周围神经刺激器引导腋路臂丛神经阻滞用于肘部尺神经松解术

目的 评价周围神经刺激器（peripheral nerve stimulator，PNS）引导的腋路臂丛神经阻滞用于肘部尺神经松解术的临床效果，并比较不同的注药方法（2点注药或3点注药）对神经阻滞成功率的影响。方法 对60例肘管综合征拟行肘管切开尺神经松解前置的手术患者，随机分成2点注药组（30例）和3点注药组（30例）。2点注药组定位在桡神经和肌皮神经，3点注药组定位增加正中神经。臂丛神经阻滞成功被定义为肘部远端5支神经（肌皮神经、桡神经、正中神经、尺神经和前臂内侧皮神经）感觉阻滞完全，比较2组在臂丛神经阻滞成功率和并发症等方面的差异。结果 3点注药组的阻滞成功率（95．5％）要高于2点注药组（54．5％，P〈0．01），两组间差异主要由于2点组的正中神经阻滞率较低。但2组的外科麻醉完全率并无显著差别。结论 神经刺激器辅助的多点腋路臂丛神经阻滞可有效地用于肘部尺神经松解前置术，对于这一术式，定位肌皮神经和桡神经2支神经足以满足外科手术的需要。     

肌皮神经肱肌支在股薄肌移植治疗下臂丛损伤中的解剖学研究及临床应用

目的通过解剖学研究，设计选择性肌皮神经肱肌支移位联合股薄肌移植术重建屈拇屈指功能术式，验证该术式在下臂丛神经损伤治疗中的安全性和有效性。方法30侧甲醛固定的成年国人上肢标本，经逐层解剖，观察肌皮神经肱肌支的走行，测量肱肌支的长度、直径。对2例创伤性下臂丛损伤上肢功能障碍患者进行选择性肌皮神经肱肌支移位联合股薄肌移植术重建屈拇屈指功能术式。术后观察屈拇屈指功能及手握持功能恢复情况。结果在30侧标本中，肌皮神经肱肌支分型：单支型25侧，占83．33％，粗细两支型1侧，多支型4侧，未见变异及异常发出。肌皮神经肱肌支长度平均为（52．66±6．45）mm，横径平均为（1．39±0．09）mm。肌皮神经肱肌支神经束平均为（2．83±0．46）束。2例患者术后4～6个月出现股薄肌收缩，恢复屈拇屈指功能。其中1例术后6个月屈拇屈指肌力达M4，可握持200g物品；术后12个月可握持500g物品，初步恢复手握持功能。结论以肌皮神经肱肌支为缝接神经的股薄肌移植治疗下臂丛根性撕脱伤可较好地恢复屈指屈拇功能，初步重建手握持功能。肌皮神经肱肌支可作为股薄肌移植治疗下臂丛神经损伤移位神经较理想的供体。     

骨间前神经旋前方肌支移位修复鱼际肌支、尺神经深支的解剖研究及临床应用

为了进一步证实骨间前神经移位术式的可行性，选用１０个新鲜前臂标本，对骨间前神经旋前方肌支、鱼际肌支及尺神经深支进行显微解剖，发现正中神经旋前方肌支直径为（１．５±０．４）ｍｍ，分别测量各肌支的有髓神经纤维数为（８６６±１４４）条；正中神经鱼际返支直径为（１．７±０．３）ｍｍ，有髓神经纤维数为（１１２０±９７）条；尺神经深支直径为（２．１±０．４）ｍｍ，有髓神经纤维数为（１３６８±１２０）条。用神经移植法可修复正中神经鱼际肌支，将尺神经深支向近端分离，可直接与旋前方肌支吻合。根据解剖特点，临床上应用正中神经旋前方肌支修复鱼际支１７例，修复尺神经深支３例。其中１７例随访２年～７年，１０例肌电图正常，肌力均有不同程度恢复，Ｍ２２例，Ｍ３５例，Ｍ４７例，Ｍ５３例。介绍了手术方法及注意事项。     

桡神经肱三头肌肌支的解剖学研究

目的　明确桡神经肱三头肌肌支在上臂的解剖学特征。方法　成人上肢标本 3 6侧 ,自腋部至上臂内侧解剖桡神经干 ,测量肱三头肌各肌支的发出点、入肌点和长度 ,各肌支的直径和面积比。观察及测量各肌支的无损伤分离长度。结果　桡神经肱三头肌肌支按其分布分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型 ,分别占47.2 2 % ( 17/3 6)、2 2 .2 2 % ( 8/3 6)和 3 0 .5 6% ( 11/3 6)。长头肌支长 [( 4 6.82± 10 .0 8)mm , x±s ,下同 ] ,发出点距背阔肌腱止点下缘近端 ( 7.3 6± 2 .68)mm ,入肌点距背阔肌腱止点下缘远端 ( 3 9.46± 6.42 )mm。内、外侧头肌支长 ( 66.0 8± 3 0 .98)mm和 ( 65 .81± 3 0 .65 )mm。长头肌支和内、外侧头肌支的无损伤分离长度是 ( 4 8.93± 9.2 7)mm、( 4 4.2 2± 11.65 )mm和 ( 4 4.64± 9.0 4)mm。无损伤分离最高点平面各肌支与主干面积比为 ( 0 .13± 0 .0 7)mm、( 0 .2 6± 0 .14 )mm和 ( 0 .12± 0 .0 7)mm。结论　长头肌支发出点较固定 ,至入肌点距离较短 ,无损伤分离平面高 ,其近端可与同侧第 3～ 6肋间神经直接缝合 ,适合于肋间神经移位重建肱三头肌功能。     

骨间前神经旋前方肌支移位修复鱼际肌支,尺神经深支的？…

为了进一步主宰骨间前神经移位术式的可行性，选用１０例新鲜前臂标本，对骨间前神经旋前方肌支、鱼际肌支及尺神经深支进行显微解剖，发现正中神经旋有方肌支前径为（１．５±０．４）ｍｍ，分别测量各肌支的有骨神经纤维数为（８６６±１４４）条；正中神经鱼际返支直径为（１．７±０．３）ｍｍ，有糊神经纤维数为（１１２０±９７）；尺神经深支直径为（２．１±０．４）ｍｍ，有髓神经纤维数为（１３６８±１２０）条。用神经移     

带蒂骨间后神经示指固有伸肌支移位修复尺神经深支及鱼际肌支的解剖学研究

目的探讨应用带蒂示指固有伸肌支移位修复尺神经深支及鱼际支术式的可行性,为临床应用提供解剖依据。方法在放大10倍手术显微镜视下,观测18侧成人新鲜上肢标本中正中神经鱼际肌支、尺神经深支和骨间后神经示指固有伸肌支、终末支的神经束数目、直径、有髓神经纤维数、神经束间无损伤分离和强行分离长度。以带血管蒂骨间后神经终末支为桥接神经,模拟带血管蒂示指固有伸肌支移位术。结果示指固有伸肌支横径为[(1．10±0．24)mm,x±s,下同],有髓神经纤维数为(618±76)根;尺神经深支直径为(2．04±0．42)mm,有髓神经纤维数为(1 342±120)根;鱼际肌支直径为(1．62±0．36)mm,有髓神经纤维数为(1 088±95)根。示指固有伸肌支走行恒定,具有一定的横径和一定数目的有髓神经纤维,可携带血管移位修复尺神经深支及正中神经鱼际肌支。结论应用带血管蒂的示指固有伸肌支移位修复尺神经深支及鱼际肌支术式可行,为临床尺、正中神经高位损伤后手内在肌功能修复提供了一种新方法及可靠的解剖学依据。     

健侧C7神经移位时健侧C7神经吻合口至效应器长度的测量

目的 为健侧颈7移位提供解剖学依据.方法 在30侧成人上肢标本上测量经皮下和椎前两种健侧C7移位时,正中神经返支起点至健侧C7神经吻合口之间的距离,并对两者进行比较:分别测量尺神经深支以及正中神经返支起点以上365 mm点距肱骨外上髁的长度.结果 经椎体前通路时测得效应器与健侧C7神经吻合点之间长度为(80.6±2.9)cm,经颈前皮下通路时长度为(86.5±3.1)cm.两者相比有统计学意义(t=6.32,P<0.05).测量正中神经返支和尺神经深支起点上365 mm分别位于肱骨外上髁上(4.6±0.7)cm和(6.7±0.8)cm处,两点均位于肘上部.结论 健侧C7移位修复正中神经不能恢复内在肌功能;经椎前通路优于经皮下通路;高位正中神经和尺神经损伤均位于肘上.     

正中神经环指桡侧指神经支移植修复尺神经深支缺损的应用解剖

目的 为研究环指桡侧指神经支移植修复尺神经深支缺损提供解剖学基础. 方法 对16例32侧新鲜成人上肢进行观测.在10倍手术显微镜下对腕部尺神经深支、正中神经旋前方肌支和环指桡侧指神经支进行显微解剖及测量. 结果 正中神经旋前方肌支直径为(1.13±0.02)mm,正中神经环指桡侧指神经支直径为(1.17±0.05)mm,对掌肌管出口处尺神经深支直径为(1.75±0.07)mm.显微镜下分离环指桡侧指神经支,对掌肌管出口处尺神经深支至旋前方肌支入肌长度即移植段神经长度为(104.59±20.25)mm. 结论 环指桡侧指神经支移植为带血运的神经移植,属肌支对肌支的吻合,是修复尺神经深支缺损的有效方法.     

隐神经营养血管复合组织瓣的解剖学研究

目的探讨顺行及远端蒂隐神经营养血管复合组织瓣的解剖学依据。方法对30侧成人下肢灌注标本进行解剖学研究，观测小腿内侧区浅层中血管、神经的分支、分布及吻合情况。结果胫后动脉的肌间隙支中有1～2支较粗大的肌皮支，2支者起始处动脉外径为（1．1±0．3）mm，由该肌皮支发出2-3个肌支，外径为（0．5±0．2）mm，穿入比目鱼肌肌质中，与肌内的血管网吻合；骨皮支2支，起始处外径为（1．2±0．3）mm，均发出1～2支骨膜支分布于胫骨骨膜；同时，比目鱼肌中有3～4支肌皮穿支穿出肌质，外径为（0．3±0．2）mm，出肌质后在筋膜内与隐神经营养血管链吻合。结论隐神经营养血管皮瓣可携带比目鱼肌内侧部肌质、胫骨（膜），应用该组织瓣进行转位术修复特殊类型的小腿及踝足部软组织缺损操作简便，是值得推荐的良好供区。     

健侧C7神经移位时健侧C7神经吻合口至效应器长度的测量

目的 为健侧颈7移位提供解剖学依据.方法 在30侧成人上肢标本上测量经皮下和椎前两种健侧C7移位时,正中神经返支起点至健侧C7神经吻合口之间的距离,并对两者进行比较:分别测量尺神经深支以及正中神经返支起点以上365 mm点距肱骨外上髁的长度.结果 经椎体前通路时测得效应器与健侧C7神经吻合点之间长度为(80.6±2.9)cm,经颈前皮下通路时长度为(86.5±3.1)cm.两者相比有统计学意义(t=6.32,P<0.05).测量正中神经返支和尺神经深支起点上365 mm分别位于肱骨外上髁上(4.6±0.7)cm和(6.7±0.8)cm处,两点均位于肘上部.结论 健侧C7移位修复正中神经不能恢复内在肌功能;经椎前通路优于经皮下通路;高位正中神经和尺神经损伤均位于肘上.     

An anatomic study of the musculocutaneous nerve and its relationship to the coracoid process

The anatomy of the musculocutaneous nerve was investigated to determine its relationship to the coracoid process. The distance from the coracoid to the point of entrance of the main nerve trunk into the coracobrachialis muscle ranged from 31 to 82 mm, with a mean of 56 mm. Small nerve twigs to the coracobrachialis (proximal to the main nerve trunk) entered the muscle as close as 17 mm below the coracoid, with an average of 31 mm. The frequently cited range of 5-8 cm below the coracoid for the level of penetration cannot be relied on to describe a safe zone because 29% of the nerves entered the muscle proximal to 5 cm below the coracoid (74% if the proximal twigs are counted). If coracoid mobilization is necessary, the musculocutaneous nerve and its twigs should be identified and protected, keeping in mind the variations in anatomy and the level of penetration.     

The surgical anatomy of ulnar and median nerve communications in the palmar surface of the hand

OBJECT: Sensation in the palmar surface of the digits is supplied by the median and ulnar nerves, with the boundary classically being the midline of the ring finger. Overlap and variations of this division exist, and a communicating branch between the ulnar and median nerve could potentially explain further variations in digital sensory innervations. The aim of this study was to examine the origin and distribution of the communicating branch between the ulnar and median nerves and to apply such findings to the risk involved in surgical procedures in the hand. METHODS: The authors grossly and endoscopically examined 200 formalin-fixed adult human hands obtained in 100 cadavers, and a communicating branch was found to be present in 170 hands (85%). Of the specimens with communicating branches, the authors were able to identify four notable types representing different points of connections of the branches. The most common, Type I (143 hands, 84.1%), featured a communicating branch that originated proximally from the ulnar nerve and proceeded distally to join the median nerve. Type II (12 hands, 7.1%) designated a communicating branch that originated proximally from the median nerve and proceeded distally to join the ulnar nerve. Type III (six hands, 3.5%) designated a communicating branch that traversed perpendicularly between the median and ulnar nerves in such a way that it was not possible to determine which nerve served as the point of origin. Type IV (nine hands, 5.3%) designated a mixed type in which multiple communicating branches existed, arising from both ulnar and median nerves. CONCLUSIONS: According to the origin and distribution of these branching patterns, the investigators were able to define a risk area in which the communicating branch(es) may be subject to iatrogenic injury during common hand procedures.     

正中神经指浅屈肌肌支移位修复尺神经运动支的应用解剖

目的 通过对正中神经指浅屈肌肌支和尺神经运动支的解剖学研究,为正中神经指浅屈肌肌支移位修复尺神经运动支,恢复手内在肌功能的临床应用提供解剖学基础.方法 选用20例40侧近期经福尔马林浸泡固定的成人上肢标本,暴露正中神经、尺神经,测量正中神经指浅屈肌肌支各项解剖学数据;应用图像分析系统对组织切片做定量分析,测算该肌支有髓神经纤维数目.临床模拟操作正中神经指浅屈肌肌支移位修复尺神经运动支.结果 正中神经第4肌支发出部位距离桡骨茎突和尺骨茎突连线(48.4±2.4)mm,入肌部位距离桡骨茎突和尺骨茎突连线(21.4±1.8)mm,可分离长度(27.1±1.2)mm,横径(1.2±0.2)mm,前后径(0.7±0.1)mm;尺神经的运动支和感觉支之间自然分束无损伤分离.长度为(7.1±0.70)cm;组织切片及图片系统测得正中神经指浅屈肌第4肌支有髓神经纤维数目为(1378.9±107.9)条.结论 正中神经指浅屈肌第4肌支可修复尺神经运动支,以期恢复手内在肌的功能.     

面神经在眶周区的解剖研究

目的探讨面神经颠支、颧支的终末分支进入眼轮匝肌位置和体表解剖。方法选择6具新鲜尸体标本。观察解剖面神经颠支、颧支，辨别出进入眼轮匝肌的颠支、颧支与外眦的关系。通过外眦做一垂线和水平线，使之分别与矢状面和冠状面平行。通过外眦的垂线和水平线来确定进入眼轮匝肌的神经分支与外眦的解剖关系。结果颠支进入眼轮匝肌时．位于外眦水平线平均为2．64cm，位于外眦垂线外平均为2．40cm。在眼轮匝肌的侧缘、颞支和颧支的垂直距离平均为1.54cm。结论位于面神经走行的上或下、与其平行的切口，不易损伤面神经分支。     

臂丛神经阻滞时神经刺激器诱发患者不同运动反应与桡神经阻滞效果的关系

目的 评价臂丛神经阻滞时神经刺激器诱发患者不同运动反应与桡神经阻滞效果的关系.方法 择期拟行手、腕或前臂手术患者120例,性别不限,ASA I或Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁,随机分为2组(n=60),三点腋路臂丛神经阻滞在周围神经刺激器引导下,采用1%利多卡因与0.33%罗哌卡因混合液注射于肌皮神经、正中神经,分别为5、10 ml,I组和Ⅱ组分别诱发前臂外展或腕及手指外展时,采用上述混合液20 ml注射于桡神经周围,于注射完毕后5、10、15、20、25和30 min时采用针刺法评价肌皮神经、正中神经的感觉阻滞情况,桡神经近端和远端的感觉及运动阻滞情况.记录神经阻滞操作时间,记录桡神经定位次数,评价桡神经定位的难易程度.结果 与I组相比,Ⅱ组感觉完全阻滞成功率高,桡神经远端感觉及运动阻滞成功率高,神经阻滞操作时间长,桡神经定位困难程度高(P<0.05或0.01).结论 臂丛神经阻滞时,当神经刺激器诱发患者腕及手指外展较诱发前臂外展应用1%利多卡因与0.33%罗哌卡因混合液20 ml阻滞桡神经的效果更完善.     

Refinements in the technique for repair of the accessory nerve

Trapezius muscle palsy after accessory nerve injury leads to periscapular pain and shoulder motion deficit. The results of accessory nerve repair generally are good, but surgery is difficult. The difficulty consists of finding the nerve stumps that are embedded in fat and scar tissue from previous surgeries or injuries. Five patients with accessory nerve lesions had surgery and grafting of the accessory nerve. We dissected the proximal stump of the accessory nerve within the fibers of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and in the vicinity of the greater auricular nerve. To achieve dissection of the distal nerve stump, the deep cervical fascia was detached from the trapezius muscle 3 cm cephalad to the clavicle. The detached fascia and the trapezius muscle were flipped similar to book pages. The motor branches entering the trapezius muscle were visualized and followed toward the accessory nerve. A sural nerve graft with a mean length of 6.6 cm was used for grafting. Uncomplicated identification of the nerve stumps was possible in all patients. After accessory nerve grafting, pain and motion consistently improved in all patients. The technique proposed here ensures reliable and rapid identification of the divided stumps of the accessory nerve.     

比较两种带血供长段尺神经移植术神经再生远期结果的实验研究

目的 对带尺上副血管的尺移植和带尺侧上副血管加尺血管的尺神经移植中,神经再生的远期结果进行比较以供临床参考。方法 新西兰大白兔9只,将双侧上肢的尺神经游离后,于尺侧上副动脉起始水平及腕部切断后作原位移植。右侧：尺神经带尺侧上副血管。左侧：尺神经肘上带尺侧上副血管,肘下段则带尺血管。两侧尺神经原位移植后均置于屈肌群表面。术后7个月进行尺神经肌电、再箐髓纤维数与截面积、髓鞘（mt）和轴突／纤维的直径比（d／D）及肌肉组织学的检测。结果 术后7个月,9只大白兔双侧前足的溃疡均愈合。右侧尺神经移植段神经干的波幅、运动神经传导速度均低于左侧（P＞0．01）;而在腕部缝合口近端3cm水平,两侧再生有髓纤维数及截面积的差异均无显著性意义（P＞0．05）;而在腕部缝合口近端1cm、远端0．5cm水平,左侧优于右侧（P＜0．05,P＜0．01)。双侧小鱼际肌肌湿重及肌纤维截面积无明显差别。髓鞘厚度与d／D比值的差异无显著性意义。结论 两种带血供的尺神经移植术效果均好。再生神经纤维数量上的差异主要发生在移植神经远端部分。临床作带尺侧上副动脉的尺神经转位或移植时,应增加尺神经肘上段的长度,缩短肘下段的长度。     

Quantitation of and landmarks for the muscular branches of the ulnar nerve to the forearm for application in peripheral nerve neurotization procedures

OBJECT: In neurotization procedures, donor nerves--either whole or in part-with relatively pure motor function can be carefully chosen to provide the optimal nearby motor input with as little donor site morbidity as possible. In this context, the ulnar nerve branches to the forearm muscles are relatively dispensable; however, quantitation of and landmarks for these branches are lacking in the literature. METHODS: The ulnar branches to the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) muscles in 20 upper extremities obtained in adult cadaveric specimens were dissected and quantified. In the forearm, a mean of four nerve branches led to the FCU and FDP muscles. A mean of 3.4 branches led to the FCU muscle; of these, one to three were medial branches and zero to two were lateral. Medial branches to the FCU muscle originated a mean of 2.7 cm inferior to the medial epicondyle. Lateral branches to the FCU muscle originated at a mean of 3.3 cm inferior to the medial epicondyle. The mean length of the medial branches was 3.2 cm, whereas the mean length of the lateral branches was 3.3 cm. All nerves had a single trunk for the FDP muscle, and in all specimens this branch was located deep to the main ulnar nerve trunk, originating from the ulnar nerve a mean of 2.7 cm inferior to the medial epicondyle. These branches had a mean length of 5.6 cm. The mean diameter of all medial and lateral branches to the FCU muscle was 1 mm, and the mean diameter of the branch to the FDP muscle was 2.1 mm. All branches to both the FCU and FDP muscles arose from the ulnar nerve, over its first approximately 5 cm from the level of the medial epicondyle. Additionally, all branches could be easily lengthened by gentle proximal dissection from the main ulnar nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Ulnar branches to the forearm can be easily localized and used for neurotization procedures. The branch to the FDP muscle had the greatest diameter and longest length, easily reaching the median nerve and posterior interosseous nerve via a transinterosseous membrane tunneling procedure. Furthermore, this branch could be teased away from the main ulnar nerve trunk and made to reach the distal branches of the musculocutaneous nerve in the arm.     

后入路副神经移位至肩胛上神经的应用解剖

目的 对斜方肌内的神经支配进行解剖学观察,为寻找副神经移位到肩胛上神经的最佳移位点和移位方式提供解剖依据.方法 选用成人尸体标本10具20侧.观察副神经在斜方肌内的行径及分支.并取不同水平副神经、肩胛上神经横断面制病理切片,计数各神经断面的神经纤维数,进行比较.结果 副神经在锁骨上2～3 cm进入斜方肌内,在肩胛冈中点前上方3～4 cm处,有来自颈丛的交通支加入后形成终末支.副神经的神经纤维计数:入斜方肌处(A点)为(1245±46)条,颈丛的交通支汇入前(B点)为(830±36)条,汇入后(C点)为(1074±38)条.结论 (1)副神经在与颈丛交通支合干后H-G段内的各断点,是副神经的最佳移位点.(2)后进路副神经移位术不影响斜方肌上部神经支配,充分利用了颈丛交通支,且缩短了神经再生距离,值得推广.     

腓肠神经-小隐静脉逆行岛状肌皮瓣的局部解剖与临床应用

目的：介绍腓肠神经-小隐静脉逆行岛状肌皮瓣的局部血管解剖研究与临床应用经验。方法解剖3个成人小腿灌注标本,观察腓肠神经-小隐静脉血管轴与腓肠肌内外侧头肌支和肌皮穿支之间的吻合关系,根据观察结果设计以腓动脉肌间隔穿支供血的逆行岛状腓肠肌皮瓣修复4例足踝部创面,皮瓣面积10～16 cm ×6～9 cm。结果在腓肠神经穿出深筋膜前,腓肠神经-小隐静脉血管轴与两侧的腓肠肌肌支间各有2～4个吻合。在穿出深筋膜后,与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮穿支间各有2～3个吻合。在腓肠肌腱腹交界（约为小腿中点）的近侧2～4 cm 内,有1～3支肌皮穿支血管与腓肠神经血管轴相交通。据此设计的肌皮瓣完全成活。结论腓肠神经-小隐静脉逆行岛状肌皮瓣血供可靠、转移方便,较传统的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣可切取面积更大,是修复足踝部组织缺损的好方法。