老年高血压病患者高脉压与靶器官损害

目的观察在药物规则治疗下的老年高血压病患者脉压(PP)与心脏、血管和肾脏等靶器官损害的关系,为临床更好地控制血压,防治靶器官损害提供依据.方法用24小时动态血压仪监测263例老年高血压病患者全天平均脉压(ABPP),多普勒超声检查颈动脉粥样斑块发生率(CAPR)、颈总动脉分叉处内膜-中膜厚度(IMT)及内径(CAD)、左室重量指数(LVMI)、左室舒张早期充盈峰值流速与心房收缩期充盈峰值流速比值(E/A值)、射血分数(EF),生化测定内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)及24小时尿微量白蛋白排泄量(MAU).评价不同ABPP值对心脏、颈动脉、肾脏结构或功能的影响.结果老年高血压病患者PP≥60 mmHg与P\%P\%<60 mmHg比较,E/A值、EF和Ccr均下降(P<0.05),而LVMI、CAD、CAPR、IMT、MAU升高(P<0.05).结论老年高血压病患者脉压增大,可促进心脏、血管及肾脏等靶器官损害,提示在老年高血压病患者中脉压也是预测心脏、血管及肾脏损害有价值的指标,控制脉压可以减轻老年高血压病患者靶器官损害.     

老年高血压病患者高脉压与靶器官损害

目的　观察在药物规则治疗下的老年高血压病患者脉压 (PP)与心脏、血管和肾脏等靶器官损害的关系 ,为临床更好地控制血压 ,防治靶器官损害提供依据。方法　用 2 4小时动态血压仪监测 2 63例老年高血压病患者全天平均脉压(ABPP) ,多普勒超声检查颈动脉粥样斑块发生率 (CAPR)、颈总动脉分叉处内膜 -中膜厚度 (IMT)及内径 (CAD)、左室重量指数 (LVMI)、左室舒张早期充盈峰值流速与心房收缩期充盈峰值流速比值 (E/A值 )、射血分数 (EF) ,生化测定内生肌酐清除率 (Ccr)及 2 4小时尿微量白蛋白排泄量 (MAU)。评价不同ABPP值对心脏、颈动脉、肾脏结构或功能的影响。结果　老年高血压病患者PP≥ 60mmHg与PP <60mmHg比较 ,E/A值、EF和Ccr均下降 (P <0 0 5) ,而LVMI、CAD、CAPR、IMT、MAU升高 (P <0 0 5)。结论　老年高血压病患者脉压增大 ,可促进心脏、血管及肾脏等靶器官损害 ,提示在老年高血压病患者中脉压也是预测心脏、血管及肾脏损害有价值的指标 ,控制脉压可以减轻老年高血压病患者靶器官损害     

老年原发性高血压患者脉压与靶器官损害的相关性研究

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者脉压与靶器官损害的严重程度及其相关性.方法将98例老年原发性高血压患者分为脉压＜60mm Hg和脉压≥60mmHg两组,均做心电图、超声心动图、头颅CT、颈动脉超声,血尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Cr）、尿肌酐和尿白蛋白检查.结果脉压≥60 mm Hg组与脉压＜60 mm Hg组比较,其左心室重量指数（LVMI）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVDd）、颈动脉内膜厚度（IMT）、颈动脉斑块发生率（CAPR）、BUN、Cr、尿白蛋白定量等指标均高于脉压＜60 mm Hg组（P＜0.05）,靶器官损害发生率高于脉压＜60 mm Hg组（P均＜0.05）.结论老年原发性高血压患者靶器官损害与增大的脉压有关,控制脉压可以减轻靶器官损害程度.     

脉压变异性与高血压靶器官损害的相关性分析

目的探讨脉压变异性与高血压靶器官损害的关系。方法搜集近5年住我院未曾治疗的高血压病患者192例(男101例,女91例),以脉压变异性(PPV)<10mmHg、10≤PPV<15mmHg、PPV≥15mmHg分为3个组。分析各组的PPV与尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(Cr)、血清尿素(UA)、内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)、左室质量指数(LVMI)、室间隔厚度(IVSd)、后壁厚度(PWd)、主动脉起始段内径(AoD)、冠状动脉左前降支(LAD)、左室舒张期内径(LVDd)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室短轴缩短率(FS)及心脑并发症发生率的相关性。结果①PPV与年龄、BUN、Cr、UA、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉压(PP)、LVMI呈正相关(P均<0.05),而与Ccr、FS、LVEF呈负相关(P均<0.05)。②左室肥厚、心功能不全、心电图异常及脑并发症的发生率与患者年龄、SBP、DBP、PP、PPV有关(P均<0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论高血压病患者PPV增大,可促进心脏、脑及肾脏等靶器官损害。提示高血压病患者中PPV也是预测心脏、脑及肾脏损害有价值的指标。控制PPV可以减轻高血压病患者靶器官的损害。     

动态脉压对老年高血压患者靶器官损害的影响

目的探讨动态脉压对老年高血压患者靶器官损害的影响。方法选择原发性高血压患者146例,按24 h平均脉压(MPP)分为2组:24 h MPP≥60 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为A组(60例),24 h MPP<60 mm Hg为B组(86例);另选健康体检者为对照组(C组,30例)。所有患者均行血清肌酐、动态血压、超声心动图、颈动脉超声检查;计算肌酐清除率(Ccr)、24 h平均收缩压(MSBP)、24 h平均舒张压、24 h MPP、左心室重量指数(LVMI)、LVEF、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)。结果与C组比较,A组和B组患者24 h MSBP、24 h MPP、LVMI、IMT、左心室肥厚、左心室功能受损、脑损害、肾功能受损、颈动脉斑块发生率明显升高,Ccr、LVEF水平明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);与B组比较,A组患者Ccr、LVEF水平明显降低,24 h MSBP、24 h MPP、LVMI、IMT、靶器官损害发生率均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。24 h MPP与心脑肾和颈动脉损害相关(P<0.05)。结论动态脉压增大与老年高血压患者靶器官结构和功能的损害相关;动态脉压越大,靶器官损害越严重。     

高血压病患者脉压与靶器官损害的关系

目的探讨脉压与高血压病靶器官损害的关系.方法回顾性调查近5年住我院未治疗高血压病患者696例(男387例,女309 例),按平均压<107 mmHg和≥107 mmHg分为二组,再分别以脉压≤60 mmHg, 60<PP≤80 mmHg, 80<PP≤100 mmHg,>100 mmHg分为4个亚组.分析各亚组的脉压与体重指数(BMI)、血糖、血脂、BUN、Cr、UA、CCr、LVMI、EF、FS及心脑并发症发生率的相关性.结果 (1)各亚组的高血压病史、吸烟者、饮酒者、BMI、血糖、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)及低密度脂蛋白(LDL)无明显差别(P>0.05);(2)脉压与BUN、Cr、UA、年龄、SBP、LVMI呈正相关(r分别为0.75,0.60,0.70,0.48,0.59, 0.56,P均<0.05),而与CCr、DBP、FS、EF呈负相关(r分别为-0.68,-0.52,-0.49,-0.51,P均<0.05).(3)左室肥厚、冠心病、心功能不全及脑并发症的发生率与患者年龄、收缩压、舒张压和脉压有关(P均<0.05),统计学分析脉压起着更重要的作用.结论高血压病患者的靶器官损害与年龄、收缩压、舒张压和脉压等因素有关,但脉压起着更重要的作用.     

动态脉压对老年高血压病患者左心室肥厚及主动脉根部扩张的影响

目的研究老年高血压病患者动态脉压(24 h PP)与左心室肥厚(LVH)及主动脉根部(AOD)扩张的相关关系。方法对60例老年高血压病患者进行动态血压(ABP)和超声心动图等检查,分别测量ABP和超声心动图的各种参数。将24 h PP≥60 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)的患者30例作为A组,24 h PP<60 mm Hg的患者30例作为B组。结果A、B两组LVH和AOD扩张的发生率差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。左心室重量指数与24 h PP2、4 h平均收缩压(24 h SBP)密切相关(P<0.01),与脉压和收缩压呈正相关(P<0.05)。AOD与24 h PP、24 h SBP、年龄和病程密切相关(P<0.01)。结论老年高血压病患者的24 h PP与LVH及AOD扩张密切相关,24 h PP可作为评价抗高血压药物能否更好地减少高血压病患者靶器官损害的重要指标之一。     

老年高血压病患者动态脉压与左心室肥厚及主动脉根部扩张的相关研究

目的　研究老年高血压病患者动态脉压 ( 2 4hPP)与左心室肥厚 (LVH)及主动脉根部 (AOD)扩张的相关关系。方法　对 118例老年高血压病患者进行动态血压 (ABP)和超声心动图等检查 ,分别测量ABP和超声心动图的各种参数。将 2 4hPP≥ 60mmHg( 1mmHg =0 13 3kPa)的患者 5 8例列为A组 ,2 4hPP <60mmHg的患者 60例列为B组。结果　A、B两组LVH和AOD扩张的发生率有非常显著的差异 (P <0 0 1)。左心室重量指数 (LVMI)与 2 4hPP、2 4h平均收缩压 ( 2 4hSBP)呈密切正相关 (r分别为 0 47、0 42 ,P均 <0 0 1) ,与脉压 (PP)和收缩压 (SBP)呈弱相关 (r分别为 0 2 5和 0 2 1,P均 <0 0 5 )。AOD与 2 4hPP、2 4hSBP、PP、SBP、年龄和病程密切正相关 (r分别为 0 5 9、0 49、0 45、0 3 7、0 2 9和 0 3 4,P均 <0 0 1)。结论　老年高血压病患者的 2 4hPP与LVH及AOD扩张密切相关 ,2 4hPP可作为评价抗高血压药物能否更好地减少高血压患者靶器官损害的重要指标之一     

药物干预下高血压患者脉压和靶器官损害的相关性研究

目的探讨药物规则治疗下脉压与高血压病靶器官损害的关系,为临床更好地控制血压防治靶器官损害提供依据。方法将我院近2年来药物规则治疗下的高血压患者324例(男184例,女140例),按脉压<60mmHg、60mmHg≤PP<80mmHg、PP≥80mmHg分为三组,分析各组脉压与体重指数(BMI)、血糖、血脂、Bun、Cr、CCr、MAU、LVMI、EF及心脑肾并发症发生率的相关性。结果①各组的性别分布、病程、BMI、血糖、血脂水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②脉压与年龄、SBP、Bun、Cr、MAU、LVMI成正相关(P<0.05),而与DBP、Ccr、EF成负相关(P<0.05);③冠心病、左室肥厚、心功能不全、脑并发症及肾功能不全的发生率与患者年龄、收缩压、舒张压和脉压有关(P均<0.05);统计学分析脉压起着重要的作用。结论即使药物规则治疗下,高血压患者的靶器官损害与年龄、收缩压、舒张压、脉压等因素有关,并且脉压的影响更重要,因此在高血压病的治疗过程中应重视缩小脉压。     

高血压病患者脉压与靶器官损害的关系

目的　探讨脉压与高血压病靶器官损害的关系。方法　回顾性调查近 5年住我院未治疗高血压病患者 696例(男 3 87例 ,女 3 0 9例 ) ,按平均压 <10 7mmHg和≥ 10 7mmHg分为二组 ,再分别以脉压≤ 60mmHg ,60 10 0mmHg分为 4个亚组。分析各亚组的脉压与体重指数 (BMI)、血糖、血脂、BUN、Cr、UA、CCr、LVMI、EF、FS及心脑并发症发生率的相关性。结果　 ( 1)各亚组的高血压病史、吸烟者、饮酒者、BMI、血糖、甘油三酯 (TG)、胆固醇 (TC)、高密度脂蛋白 (HDL)及低密度脂蛋白 (LDL)无明显差别 (P >0 0 5) ;( 2 )脉压与BUN、Cr、UA、年龄、SBP、LVMI呈正相关 (r分别为 0 75,0 60 ,0 70 ,0 48,0 59,0 56,P均 <0 0 5) ,而与CCr、DBP、FS、EF呈负相关 (r分别为 -0 68,-0 52 ,-0 49,-0 51,P均 <0 0 5)。 ( 3 )左室肥厚、冠心病、心功能不全及脑并发症的发生率与患者年龄、收缩压、舒张压和脉压有关 (P均 <0 0 5) ,统计学分析脉压起着更重要的作用。结论　高血压病患者的靶器官损害与年龄、收缩压、舒张压和脉压等因素有关 ,但脉压起着更重要的作用     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.