胆道梗阻解除前后胆汁流动特性变化

通过对11例胆道结石、胆道梗阻病人（其中8例伴有休克，胆道梗阻时间14～20天）的胆汁的表现粘度、切应力、切交率、屈服值的测定，进一步观察胆道梗阻解除前后，胆汁流动特性的变化，以加深对胆汁流变学的理解。一、方法：术中取胆管胆汁5毫升，术后1周、2周分别取“T”型管内     

经T管腔内胆道支架治疗胆道探查术后胆汁漏1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨经T管腔内行胆道支架置入和肝内胆管置入鼻胆管胆道引流治疗胆道探查术后胆汁漏的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析南充市中心医院肝胆外科于2016年12月收治的1例胆总管探查术后胆汁漏患者的临床资料。结果对该例患者采用经T管腔内置入胆道支架和肝内胆管置入鼻胆管行胆道引流。经T管腔内隧道插入导丝至肝门部,向肝门部置入鼻胆管引流;另经T管再置入导丝1根,进入十二指肠,向十二指肠内置入8.5F塑料支架1根,支架一端置于胆总管内,一端于肠腔内,行胆道引流。引流术后患者胆汁漏停止,腹腔感染得到控制,于胆道支架置入术后10 d顺利出院,术后20 d夹闭T管和鼻胆管,2个月后行T管造影和腹部B超发现胆总管下段支架已脱落,拔除T管。门诊随访2年,患者完全康复。结论经T管腔内行胆总管下段支架置入术和肝门鼻胆管引流术是治疗胆汁漏的有效方法之一,方法简单,易于操作。     

T型管引流期间蛔虫进入胆道的处理

总胆管造口,“T”型管引流术后的病人,常有蛔虫进入胆道,甚至阻塞“T”型管、部分病人可因此引起类似残余结石等不良后果。故对“T”型管引流的病人要警惕蛔虫进入胆道的可能,应及时发现和处理。蛔虫进入胆道,病人可表现:(1)如同一般胆道蛔虫症的临床症状和体征,如上腹部钻顶样疼痛等,但较轻。(2)胆汁引流量突然减少或无胆汁流出。(3)多数病人均有发热,部分病人发热是唯一的症状。(4)少数病人可有黄疸或无任何症状,常有蛔虫自“T”型管爬出体外而病人毫无察觉。对可疑蛔虫进     

梗阻性黄疸-选择性胆管外引流大鼠模型的建立

目的建立梗阻性黄疸-选择性胆管外引流（约占30%肝脏体积）动物模型,了解其对胆汁分泌及肝功能改善的影响,为肝门部胆管癌减黄实验及临床研究提供参考。方法采用结扎切断SD大鼠左中叶肝胆管及胆总管预制外引流管10d的方法,制作大鼠选择性胆管外引流模型,在引流的0、1、4、7、10、14d收集胆汁及检测肝功。结果成功建立了大鼠完全梗阻性黄疸部分肝脏外引流的模型并观测到其对胆汁分泌及肝功能改善的影响。结论与梗阻性黄疸全肝外引流模型相比,梗阻性黄疸约30%肝脏外引流能够改善肝功能,而且可以增加预保留肝的功能代偿。     

超声引导肝内胆管穿刺在老年高位恶性胆道梗阻中的应用

目的探讨超声引导下肝内胆管穿刺联合DSA胆道双支架植入内引流治疗老年高位恶性胆道梗阻(MHBO)的临床应用价值。方法收集老年MHBO患者108例,超声组54例在超声引导下行肝内胆管穿刺,DSA组54例在DSA下行肝内胆管盲穿;2组患者穿刺成功后,于DSA下视情况行胆道双支架植入内引流、胆道单支架植入并对侧外引流、胆道完全外引流及优势侧胆道外引流;分析2组患者肝内胆管穿刺、近期并发症及4种胆道引流方式的疗效。结果超声组患者胆管穿刺次数、穿刺对比剂用量、胆道出血及穿刺点疼痛发生率明显小于DSA组(P均0.05),1次穿刺成功率明显高于DSA组(P0.05)。4种胆道引流方式术后第14天肝功能指标及术后第21天总胆红素(TBIL)值组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论超声引导穿刺技术联合DSA胆道双支架植入内引流治疗老年MHBO有明显的临床实用价值。     

83例鼻胆管引流临床疗效分析

目的 探讨鼻胆管引流治疗良性胆道梗阻的临床疗效。方法 对83例良性胆道梗阻病人行内镜鼻胆管引流治疗,术后记录病人症状改善情况、胆汁引流量;定期复查肝功能、血常规及血尿淀粉酶。并对上述资料进行统计学分析。结果 嵌顿结石取出或送回总胆管内时,大量胆汁涌出,病人腹痛立即减轻。鼻胆管引流3d内体温、血压、周围血象均恢复正常。血尿淀粉酶下降50％,总有效率达96．3％。同时发现胆汁引流量大小与T－Bil之间呈显著负相关关系。结论 鼻胆管引流是一种治疗单纯性胆道结石、胆道结石合并急性胆管炎及急性胆源性胰腺炎的较理想方法,尤其适用于高危高龄病人。     

恶性胆道梗阻的联合介入治疗

为探讨多种介入治疗方法并用对恶性胆道梗阻病人的疗效，对３５例恶性胆道梗阻病人进行分析。３５例病人中１０例采用胆道外引流加局部动脉化疗栓塞治疗，１９例采用胆道外引流、支架植入及动脉化疗栓塞联合治疗，６例行外引流及胆管内保留灌注化疗治疗。结果：３５例胆道外引流及１９例支架植入均获成功，减黄效果显著。２９例动脉化疗栓塞病人显示了肯定的抗瘤效应，而６例胆管内保留灌注化疗病人未显示抗瘤作用。两者死亡病例平均生存期分别为８．５月和３．５月，两组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：胆道支架植入和／或外引流与局部动脉化疗栓塞联合应用是治疗恶性胆道梗阻的安全有效的综合疗法。胆管内保留灌注化疗效疗有待进一步探讨     

诊治胆管囊肿的体会（附26例报告）

通过对11例胆道结石、胆道梗阻病人的胆汁的表观粘度、切应力、切变率、屈服值的测定，进一步观察胆道梗阻解除前后，胆汁流动特性的变化，以加深对胆汁流变学的理解。对象为11例胆道结石梗阻病人，男6例，女5倒。年龄25～45岁，其中8例伴有休克。胆道梗阻时间14～20d。方法：术中取胆管胆汁5ml，术后1周、2周分别取T型管内胆汁5ml。采用NXE-     

胆道细菌感染减少胆汁酸和胆红素分泌入胆汁

脓毒症和腹部感染常伴有表现为胆汁郁积的肝功能不全，胆汁分泌减少；化脓性胆管炎更有胆汁流出障碍和细菌移生。作者对胆道细菌移生影响梗阻性黄疽病人的胆流以及胆汁酸和胆红素分泌进行了研究。取Osaka警察医院于1990～1996年收治的29例施行径皮径肝胆道引流（PTBD）的梗阻性黄疽病人，计男14例、女15例，年龄65土12岁，患有肝外胆管狭窄或阻塞，主要为癌肿所致。在PTBD引流前以及引流后3、6、12和24小时以及2～7天抽血样。测引流胆汁的胆汁酸、明红素、磷脂、胆固醇和细菌培养。结果几例胆汁有细菌生长，列为细菌十组；17例胆汁无细…     

胆道梗阻大鼠肝切除术后胆汁内引流和外引流对肝功能及肝再生的影响

目的:比较胆汁内引流和外引流对胆道梗阻大鼠肝切除术后肝功能及肝再生的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为胆汁内引流组(ID组)、胆汁外引流组(ED组)、对照组,ID组和ED组均行胆总管结扎,对照组行假手术,各组均于术后72 h行部分(70%)肝切除,ID组和ED组同时分别行胆汁内引流与胆汁外引流。分别在肝切除术后0、1、2、3、7 d收集大鼠血清与残余肝组织,检测肝功能指标、肝组织有丝分裂细胞数以及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达,并计算各组肝切除术后7 d残肝质量/体质量比值。结果:与对照组比较,ID组和ED组肝切除术后各时间点,血清总胆红素(TBIL)与谷草转氨酶(AST)均明显升高,而白蛋白(ALB)水平明显降低(均P0.05);ID组与ED组间比较,除TBIL水平无统计学差异外(均P0.05),其他两项指标ID组均优于ED组(均P0.05)。与对照组比较,ID组和ED组核分裂细胞数在肝切除术后大多数时间点均明显降低(均P0.05),但ID组核分裂细胞数多于ED组,在肝切除术后2、3 d差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。肝切除术后,ID组和ED组肝组织PCNA表达量升高的速度与幅度均低于对照组(均P0.05),ID组升高的程度与衰退的速度大于ED组(均P0.05)。与对照组比较,ID组和ED组在肝切除术后7 d的残肝质量/体质量比值均降低(均P0.05),ID组的残肝质量/体重比值明显高于ED组(P0.05)。结论:胆道梗阻的大鼠部分肝切除术后,胆汁内引流可以改善术后肝功能,促进残余肝脏再生。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.