不同发作类型双相障碍患者自知力及服药态度比较

目的比较躁狂发作、抑郁发作及混合状态的双相障碍住院患者出院前的自知力及服药态度,以了解不同发作类型双相障碍的自知力及服药态度在出院前的差异,为出院后制定康复方案提供参考。方法连续入组罗定市第三人民医院2014年5月-2016年12月收治的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的双相障碍住院患者266例,其中躁狂发作116例,抑郁发作94例,混合状态56例。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)、杨氏躁狂评定量表(YMRS)、自知力与治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)及服药态度清单(DAI)在出院当天分别评定精神症状、自知力及服药态度。采用单因素方差分析比较三组HAMD-17、YMRS、ITAQ及DAI评分。结果 HAMD-17、YMRS评分组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。ITAQ、DAI评分组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=6.205、5.481,P=0.002、0.005),两两比较结果显示,抑郁发作组及混合状态组ITAQ、DAI评分均高于躁狂发作组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);抑郁发作组及混合状态组ITAQ、DAI评分比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论不同发作类型的双相障碍住院患者出院前的自知力及服药态度存在差异,躁狂发作患者的自知力及服药态度较抑郁发作及混合状态患者差。     

双相情感障碍血清尿酸水平研究

目的探讨双相情感障碍患者血清尿酸(uric acid,UA)水平变化及其临床意义。方法纳入双相情感障碍患者126例(躁狂发作77例,抑郁发作49例)、首发精神分裂症患者69例和正常对照126名,测定其血清UA水平,并采用杨氏躁狂量表(Young mania rating scale,YMRS)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depressionscale,HAMD)评定双相情感障碍患者症状。结果双相情感障碍组血清UA水平[(349.34±107.21)μmol/L]高于精神分裂症组[(319.71±84.48)μmol/L]和对照组[(280.94±71.90)μmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P0.01);躁狂发作患者UA水平高于抑郁发作患者[(366.45±104.01)μmol/L vs.(322.45±107.69)μmol/L],且二者均高于对照组(P0.01);双相情感障碍患者中是否使用精神科药物的亚组间UA水平无统计学差异(P0.05)。双相情感障碍患者血清UA水平与YMRS、HAMD分数线性相关均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双相情感障碍患者血清UA水平升高,血清UA水平升高可能是双相情感障碍的一个生物标记物。     

首发精神分裂症与双相障碍及抑郁障碍认知功能比较

目的探讨首发精神分裂症、双相障碍及抑郁障碍患者认知功能差异。方法纳入首发精神分裂症患者61例,双相障碍患者57例,抑郁障碍患者48例,另设正常对照59名。所有研究对象采用重复性神经心理测查系统(Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS)评估认知功能,首发精神分裂症组采用阳性和阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale,PANSS)评定精神病性症状,双相障碍组、抑郁障碍组采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)评估抑郁和焦虑症状,贝克—拉范森躁狂(Bech-Rafaelsen mania scale,BRMS)量表评估躁狂症状。结果 4组对象的RBANS总分(F=5.18,P0.01)、即刻记忆(F=4.09,P0.01)、言语功能(F=9.53,P0.01)、注意(F=3.87,P=0.01)、延时记忆(F=9.86,P0.01)因子得分差异具有统计学意义,其中首发精神分裂症、双相障碍组RBANS总分低于对照组(P0.01),首发精神分裂症、双相障碍、抑郁障碍组即刻记忆、言语功能、延时记忆得分低于对照组(P0.05),双相障碍组言语功能得分低于首发精神分裂症组(P0.01),首发精神分裂症组注意得分低于抑郁障碍及对照组(P0.01)。结论首发精神分裂症、双相障碍、抑郁障碍患者均存在认知功能损伤,首发精神分裂症认知功能缺陷重于抑郁障碍,轻于双相障碍。     

住院双相障碍与精神分裂症患者自知力水平的保护性因素

目的 探讨住院双相障碍与精神分裂症患者自知力水平及其保护性因素。方法 在广州市4家精神科住院部连续入组符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）双相障碍或精神分裂症诊断标准的患者465例。采用自编人口学及临床特征问卷、自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）进行调查，比较不同自知力水平患者的人口学和临床特征，采用两分类Logistic回归分析探讨自知力的保护因素。结果 年龄小（OR=0.977）、男性（OR=1.705）、曾经结婚或同居（OR=1.677）、诊断为双相障碍（OR=2.185）、最近一个月有悲观厌世（OR=2.663）、每天睡眠时间≥7小时（OR=1.620）、每周运动1~2次（OR=1.770）是住院双相障碍和精神分裂症患者自知力的保护因素。结论 住院双相障碍和精神分裂症患者自知力水平与多种人口学特征及临床特征相关。     

单相与双相抑郁障碍患者临床特征的对照研究

目的比较单相与双相抑郁障碍患者的临床特征,为单相和双相抑郁障碍的鉴别诊断提供参考。方法连续入组2012年6月-2013年11月在广州医科大学附属脑科医院住院、符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的单相抑郁障碍(单相组,n=72)和双相抑郁障碍(双相组,n=64)患者,收集并分析两组一般人口学资料和临床特征,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)评定抑郁症状。结果单相组女性及已婚患者比例均高于双相组(χ2=18.74、4.68,P0.05或0.01);双相组平均起病年龄小于单相组(t=-2.13,P=0.035);双相组性格外向者比例高于单相组(χ2=9.74,P=0.002);单相组有病前诱因者比例高于双相组(χ2=18.96,P0.01);双相组伴不典型抑郁症状者比例高于单相组(χ2=24.60,P0.01);双相组既往抑郁发作次数多于单相组(Z=-5.37,P0.01);单相组HAMD-17总评分及躯体化焦虑和食欲减退因子评分均高于双相组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.78~-2.06,P0.05或0.01)。结论单相与双相抑郁障碍患者在性别、婚姻状况、发病年龄、是否有病前诱因、是否伴不典型抑郁症状、既往发作次数及HAMD-17评分方面存在差异。     

双相障碍与单相抑郁患者雌二醇和催乳素水平对照研究

目的探讨双相障碍、单相抑郁患者与健康人群之间雌二醇、催乳素水平差异以及性激素水平与躁狂、抑郁症状之间的相关性。方法选取2014年1月-2015年5月收住北京回龙观医院的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)双相情感障碍、抑郁发作诊断标准的患者99例(男性55例,女性44例)。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版(HAMD-24)、蒙哥马利-艾森贝格抑郁量表(MADRS)评估抑郁症状,采用贝克-拉范森躁狂量表(BRMS)评估躁狂症状;选取与患者组性别、年龄及受教育程度相匹配的42例健康人作为对照组。采用化学发光免疫分析法检测研究对象周围血中雌二醇、催乳素水平。结果催乳素水平在双相障碍组、单相抑郁组以及健康对照组之间差异有统计学意义(F=6.575,P0.05),而三组雌二醇水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05),催乳素水平与BRMS评分呈正相关(r=0.361,P=0.033),雌二醇水平与抑郁症状及躁狂症状评分相关均不显著(P0.05)。结论心境障碍患者存在性激素水平的改变;性激素水平与情感症状严重程度存在相关性。     

不同临床相双相障碍患者甲状腺功能的回顾性研究

目的探究双相障碍患者甲状腺功能的临床相和性别差异,以期为双相障碍的诊断和治疗提供参考。方法采用回顾性研究方法,收集河南省精神病医院2015年9月-2018年1月的住院患者甲状腺功能生化指标,包括促甲状腺素(TSH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T_3)、甲状腺素(T_4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT_3)和游离甲状腺素(FT_4),筛选符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的双相障碍躁狂发作(双相躁狂)和双相障碍抑郁发作(双相抑郁)患者2 207例,同期选择415例体检人员作为正常对照组,比较不同临床相和不同性别的双相障碍患者甲状腺功能的差异。结果①双相躁狂患者的T_3、FT_3水平高于双相抑郁患者,TSH、T_4水平低于正常对照组;双相抑郁患者的TSH、T_3、T_4、FT_3水平均低于正常对照组(P0. 05或0. 01);②在双相躁狂患者中,男性T_3、FT_3和FT_4水平高于女性,而TSH、T_4水平低于女性,在双相抑郁患者中,男性T_3、FT_3和FT_4水平高于女性,而TSH水平低于女性(P0. 05或0. 01);③在男性患者中,双相躁狂患者的T_3和FT_3水平均高于双相抑郁患者,双相抑郁患者的T_3水平低于正常对照组(P0. 05或0. 01);在女性患者中,双相躁狂患者的T_3和FT_3水平高于双相抑郁患者,双相抑郁患者的T_3、T_4、FT_3水平均低于正常对照组(P0. 05或0. 01)。结论双相障碍患者的甲状腺功能可能存在临床相和性别的差异。     

双相障碍与脑源性神经营养因子外周血mRNA和蛋白表达相关性的研究

目的 探讨脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)外周血mRNA表达和血清蛋白水平与双相障碍、双相躁狂和双相抑郁的关系.方法 应用TaqMan探针及荧光实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应方法,检测并比较双相障碍组(61例)、双相躁狂组(29例)、双相抑郁组(32例)和对照组(61名)外周血白细胞BDNF基因的mRNA表达水平的差异;采用酶联免疫吸附方法测定血清BDNF浓度;应用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)和Young氏躁狂量表(YMRS)评定患者抑郁症状严重程度和躁狂症状的严重程度,采用Pearson相关分析分析BDNF基因mRNA表达水平和血清蛋白浓度与HAMD17和YMRS评分的关系.结果 (1)双相障碍组BDNF基因mRNA相对表达水平(0.0077±0.0019)较对照组(0.0096±0.0028)下降(t=-3.74,P＜0.01);双相躁狂组(0.0081±0.0023)、双相抑郁组(0.0073±0.0024)与对照组3组间BDNF基因mRNA相对表达水平的差异有统计学意义(F=7.55,P＜0.01),且双相躁狂组和双相抑郁组均低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).(2)双相障碍组BDNF血清蛋白浓度低于对照组(t=-2.90,P＜0.01);双相躁狂组、双相抑郁组与对照组3组间BDNF血清蛋白浓度的差异有统计学意义(F=4.21,P＜0.05);双相躁狂组和双相抑郁组BDNF血清蛋白浓度均低于对照组(P均＜0.05),但双相躁狂组与双相抑郁组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)双相躁狂组BDNF基因mRNA表达水平及血清蛋白浓度与YMRS评分未见相关(P＞0.05),双相抑郁组BDNF基因mRNA表达水平及血清蛋白浓度与HAMD17评分未见相关(P＞0.05).结论 双相障碍与BDNF水平下调可能相关,这种下降贯穿于躁狂相和抑郁相,而且BDNF的变化不会因双相障碍患者极性的变化而处于两极状态.     

未治疗的软双相障碍与单相抑郁障碍患者认知功能的比较

目的:探讨软双相障碍和单相抑郁患者认知功能的特点。方法:共纳入同时符合《美国精神障碍诊断统计手册》第4版(DSM-IV)抑郁障碍、Ghaemi软双相障碍诊断标准的患者56例(软双相障碍组),与其性别、年龄相匹配单纯符合DSM-IV抑郁障碍诊断标准的患者56例(单相抑郁组)。收集一般资料,使用可反复测查的成套神经心理状态评估工具(RBANS)进行认知功能评估,采用t检验及χ~2检验对其进行分析比较。结果:软双相障碍组首发年龄、发作频率及阳性家族史与单相抑郁组相比差异有统计学显著意义(P0.05或P0.01);软双相障碍组患者RBANS总评分、注意力得分、视空间结构及延迟记忆得分明显低于单相抑郁组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:软双相障碍患者不仅在临床表现上有别于单相抑郁障碍患者,而且认知功能也较单相抑郁障碍患者差。     

首发、复发和双相抑郁患者精神症状的比较

目的:探讨首发、复发及双相抑郁患者精神症状的差异。方法:对首次抑郁发作患者(首发组,24例)、复发性抑郁症患者(复发组,57例)及双相抑郁患者(双相组,25例)进行汉密尔顿抑郁评定量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑评定量表(HAMA)、杨氏躁狂评定量表(YMRS)以及阳性和阴性症状评定量表(PANSS)评定和比较。结果:HAMD、HAMA评分在3组间差异无统计学意义;YMRS评分3组间差异有统计学意义(F=5.2,P=0.007);双相组(6.6±9.0)显著高于首发组(2.8±3.4)和复发组(2.2±3.2)(q=3.86,q=4.40;P均<0.05)。双相组HAMD中的躯体焦虑因子分、体重因子分均显著低于复发组(P<0.05或P<0.01);双相组精神病理学症状评分如意志活动、愤怒、幻觉、易激惹、激越、思维联想加快、破坏或攻击行为、活动增加显著高于首发组及复发组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:双相障碍患者抑郁发作时可出现与躁狂相关精神症状。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -