重度脱垂性痔环形切除术与吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除术治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ度痔的对比观察

目的比较重度脱垂性痔环形切除术与吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除术(PPH)治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ度环形内痔的临床效果。方法将96例Ⅲ、Ⅳ度环形内痔患者随机分为两组,每组各48例,A组采用重度脱垂性痔环形切除术,B组采用PPH手术。观察两组患者术后症状的改善、手术时间、疼痛指数、注射止痛药次数、住院天数、住院费用等并进行比较。结果近期总的症状改善满意率:A组为94.9%,B组为96.6%;疼痛指数、注射止痛药次数B组优于A组;两组住院时间相近,B组住院费用平均为A组的2.4倍。结论PPH手术治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ度内痔的近期治疗效果优于重度脱垂性痔环形切除术。这两种手术均适合治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ度内痔。     

吻合器痔固定术与传统痔手术治疗血栓性外痔的疗效比较

目的比较吻合器痔固定术（procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids,PPH）与传统痔手术（Milligan—Morgan,MM）治疗血栓性外痔的疗效。方法40例血栓性外痔随机分入实验组（PPH组,20例）和对照组（传统痔手术,20例）,对两组的手术时间,住院时间,服用止痛药片数,并发症等进行统计学分析。结果实验组的手术时间、住院时间、并发症例数均比对照组好,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,两组的术中出血量无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;实验组服用止痛药片数比对照组少（P〈0．01）,停用止痛药时间比对照组快,患者恢复工作时阃和伤口愈合时间也比对照组快（P〈0．05）。结论吻合器痔固定术治疗血栓性外痔比传统痔手术效果好,患者恢复怏,短期效果好．     

PPH结合痔切除与Milligan-Morgan手术治疗重度痔的对比研究

目的:比较PPH结合痔切除手术与传统Milligan-Morgan手术治疗重度混合痔的临床效果.方法:对收治的100例重度混合痔分为实验组和对照组,分别进行PPH结合痔切除手术及Milligan-Morgan手术治疗.并分别对手术时间、术后疼痛指数、注射止痛剂次数、住院时间、恢复工作时间、术后并发症、患者满意度等进行比较分析.结果:在患者症状改善满意度、术后并发症及恢复工作时间方面,PPH结合痔切除手术明显优于对照组(P＜0.01);而在手术时间、术后疼痛指数、注射止痛剂次数方面实验组亦优于对照组(P＜0.05);住院时间上两者差异不显著.结论:对合并有明显外痔的重度混合痔仍可采用PPH手术,其疗效优于传统的外剥内扎术.     

吻合器痔上黏膜环切术与外剥内扎术治疗急性嵌顿痔的对比研究

目的比较吻合器痔上黏膜环切术(PPH)与外剥内扎术(MMH)治疗急性嵌顿痔的疗效。方法对103例急性嵌顿痔手术治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据不同手术方式分为PPH组(n=58)和MMH组(n=45),对2组患者手术时间、术后VAS评分、注射止痛药次数、术后出血、尿潴留、肛缘水肿、住院时间及住院费用进行比较。结果手术后2组患者的症状均缓解。尽管PPH组患者住院费用多于MMH组患者(P0.01),但在手术时间、术后疼痛的VAS评分、需用止痛药次数、术后并发症(肛缘水肿)发生率及住院时间方面PPH组均明显优于MMH组(P0.01)。结论 PPH治疗急性嵌顿痔与MMH一样安全、有效,且近期疗效优于MMH。     

两种术式治疗急性嵌顿痔临床观察

为比较改良吻合器痔上黏膜环切术（改良PPH）与Milligan—Morgan术治疗急性嵌顿痔的临床效果,将70例急性嵌顿痔患者随机分为两组,分别对采用改良PPH（治疗组）和Milligan-Morgan术（对照组）的治疗效果进行回顾性分析,对两组手术时间、住院时间、术后疼痛指数、术后并发症、愈合时间、患者满意度等指标进行比较。结果表明,治疗组在缩短手术时间、减轻术后疼痛、减少术后并发症、患者满意度等方面优于对照组。     

徒手痔上黏膜环切术治疗重度痔

目的：研究徒手痔上黏膜环切术治疗重度痔的临床应用价值。方法：将204例重度痔患者随机分成甲组（徒手PPH术组）106例、乙组（痔单纯切除术组）98例。观察和比较两组患者的相关指标。结果：甲组的疼痛指数、注射止痛药的次数、恢复工作时间、肛管直肠狭窄及痔的复发率低于乙组（P〈0.05）;两组在住院时间方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;在手术时间、住院费用方面乙组优于甲组（P〈0.05）;手术前后甲组的肛管静息压变化值大于乙组（P〈0.05）;手术前后两组患者直肠感觉阈和直肠耐受变化值差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：徒手PPH术治疗重度痔具有临床应用价值,费用比吻合器的PPH术低。     

国产吻合器痔切闭术与Milligan-Morgan术治疗Ⅲ°-Ⅳ°痔的对比研究

目的:对国产吻合器痔切闭术与Milligan-Morgan手术的临床效果进行对比评估.方法:对60例Ⅲ°-Ⅳ°痔随机分为Ⅰ组(吻合器组)和Ⅱ组(Milligan-Morgan组).对其术后疼痛等7项指标进行比较研究.结果:手术平均时间分别为10.5min(Ⅰ组)与36.2min(Ⅱ组).术后疼痛评分于24h分别为3.2(Ⅰ组)与7.2(Ⅱ组),72h分别为1.3(Ⅰ组)与4.3(Ⅱ组).随访6个月,两组病人均无狭窄、失禁和复发等并发症.多项指标显示Ⅰ组明显优于Ⅱ组.结论:吻合器痔切闭术是一种简单、安全、可靠、微痛、恢复快的新术式,治疗Ⅲ°～Ⅳ°痔在近期疗效优于传统Milligan-Morgan术.     

吻合器痔上粘膜环切术治疗Ⅲ°和Ⅳ°痔病

目的 评价治疗Ⅲ°和Ⅳ°痔病的吻合器痔上粘膜环切术。方法 回顾性分析了54例行吻合器痔上粘膜环切除术的病例资料。结果 平均手术时间18分钟,平均住院天数为4.5天,6例(11.1％)术后有疼痛而需要止痛治疗,1例(2.2％)有术后出血需要重新缝合。随访1～16个月,6例(11.1％)病人外观上仍有痔核萎缩后皮赘存在,无肛门狭窄、大便失禁及复发出现。满意度达98％。结论 吻合器痔上粘膜环切术操作简便,术后疼痛轻微,手术时间和住院时间短,恢复快,并发症少;但价格昂贵,少数病人外观改善不理想。此术式有望取代传统的痔手术方式。     

结扎速血管闭合系统在痔切除术中的应用

为探讨结扎速血管闭合系统（Ligasure）在痔切除术中的使用方法,并与传统手术（Milligan—Morgan术）对比进行疗效分析。将58例Ⅲ、Ⅳ期混合痔患者随机分成两组,观察组29例患者在骶麻下用Ligasure实施痔切除术,对照组29例采用传统手术（MilliganMorgan术）,观察两组手术时间、术后恢复时间、术后疼痛和并发症情况。结果显示,两组手术时间、术后恢复时间、术后使用止痛药次数、肛门狭窄及肛门失禁例数均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结果表明,Ligasure用于痔切除术具有疗效可靠,手术时间短,患者术后疼痛轻,并发症少等优点。     

吻合器痔上黏膜环切术治疗Ⅲ°～Ⅳ°痔病

目的探讨吻合器痔上黏膜环切术治疗痔病的临床应用价值.方法回顾总结了吻合器痔上黏膜环切术治疗96例Ⅲ°～Ⅳ°痔病的临床资料.结果平均手术时间为15min,术后平均住院时间2.3d.术后恢复正常生活的平均时间为6.8d.术后出血2例.术后6周随诊78例(81.25%),对术前症状控制满意程度满意者90例(93.75%),基本满意4例(4.17%),不满意2例(2.08%).无排便失禁、无肛门狭窄.结论吻合器痔上黏膜环切术具有安全、有效、手术时间短、住院时间少、恢复快等优点,是治疗重度痔病近期疗效优越的新技术.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.