软骨细胞培养及其调控

自从 196 5年ｃｈｅｓｔｍａｎ和Ｓｍｉｔｈ首先开始软骨细胞体外培养用于软骨缺损修复的研究以来[1] ,人们开始对关节软骨损伤不能通过自身的软骨增殖修复的概念有了新的认识。实验证明不仅年幼且年老的关节软骨标本仍可在体外培养出新生透明软骨[2 ] 。虽然软骨细胞增殖能力有限 ,其质与量直接影响体外培养扩增效果 ,软骨细胞生长环境不同所表现出的生物学特性也有差别。软骨细胞在悬浮培养或半固体琼脂培养基中生长良好并保持表型稳定 ,在培养瓶底水凝胶覆盖的四维培养环境中长期培养时软骨细胞可形成结节结构其细胞形态胞外基质分泌和软…     

Wnt信号通路对软骨细胞影响研究进展

软骨细胞病变是关节软骨退行性变的重要病理因素之一,软骨细胞存活状态和软骨基质代谢平衡状态直接影响软骨相关性疾病的发生发展。大量研究显示,Wnt信号通路参与软骨细胞的增殖、分化、迁移、凋亡及稳态维持等过程,在参与软骨细胞生长发育过程中与其他信号通路相互作用、相互影响,共同介导软骨细胞生长发育。全面研究和认识Wnt信号通路调控途径和机制,对软骨相关疾病治疗具有重要意义。     

成纤维细胞生长因子在软骨发育过程中的基因芯片分析及相关研究

目的 检测并分析促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路中成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)在软骨发育过程中的基因表达规律;通过细胞培养观察FGF基因对骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)生长特性的影响. 方法用基因芯片技术建立妊娠胎鼠肢芽软骨发育过程的基因表达谱,分析MAPK信号通路中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(brGF)在软骨发育过程中的基因表达规律.构建bFGF质粒并转染至培养的BMSCs中,用MTT法、免疫组织化学、HE染色、RT-PCR及酶联免疫吸附法检测bFGF基因转染BMSCs的效果及产物表达. 结果 MAPK信号通路中的FGF在软骨发育过程中的软骨形成关键期表达显著上调,并启动MAPK信号通路,促进软骨形成.bFGF基因转染的BMSCs生长活力较强,可以保持2周以上;HE染色显示细胞增殖旺盛,胞核深染;RT-PCR表明有bFGF的基因表达;酶联免疫吸附法检测bFGF表达量高. 结论 FGF能够启动MAPK信号通路从而促进软骨彤成.bFGF质粒转染BMSCs后可促进BMSCs的增殖,细胞有向软骨细胞分化趋势.     

河蚌提取物葡聚糖对软骨细胞Wnt通路的调控作用研究

目的 ：探讨河蚌肉提取物葡聚糖HBP-A（anodonta glucan HBP-A）对体外软骨细胞Wnt通路的调控作用。方法：体外培养大鼠软骨细胞,添加IL-1β（10 ng/ml）诱导分化,分为空白组,IL-1β组,IL-1β＋IWP-2（5μM,Wnt通路抑制剂）组,IL-1β＋HBP-A（0.3 mg/ml）组,IL-1β＋IWP-2＋HBP-A共5组培养,提取各组细胞RNA和蛋白,采用Rt-PCR检测各组细胞Wnt-3a、β-catenin（24、48、72 h）及MMP-13（72 h）的基因表达;采用Western-blot检测β-catenin、MMP-13、Sox-9和Coll-Ⅱ蛋白的表达水平（48 h）。结果：细胞经IL-1β诱导分化,Wnt-3a基因表达升高,β-catenin以及MMP-13基因和蛋白表达升高,Sox-9和Coll-Ⅱ蛋白表达下调。添加HBP-A干预可以抑制IL-1β诱导下软骨细胞Wnt-3a基因的高表达、β-catenin以及MMP-13基因和蛋白的高表达,上调Sox-9和Ⅱ型胶原蛋白的表达。IWP-2和HBP-A合用时,Wnt-3a、β-catenin基因以及β-catenin蛋白表达最低,Sox-9蛋白表达最高。结论：HBP-A可通过降低Wnt/β-catenin信号通路表达,延缓软骨细胞分化,并且可与Wnt抑制剂协同调节Wnt-3a、β-catenin和Sox-9因子的表达。     

柔肝复方及单味药提取物对体外培养人骨关节炎软骨细胞增殖及关节软骨低聚基质蛋白分泌的研究

目的:探讨柔肝单味药提取物金利胶囊及复方养血软坚胶囊对体外培养人骨关节炎(OA)软骨细胞增殖能力及关节软骨低聚基质蛋白(COMP)分泌的影响。方法:分阶段酶消化法体外培养人骨关节炎软骨细胞,以1×105/cm2密度接种3代内细胞,研究设正常对照组及金利胶囊与养血软坚胶囊2个药物干预组。药物直接添加体外培养体系,添加终浓度为10mg/ml。以MTS/PMS法观察不同药物对体外培养的软骨细胞在接种1、3、5d时增殖情况的影响,采用ELISA法检测药物对体外培养的人软骨细胞COMP分泌的影响。结果:与空白组相比,金利胶囊及养血软坚胶囊未表现出明显的促进人骨关节炎软骨细胞增殖能力(P>0.05),但在各用药组内,细胞增殖能力在1~3d时间段较3~5d时间段明显增强(P>0.05)。各药物组有上调人OA软骨细胞分泌COMP的作用,但组间未见有明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:用药干预后,柔肝单味药提取物金利胶囊及复方养血软坚胶囊可以促进人骨关节炎软骨细胞分泌COMP,细胞增殖能力在1~3d时间段较3~5d时间段明显增强,但2组药物之间未见有明显差异。     

采用自体成熟关节软骨细胞的软骨组织工程修复

目的探讨使成熟软骨细胞转化成代谢活跃、增殖迅速的再生软骨祖细胞，而后利用这种细胞构建自体源性工程组织，修复成熟关节软骨的缺损。方法成熟兔关节软骨细胞进行普通单层培养和转化生长因子(TGF)-β1、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)联合诱导培养。培养细胞进行细胞计数、Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色和逆转录一聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测。将诱导培养的再生软骨祖细胞与聚乳酸载体(PDLLA)一道构建自体源性工程软骨，修复成熟关节软骨缺损。修复组织进行组织形态学和免疫组织化学研究。结果研究发现成熟关节软骨细胞在体外单层培养中增殖缓慢。而联合TGF-β1、bFGF诱导培养可促进成熟软骨细胞的增殖，10d内细胞增殖189倍。标准单层培养4～5代细胞经密集培养不表达Ⅱ型胶原。而联合细胞因子诱导培养6代的细胞在体外密集培养下，可很快恢复Ⅱ型胶原的表达。利用再生软骨祖细胞构建的自体源性工程软骨可修复软骨缺损。修复组织表达Ⅱ型胶原。结论成熟关节软骨细胞经TGF-β和bFGF联合诱导培养可形成再生软骨祖细胞，此细胞可用于构建自体源性工程组织，修复成熟关节软骨的缺损。     

骨关节炎软骨细胞增殖相关信号通路研究进展

骨关节炎的发病率逐年升高,近年来通过信号通路探讨骨关节炎发病机制的研究逐渐深入。在目前的研究中与软骨细胞增殖相关信号通路较为成熟,其中主要包括Notch信号通路和Wnt信号通路,研究发现这些信号通路对骨关节炎的影响主要表现在对干细胞的成软骨及成骨分化、软骨细胞的增殖及肥大化、MMPs的合成、破骨细胞的增殖及分化等过程的调控,本文综述了这些信号通路与骨关节炎发病的相关机制,从而为骨关节炎的研究及治疗提供新的思路。     

人脐带Wharton胶细胞外基质对软骨种子细胞的作用

目的 观察人脐带Wharton胶细胞外基质（hWJECM）对兔软骨细胞增殖的影响.方法用差速离心法制作hWJECM,制成0.5%浓度浆料分别铺于六孔细胞培养板和96孔细胞培养板上,形成1 mm厚的薄膜,包被有此膜的培养板作为试验组,未铺膜单纯培养液组作为空白对照组,在培养板上培养兔关节软骨细胞.通过倒置显微镜观察,甲苯胺蓝染色观察两个组的兔软骨细胞5,10,15天的生长形态和增殖情况,用CCK8细胞增殖实验比较两组的1、3、5、7 d的增殖情况,来评估软骨种子细胞的增殖和表型维持情况.结果倒置显微镜观察5、10、15 d的细胞增殖情况好于单纯培养液组,5、15 d的甲苯胺蓝染色的结果也证明这个观点,CCK8细胞增殖试验1,3天时试验组和对照组的增殖没有明显的统计学差异（P=0.7142; P=0.0657）,第5,7天显示hWJECM组在细胞增殖方面明显地优于单纯培养液的对照组（P=0.0001;P=0.0006）.结论 hWJECM免疫原性低,无细胞毒性作用,能够很好地促进软骨细胞的增殖.     

瘦素对于体外培养人类软骨细胞增殖的影响

目的 探讨重组人类瘦素对体外培养软骨细胞增殖活性的影响.方法 选用本院膝骨关节炎(OA)患者行关节置换及外伤致膝关节截肢患者术中取出OA软骨块和正常软骨块,种植于25 cm培养瓶中,采用组织贴块法分离培养软骨细胞,及时传代,选用第2代细胞,进行Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化签定后,以不同浓度的重组人类瘦素刺激培养的第2代软骨细胞,以CCK-8检测不同时段的细胞增殖活性,并比较光镜下细胞形态的变化.结果 Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化证明分离出的是软骨细胞,在不同浓度、不同时段和不同人群,重组人类瘦素刺激对于软骨细胞的增殖影响有统计学差异(P＜0.05),光镜下的细胞形态变小,出现丝状伪足.结论 瘦素可抑制体外培养的软骨细胞增殖,可能在OA的发病和进展中起重要作用.     

正交试验设计建立多因素的海藻酸钠复合载体立体培养软骨细胞体系

目的 通过正交试验设计研究四种主要因素对软骨细胞增殖的影响,探讨海藻酸钠胶体复合载体体外培养软骨细胞增殖的最佳配比培养体系,为组织工程种子细胞的研究提供实验依据. 方法 建立单层贴壁和海藻酸钠复合载体立体培养细胞模型,采用正交试验4因素2-way和4因素3-way设计,用XTT方法检测软骨细胞在一定浓度的复合因子包括碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、透明质酸钠、纤维连接蛋白、壳聚糖的完全培养基中的增殖情况;采用倒置、相差、激光共聚焦显微镜的形态学观察;采用LDH检测复合材料对细胞的毒性反应,确定体外培养体系方案. 结果 正交试验设计能确定各因素的有效浓度及配比方案,其中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子与透明质酸有共协同作用,在DMEM/Ham's F12复合培养基的海藻酸钠载体支架中培养软骨细胞能快速增殖,细胞数48 h就增殖3倍多,Safranine O GAG染色显示传至9代仍然产生大量蛋白聚糖基质;LDH检测未见毒副作用;该复合载体具有良好的成形性和组织相容性. 结论 在DMEM/Ham's F12复合培养基的海藻酸钠载体中培养能快速增殖并有利于维持软骨细胞表型及功能的表达.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.