疗情况，并复习文献加以分析。结果瘤组织常排列成结节状、旋涡状和席纹状，瘤细胞呈梭形合体状，核椭圆形，染色质点彩状，有小核仁。瘤细胞间常混有小淋巴细胞。瘤细胞CD35、S-100、CD68和Vim( )，CKAEI、CKAE3和IEA(-)。电镜下见瘤细胞胞质有多个长突起彼此相连。结论滤泡树突细胞肉瘤是一种少见的低度恶性肿瘤，发生于扁桃体者更为罕见，诊断依赖组织病理学及免疫组化标记。     

胃丛状血管黏液样肌纤维母细胞瘤2例临床病理观察

目的探讨胃丛状血管黏液样肌纤维母细胞肿瘤(PAMT)的临床病理学特征及诊断、鉴别诊断要点。方法对2例胃丛状血管黏液样肌纤维母细胞肿瘤进行临床病理、免疫组化和电镜研究。结果临床表现为无症状或上腹部不适、疼痛。胃镜示肿物向胃腔内突出。镜下肿瘤在胃壁之间呈结节状、丛状生长,与胃壁平滑肌交错排列,肿瘤富于小的薄壁血管,细胞间富含黏液样或纤维黏液样基质;瘤细胞核呈梭形或卵圆形,核仁不明显,胞质轻度嗜酸性,细胞异型性不明显。免疫组化示肿瘤细胞SMA、MSA和h-caldesmon(+),个别细胞PR(+),CD117、CD34和S-100(-)。电镜示肿瘤有肌纤维母细胞分化。结论胃丛状血管黏液样肌纤维母细胞肿瘤是罕见的肿瘤,具有独特的形态特征,其诊断和鉴别诊断主要依靠病理组织学和免疫组化。     

淋巴结指突状树突细胞肉瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨淋巴结原发性指突状树突细胞肉瘤的临床病理特点及鉴别诊断,提高对该肿瘤的诊断水平。方法对2例指突细胞肉瘤进行组织病理学、免疫组化及电镜观察。结果2例肿瘤均位于颈部淋巴结,光镜检查肿瘤组织呈席纹状、旋涡状或杂乱排列,瘤细胞卵圆形、梭形,胞质少,核卵圆形或短梭形,染色质细,少数有核仁,分裂象多见。瘤细胞S-100、CD68及vimentin( ),CD21、CD34、CK、CD45、SMA及HMB45均(-)。电镜下瘤细胞胞质有大量长指状突起,无桥粒连接及Birbeck颗粒。结论指突状树突细胞肉瘤是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤,预后差。诊断主要依靠电镜及免疫组化,并应与滤泡树突细胞肉瘤、朗格汉斯细胞肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、黑色素瘤、梭形细胞癌及其他肉瘤鉴别。     

上颌骨纤维结构不良样及骨母细胞瘤样型骨肉瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨上颌骨纤维结构不良样及骨母细胞瘤样型骨肉瘤的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断要点.方法 对1例上颌骨纤维结构不良样及骨母细胞瘤样型骨肉瘤的临床表现、影像学特征、组织学形态、免疫组化进行分析,并复习相关文献.结果 肿瘤由骨纤维结构不良样区域及骨母细胞瘤样骨肉瘤区域组成,瘤细胞异型性小,核分裂少见,瘤组织中见肿瘤性成骨.免疫组化示肿瘤细胞MDM2和CDK 4(+).结论 颌骨纤维结构不良样及骨母细胞瘤样骨肉瘤为低度恶性肿瘤.应与颌骨纤维结构不良、骨母细胞瘤及骨化性纤维瘤相鉴别,MDM2和CDK4二者联合用在其鉴别诊断中具有重要价值.     

肝炎性假瘤样滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤2例临床病理观察

目的探讨肝炎性假瘤样滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤(FDCS)的临床病理学特征,提高对该肿瘤的诊断水平。方法对2例肝炎性假瘤样滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤的临床资料、组织学形态、免疫组化、原位杂交进行分析,并复习相关文献。结果肿瘤细胞呈结节状排列,炎细胞背景中散在分布多少不等的肿瘤细胞,瘤细胞胞质丰富,呈淡嗜酸性,胞核圆形、卵圆形或梭形,核染色空淡,可见细小的核仁,常见多核或单核瘤巨细胞,病理性核分裂多见。瘤细胞EBER(+)。免疫组化:CD21、CD35和D2-40(+)。结论肝炎性假瘤样滤泡树突状细胞肉瘤是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤,恶性程度和预后具有不确定性。明确诊断需要结合形态学特点、免疫组化及EBER原位杂交等检查,同时要与肝炎性肌纤维母细胞肿瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤、指突状树突细胞肉瘤、胃肠间质瘤、特别是炎性假瘤相鉴别。     

颈部指突状树突细胞肉瘤1例临床病理观察并文献复习

目的探讨指突状树突细胞肉瘤的临床病理特征、诊断要点及鉴别诊断。方法对1例颈部指突状树突细胞肉瘤进行组织病理学和免疫组化染色观察并随访,结合文献进行讨论。结果镜下瘤细胞呈束状、编织状排列,瘤细胞呈胖梭形或椭圆形、胞质稍红染,胞核卵圆形,可呈空泡状,核膜清楚,多数有小核仁,瘤细胞显示轻到中度异型。免疫表型:瘤细胞表达Vimentin和S-100蛋白。结论指突状树突状细胞肉瘤是一种罕见的免疫辅助细胞恶性肿瘤。其诊断依靠组织病理学和免疫组化染色,必要时电镜辅助诊断。治疗以手术切除为主,辅以化疗和(或)放疗,预后差。     

细胞角蛋白阳性淋巴结间质网状细胞肿瘤临床病理观膊

目的 探讨细胞角蛋白阳性淋巴结间质网状细胞肿瘤(CIRCT)的临床病理学特征、组织发生、生物学行为及预后.方法 应用光镜、免疫组化染色及电镜观察1例男性患者腹膜后CIRCT的组织病理学特点,并结合文献进行讨论.结果 光镜下淋巴结结构大部分破坏,代之以大量呈席纹状、束状或不规则排列的梭形瘤细胞;瘤细胞胞膜不清,胞质淡伊红染,核轻度异型,核膜清晰,呈空泡状,核仁明显,可见病理性核分裂象0～2个/10 HPF.瘤细胞vimentin、CK8/18、SMA和EGFR(+),CD21+35、clusterin、CD1a、desmin、S-100、CD68和ALK-1(-).电镜下瘤细胞表面有纤细的胞质突起,相互交错排列,细胞间见发育不良的桥粒样结构,单个细胞外或细胞巢间有基底膜样物质和长间距胶原围绕.结论 CIRCT起源于淋巴结辅助树突状细胞中的纤维母细胞性网状细胞(FBRC),非常少见,易被误诊为其他辅助树突状细胞肿瘤甚至转移癌,免疫组化检查是确诊的主要依据,电镜检查也极具参考价值.     

色素性肾副节瘤临床病理观察

目的报道1例发生在肾的罕见色素性副神经节瘤,探讨其形态特征及鉴别诊断。方法采用常规石蜡切片,HE染色,组织化学和免疫组化染色,光镜和电镜观察,并复习文献。结果肿瘤位于左肾皮、髓质交界处,直径5cm,有包膜,黑褐色。光镜下瘤细胞呈上皮样,圆形、多边形,胞质嗜酸性或空泡状,排列成巢状、腺泡状,间质富含血管呈器官样结构,瘤细胞胞质及间质内见多量色素颗粒沉积。特染网状纤维包裹瘤细胞团成巢状,胞质内见PAS阳性的玻璃样小体,苏丹Ⅲ染色显橙红色。免疫组化示肿瘤细胞Syn、CgA、NSE、NF( ),显示S100蛋白支持细胞( ),而CK、EMA、Vim、HMB45、Des、HHF35和CD34(-)。电镜下胞质内见神经分泌颗粒。结论色素性肾副节瘤是一种罕见的肿瘤,器官样结构及神经内分泌标记是其诊断的主要依据,要注意与其形态相似的良性或恶性肿瘤相鉴别。     

纵隔原始神经外胚层肿瘤伴横纹肌样表型临床病理分析

目的探讨原始神经外胚层肿瘤伴横纹肌样表型的病理特征。方法对1例50岁女性患者的纵隔巨大肿瘤进行光镜、免疫组化及电镜观察。结果肿瘤大小为15 cm×15 cm×16 cm。组织学显示肿瘤细胞小圆形,部分细胞核偏位,胞质内见嗜酸性包涵体。组织化学染色PAS小灶性( )。免疫组化:vimentin、CD99及chromogranin强( ),S-100蛋白( ),EMA小灶性( ),desmin及MyoD1(-)。超微结构:小圆形肿瘤细胞胞质有短钝突起,见原始细胞连接、发育不良桥粒及胞质内致密核心颗粒。一些肿瘤细胞见核旁分布的、呈旋涡状排列的球形微丝小体,线粒体、粗面内质网及脂滴被包裹在其中。结论原始神经外胚层肿瘤伴横纹肌样表型的病理诊断依赖于光镜、免疫组化及电镜检查。     

肺原发性骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨肺原发性黏液样软骨肉瘤(PCL)的临床病理特点、诊断和鉴别诊断要点以及治疗和预后。方法报道1例发生于左肺上叶的骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤,观察其组织形态特点及免疫组化结果,并结合文献复习,总结该类肿瘤的临床病理特点及预后。结果患者男性,66岁。左肺上叶占位两年,切除标本呈结节状,大小8.5 cm×6 cm×4 cm。镜下见大部分区域为卵圆形及短梭形的细胞,呈条索状及网状排列,瘤细胞异型性明显,胞质嗜酸性,部分细胞胞质空泡状,核仁明显,核分裂9个/10HPF,可见坏死。局部有横纹肌样及上皮样分化。富于黏液软骨样基质,未见明显钙化。免疫组化:肿瘤细胞Vimentin(弥漫强+)、Bcl-2(+)、FLI-1(+)、Syn(+);S-100(软骨部分+)、MyoD1(部分+)、CD117(局灶+)、NSE (局灶+)、Desmin(局灶+)、CK(个别细胞+)、TTF-1(个别细胞+)、EMA(个别细胞+)、CD34(血管+);ERG(-)P40(-)、CK7(-)、CK5/6(-)、P63(-)、Napsin-A(-)、S-100(-)、CK18(-);Ki67(+80%)。最终诊断:肺原发的骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤。结论肺原发的骨外黏液样软骨肉瘤十分罕见,此类肿瘤具有独特的组织学形态特点,免疫组化有助于与肺原发的多种软组织肿瘤和肉瘤样癌鉴别。该肿瘤生长缓慢,常无特征性的临床表现,术后常复发和晚期可转移,必要时可辅以放疗及化疗。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.