长期排菌肺结核的外科治疗

目的　探讨肺结核化疗时代胸外科手术治疗长期排菌病例的重要性,手术适应征及手术时机的选择。方法 对内科治疗一年以上仍排菌的63例肺结核空洞或结核性毁损肺采用不同术式切除不可逆病灶或附加胸廓成型术。结果 59例痰菌阴转,阴转率达93.7%,4例术后出现并发症,无手术死亡。结论 肺外科手术是治疗长期排菌合并空洞及毁损肺患者有效的方法。术后应继续抗结核治疗至少一年。     

初治空洞肺结核54例临床分析

目的　探讨初治空洞性肺结核的临床特点及短程化疗效果。方法 回顾性分析54例初治空洞性肺结核的临床资料。结果 54例患者中发热49例,咳嗽50例,乏力、盗汗32例,白细胞总数升高40例,痰涂片结核菌阳性17例。X线胸片表现为单发、薄壁、干酪性空洞46例,病变累及3个以上肺野40例。完成6个月化疗后,病程10～30d者空洞治疗有效率77.8%(28/36),病程30～60d者空洞治疗有效率44.4%(8/18)。结论 初治空洞肺结核多有典型的结核中毒症状,X线胸片以单发、薄壁、干酪性空洞为主,病变累及多个肺野,早期治疗有利于空洞吸收。     

肺结核并发肺曲菌球47例外科治疗

目的　探讨肺曲菌球与肺结核的关系及其诊断和治疗;方法 对13年经外科手术治疗的47例肺结核合并曲菌球病人进行回顾性分析;结果 男性31例,占66.0%,病程>5年27例。咯血症状突出,41例,占87.2%。47例肺结核合并曲菌球中,术前明确诊断32例,占68.1%,漏误诊率31.8%。45例治愈,占95.7%,死亡2例,占4.2%。术后并发症10例,分别为胸腔感染、支气管胸膜瘘、肺炎、肺不张、支气管哮喘、呼吸衰竭和失血性休克。结论 肺曲菌球病见于肺结核空洞患者,在长期规律抗结核治疗后仍反复咯血,漏诊率较高,手术治疗为首选,效果较好。     

吸毒对肺结核病情影响的观察

目的　探讨吸毒对肺结核病情的影响。方法 对照吸毒和非吸毒肺结核患者的治疗前、后的临床症状、痰菌情况及胸片的改变。结果 治疗前吸毒者患肺结核临床症状重,痰菌阳性率、空洞形成率和病变范围与对照组比较均明显升高;治疗后肺结核临床症状改善率、痰菌阴转率、X线胸片病变吸收好转率及空洞缩小率则明显降低,两者存在显著性差异 (P＜0.01)。结论 吸毒对肺结核病情有加重作用。     

树芽征在CT影像诊断肺结核中的应用

目的　探讨肺结核“树芽征”的CT影像特点。方法 对216例肺结核行螺旋CT检查,对各种类型肺结核病“树芽征”的形态、部位进行统计分析。结果 涂阳肺结核和空洞性肺结核的树芽征出现率分别为84.5%和92.3%,结核球的树芽征出现率为18.2%。空洞性肺结核树芽征分布:跨叶分布的频率占66.7%,对侧累积率为52.6%。结论 树芽征是肺结核经气道播散的特征影像,在不同结核病理阶段可表现不同形态和分布。     

肺结核合并白色念珠菌感染64例临床分析

目的　探讨肺结核合并白色念珠菌感染的临床特点及治疗。方法 回顾并分析5年来我科收治的肺结核合并肺部白色念珠菌感染64例的资料。结果 肺结核合并肺部白色念珠菌感染的特点:结核病史长,年龄偏大;以浸润型和慢性纤维空洞型肺结核为主;肺部病变广泛,空洞多,病情较重;多有继发真菌感染的诱因可寻;确诊有赖于病原学检查。结论 肺结核合并肺部白色念珠菌感染有增多趋势,了解其临床特点可提高对两病并存的诊治水平。     

广东省东莞市暂住人口结核病控制项目治疗效果分析

目的　掌握暂住人口结核病控制项目管理和治疗的效果,方法 对在东莞市确诊并登记的暂住人口肺结核病人提供与常住人口相同的免费诊疗政策和实施DOTS管理。结果 对2001年8月—2004年6月登记的1171例在东莞市居住满6个月以上暂住人口的初治涂阳和有空洞或血行播散性涂阴肺结核病人进行管理和治疗。初治涂阳治愈率98.5%,达到常住人口治疗效果。结论 对暂住人口肺结核病人实施DOTS策略是可行和有效的。     

合并糖尿病肺结核的影像学特点(附45例分析)

目的　分析合并糖尿病的肺结核胸部影像学征像,以期为临床综合诊断提供依据。方法 回顾性分析45例合并糖尿病肺结核患者的胸部影像学与相关临床资料。结果 大片状致密性阴影占68.9%,多发小空洞性阴影占68.9%,散在片状及小斑片阴影占26.7%,结节、肿块状阴影占4.4%。结论 熟悉这些不同形态的影像学特点,对合并糖尿病的肺结核在诊断及病情分析中有重要参考价值。     

肺结核患者支气管肺泡灌洗液中T淋巴细胞亚群的检测及其临床意义

目的　探讨肺结核患者支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中T淋巴细胞亚群的特点及其临床意义。方法 采用酶联免疫分析法同时检测48例活动性肺结核及19例非活动性肺结核患者BALF及外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群。结果 活动性肺结核组BALF及外周血中CD₄T细胞、CD₄/CD₈T细胞比值均明显低于非活动性肺结核组(P<0.01)。活动性肺结核患者BALF中CD₈T细胞水平明显高于外周血(P<0.05)。空洞性肺结核组BALF及外周血中CD₄/CD₈T细胞比值明显低于非空洞组。抗结核治疗2个月末BALF及外周血中CD₄T细胞、CD₄/CD₈T细胞比值均明显升高,而BALF中CD₈T细胞水平较治疗前降低(P<0.05)。结论 BALF及外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群的检测有助于判断病情、了解抗结核治疗效果及预后。     

耐药性肺结核的手术治疗(附36例报告)

目的　探讨耐药肺结核的手术适应症及手术时机。方法 对1990～1997年我院收治的7000肺结核和36例耐药肺结核已手术治疗的病人的手术效果进行回顾分析。结果 36例肺结核病人,临床治愈率94%,痰菌阴转率84%,并发症发生率为13%。结论 对部分耐2～3种药的肺结核病人选择外科治疗仍是可行的,可提高耐药肺结核的治愈率,耐4种以上的肺结核病人术后并发症发生率高,应慎重选择。     

217例空洞性肺结核的外科治疗

目的探讨空洞性肺结核的外科治疗适应症,手术方法,术后管理。方法自2000年1月～2009年12月,外科治疗217例空洞性肺结核,其中厚壁空洞73例,薄壁空洞34例,张力空洞26例,慢性空洞127例。痰菌阳性94例,78例均有不同程度耐药。结果择期手术191例,大咯血急症手术26例。空洞清除18例,肺段切除27例,肺叶切除44例,上叶加下叶背段切除34例,上叶加下叶背段病灶清除21例,中下叶切除20例,中上叶切除14例,右全肺切除12例,左全肺切除23例。全组无手术死亡,6例复发,4例术后合并脓胸,4例合并支气管胸膜瘘,5例合并支气管残端瘘,其余全部病例无复发,治愈率97.1%。痰菌阴转率93.6%。讨论外科手术是空洞性肺结核内科治疗失败者较有效的手段。手术原则为宁小勿大,以肺叶切除方式为主。     

205例肺结核合并支气管结核的外科治疗回顾分析

目的探讨肺结核合并支气管结核的外科治疗效果和手术适应症。方法总结1973年1月至2007年底手术切除的205例肺结核合并支气管结核的临床疗效。全组肺结核包括：原发综合征3例、浸润性肺结核19例、空洞性肺结核53例、慢性纤维空洞性肺结核45例、结核瘤或干酪性肺炎48例、结核性支气管狭窄27例、毁损肺10例。按照支气管结核分型,I型30例、Ⅱ型91例、川型50例、IV型34例。结果全肺切除术15例、全肺切除+胸廓成形术（胸改术）32例、肺叶切除术106例、肺叶切除术+胸改29例、支气管袖状成形术14例,其他手术9例。全组临床治愈率93.0%,手术并发症率为11.2%,手术死亡率为0.05%。结论虽然肺结核合并支气管结核是以抗结核药物为主要治疗方法,但目前仍有部分患者需要外科治疗。手术可提高肺结核合并支气管结核的临床治愈率。     

空洞清除术治疗复治菌阳空洞型肺结核临床研究

目的　寻找通过外科手段治疗内科无法根治的复治耐多药菌阳重症空洞型肺结核的有效途径。方法　１９８１ ～１９９８ 年６ 月采用空洞清除术治疗复治耐药空洞型肺结核１０４ 例。切除覆盖在空洞外侧的肋骨后段，游离相应部位的带蒂肋间组织，剪除空洞外侧壁，彻底清除空洞内容物，刮出新鲜创面，有机酸杀灭可能残留的结核分支杆菌，将准备好的肋间肌瓣填充于空洞残腔内，缝合固定。结果　１０４ 例中出院时治愈１０３ 例（９９０ ％ ） ，其中一次手术治愈１０１ 例（９８１ ％ ） ，好转１ 例（１０ ％ ） 。随访９８ 例中，复工率９６ ％ ，无手术死亡和复发者。结论　空洞清除术设计合理，是治疗内科无法根治的复治菌阳空洞型肺结核的有效方法。     

The role and landscape of surgical treatment for mycobacteriosis

[Surgery for pulmonary multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis] For pulmonary MDR tuberculosis the author (me) had been operating many cases in Fukujuji Hospital JATA in fifteen years. For treatment, the points of operations are as follows: 1) Surgery is one of many treatable events, 2) The strategy is that cavitary foci as major sites of tuberculous expectoration have to be removed and other small foci are treated by not strong chemotherapies, 3) Final goal of surgical treatments is set up preoperatively, and its procedures are stepped up gradually. [Surgery for pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM)] Major sites of pulmonary NTM expectorations are cavitary foci and bronchiectases. Main strategy of surgery for pulmonary NTM is the same as MDR tuberculosis, but multi-resections of cavitary and ectatic foci are more than MDR tuberculosis. Control rate of X-ray images is 80%, negative conversion rate is 88.9% in cases with more than one year postoperatively. But new or residual foci will be gradually growing up for several years postoperatively, so many discussions of surgical strategy for NTM are necessary now. [Surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis] Surgical treatments of pulmonary aspergillosis are difficult. Operations for them are mainly two procedures, resection of foci or no resection. The former is more radical than the later, but mortality rate is higher than usual pulmonary resection. However I think chest surgeons have to challenge to remove aspergillous foci, not aspergilloma but chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis.     

肺结核之肺切除术

目的总结肺结核肺切除术的手术适应症及经验。方法2000年-2006年,252例肺结核患者接受手术治疗,其中全肺切除术17例,复合肺叶切除术10例,肺叶切除术148例,局限性肺切除术77例;空洞性病变86例,结核球或干酪灶115例,支气管病变或肺不可逆病变32例,毁损肺19例。结果手术死亡2例,痰菌阴转率92．9％,一次手术治愈率92．5％,复发率4．0%,术后发生支气管胸膜瘘11例（4．4％）,结核播散6例（2．4％）。结论肺切除术是治疗特殊类型肺结核的有效手段,但应准确掌握手术适应症、把握手术时机。     

纤维支气管镜介入治疗耐多药空洞型肺结核

目的探讨纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）介入治疗耐多药空洞型肺结核的疗效。方法125例耐多药空洞型肺结核患者被随机分成2组,治疗组经纤支镜空洞内灌注含抗结核药物凝胶配合全身化疗,对照组仅采用全身化疗。结果治疗组在痰结核菌阴转率、空洞闭合率和支气管黏膜恢复方面与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论经纤支镜给药配合全身化疗治疗耐多药空洞型肺结核,疗效显著,优于单纯全身化疗。     

A case of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis cured by the regimen including thiacetazone

A 30 years-old-male was referred to our hospital for surgical treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in April 1998, three years after diagnosis of tuberculosis. All first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs were resistant on drug susceptibility tests by Ogawa medium. The right upper lobectomy was done because of massive hemoptysis and enlargement of cavitary lesion in June 1998, but this surgical operation was complicated with, bronchial fistula and chronic empyema. Open drainage surgical treatment for chronic empyema was done one month after lobectomy. Sputum culture for M. tuberculosis converted 4 months after the lobectomy, but bacteriological relapse occurred 17 months after initial operation. The new cavitary lesion on middle left lung field developed and sputum smear and culture were continuously positive. Immunotherapy with interferon-gamma via aerosol didn't show any clinical effect. Thiacetazone, sparfloxcin, pyrazinamide, cycloserine was prescribed after 21 months of the initial operation. Four months after changing the regimen sputum smear and culture converted to negative. Chemotherapy was terminated in June 2003, two years after negative conversion. Three years after the termination of treatment no relapse occurred. We considered thiacetazone was effective in this case, because all of the drugs was companied with thiacetazone were resistant by the drug susceptibility tests and were previously used.     

外科手术在现代肺结核治疗中的价值(附270例分析)

目的 探讨肺结核的外科手术适应症,手术时机及外科手术在肺结核治疗中的地位?方法 对1990 ～1998 年我院收治的7.000 例肺结核和270 例已进行手术治疗的病人进行回顾分析?结果 270 例手术治疗肺结核病人,效果满意,治愈率95 % ?结论 部分肺结核病人的外科手术治疗仍是必需的,可提高肺结核的治愈率?     

Surgical treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis

The global emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis has led to the re-examination of surgery as a possible adjunctive treatment. We present the case of a 26-year-old HIV-seronegative patient with XDR pulmonary tuberculosis refractory to medical therapy. Surgical resection of the patient's solitary cavitary lesion was done as adjunctive treatment, and a successful outcome with a combination of surgery and drug therapy was achieved. We review the history of surgical therapy for tuberculosis and reports of its role in treatment of MDR and XDR tuberculosis. 26 case series and cohort studies were included, and together showed that surgical resection is beneficial in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. However, the results might not be applicable in all settings because investigations were observational and typically included patients with less severe disease, and all surgeries were done at specialised thoracic-surgery centres. Well designed studies are needed to establish the efficacy of surgery in treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.     

Pulmonary sporotrichosis with massive hemoptysis

Pulmonary sporotrichosis is an uncommon condition that may mimic tuberculosis. We present a patient who, years after antifungal therapy, presented with massive pulmonary hemorrhage. Although such life-threatening hemoptysis caused by sporotrichosis is rare, the possibility of this complication of progressive disease should influence decisions regarding medical and surgical treatment of patients with extensive cavitary involvement.